GLOBAL WARMING

1.DILIP KUMAR DUBEY 2.SHEKHAR KARANWAL

1. Student ,M.E.,Ist Electrical & Electronics Communication, Punjab Engineering College, 2 Student ,M.E., Ist,Computer Science, Punjab Engineering College. ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to clarify why it makes sense in the technical and economical point to view the effects of Global warming. INTRODUCTION: The Goldilocks Principle can be summed up neatly as "Venus is too hot, Mars is too cold, and Earth is just right." The fact that Earth has an average surface temperature comfortably between the boiling point and freezing point of water, and thus is suitable for our sort of life, cannot be explained by simply suggesting that our planet orbits at just the right distance from the sun to absorb just the right amount of solar radiation . But unfortunately every year the average temperature of surface of Earth is increasing . this is because of the increase level of CO2 in the atmosphere. Effects of Global Warming cannot be ignored as it is affecting our life directly or indirectly. One can see the serious effects of this on human life in coming future if it would not be stopped as soon as possible. Annual mean temperatures are expected to rise an average of 4.8 degrees Celsius in the region by centurys end, if greenhouse gas emissions are not regulated. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT: Global warming is caused by green house gases, which trap in the suns infrared rays in the earths atmosphere, which in turn heat up the earths atmosphere Atmospheric scientists first used the term 'greenhouse effect' in the early 1800s. At that time, it was used to describe the naturally occurring functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any negative connotations. It was not until the mid-1950s that the term greenhouse effect was coupled with concern over climate change. And in recent decades, we often hear about the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms. The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an enhanced greenhouse effect. This is covered in more detail in the Global Climate Change section of this Web site. It is important to remember that without the greenhouse effect, life on earth as we know it would not be possible. The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the steady state temperature of a planet or moon by the presence of an atmosphere containing gas that absorbs and emits infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases, mainly water vapour ( ), carbon dioxide ( ), methane ( ), and nitrous oxide ( ), (which are known as Green House gases)warm the atmosphere by efficiently absorbing thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earths surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. As a result of its warmth, the atmosphere also radiates thermal infrared in all directions, including downward to the Earths surface. Thus, greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system. The Earth receives energy from the Sun mostly in the form of visible light. The bulk of this energy is not absorbed by the atmosphere since the atmosphere is transparent to visible light. 50% of the sun's energy reaches the Earth and is absorbed by the surface as heat. Because of its temperature, the Earth's surface radiates energy in infrared range.

regions. Various components of earth's atmosphere absorb ultraviolet and infrared solar radiation before it penetrates to the surface, but the atmosphere is quite transparent to visible light

Most of the radiant energy from the sun is concentrated in the visible and near-visible parts of the spectrum. The narrow band of visible light, between 400 and 700 nm, represents 43% of the total radiant energy emitted. Wavelengths shorter than the visible account for 7 to 8% of the total, but are extremely important because of their high energy per photon. The shorter the wavelength of light, the more energy it contains. Thus, ultraviolet light is very energetic (capable of breaking apart stable biological molecules and causing sunburn and skin cancers). The remaining 49 - 50% of the radiant energy is spread over the wavelengths longer than those of visible light. These lie in the near infrared range from 700 to 1000 nm; the thermal infrared, between 5 and 20 microns; and the far infrared

The Greenhouse gases are not transparent to infrared radiation so they absorb infrared radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed from all directions and is passed as heat to all gases in the atmosphere. The atmosphere also radiates in the infrared range (because of its temperature, in the same way the Earth's surface does) and does so in all directions. The surface and lower atmosphere are warmed because of the greenhouse gases and makes our life on earth possible surface. Understanding local, regional, and global albedo effects is critical to predicting global climate change.

.Scientists use the term albedo to define the percentage of solar energy reflected back by a

Soursees of greenhouse Gases: The largest producers of these gases are the thermal power plants, which burn the fossil fuels and produce these gases in large quantities. The second biggest sources of these green house gases are the road vehicles and industries. Causes of Emission of CO2:

(1000

Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions

1. United States 2. China (mainland) 3. Russian Federation 4. India 5. Japan 6. Germany 7. Canada 8. United Kingdom 9. Republic of Korea 10. Italy (including San Marino)

1,650,020
1,366,554 415,951 366,301 343,117 220596 174,401 160,179 127,007 122,726

T ET P 0
11. Mexico 12. South Africa 13. Iran 14. Indonesia 15. France (including Monaco) 16. Brazil 17. Spain 18. Ukraine 19. Australia 20. Saudi Arabia

EE
119,473 119,203 118,259 103,170 101,927 90,499 90,145 90,020 89,125 84,116

TTE
1.14 2.68 1.76 0.47 1.64 0.50 2.08 1.90 4.41 3.71 (84) (34) (63) (121) (66) (118) (52) (56) (13) (18)

1. Automobiles: 2.Deforestion: Most of Southeast Asias carbon emissions are due to deforestation instead of the burning of fossil fuels. Eighty percent of Indonesias emissions, for example, are due to deforestation and conversion of peat lands, largely for palm oil plantations. Worldwide deforestation accounts for nearly 20 percent of emissions. First, it will raise sea levels. There are 5,773,000 cubic miles of water in ice caps, glaciers, and permanent snow. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, if all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 230 feet. Luckily, thats not going to happen all in one go! But sea levels will rise.

Effects of Global Warming: Green house gases stay can stay in the atmosphere for an amount of years ranging from decades to hundreds and thousands of years. No matter what we do, global warming is going to have some effect on Earth. Here are the 5 deadliest effects of global warming 1. Polar ice caps melting The ice caps melting is a four-pronged danger.

The worl countries contri ute di erent amounts of heat trapping gases to the atmosphere. The table below shows data compiled by the Oak Ridge National Research Laboratory, which estimates carbon emissions from all sources of fossil fuel burning for a maximum period from 1751 to 2004 (or as long as a record is available). Here we list the 20 countries with the highest carbon emissions (data are for 2004).

Country

Total emissions
)

Per capita emissions

(tons/capita)

Per cap emissio

(rank)

5.61 1.05 2.89 0.34 2.69 2.67 5.46 2.67 2.64 2.12

(9) (92) (28) (129) (33) (36) (10) (37) (39) (50)

A map of the change in thickness of mountain glacie s since 1970. Thinning in orange and red, thickening in blue.

Second, melting ice caps will throw the global ecosystem out of balance. The ice caps are fresh water, and when they melt they will desalinate the ocean, or in plain English - make it less salty. The desalinization of the gulf current will screw up ocean currents, which regulate temperatures. The stream shutdown or irregularity would cool the area around north-east America and Western Europe. Luckily, that will slow some of the other effects of global warming in that area! 2. Economic consequences Most of the effects of anthropogenic global warming wont be good. And these effects spell one thing for the countries of the world: economic consequences. Hurricanes cause do billions of dollars in damage, diseases cost money to treat and control and conflicts exacerbate all of these. By the end of the century nations in Southeast Asia will face debilitating economic loss due to global warming, according to a new study from the Asian Development Bank. Analyzing Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam the study found that they could suffer an annual loss of 6.7 percent ($230 billion dollars) in combined gross domestic product by 2100, more than double the global average which is estimated at a loss of 2.6 percent Rice yields, the agricultural staple of Southeast Asia, will be hit particularly hard with the region suffering a 50 percent decline in rice yields by 2100. The Philippines would see the worst decline with a 75 percent loss in its rice fields. Slash-and-burn agriculture in Indonesia. Photo by: Rhett A. Butler.

. Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves Although some areas of Earth will become wetter due to global warming, other areas will suffer serious droughts and heat waves. Africa will receive the worst of it, with more severe droughts also expected in Europe. Water is already a dangerously rare commodity in Africa, and according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, global warming will exacerbate the conditions and could lead to conflicts and war.

4. Warmer waters and more hurricanes As the temperature of oceans rises, so will the probability of more frequent and stronger hurricanes. We saw in this in 2004 and 2005. 5. Spread of disease As northern countries warm, disease carrying insects migrate north, bringing plague and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some countries thanks to global warming, malaria has not been fully eradicated. . 6.Loss of Natural habitat The effect of global warming is very evident on the animal kingdom also. Some animals have become extinct due to loss of their natural habitat or their inability to evolve to the rapid changes in the climate. Also there is a change in their life style because of the changes in the seasons. The migrating birds have changed their time of travel and also their place of migration. Solution: 1. Earth Hour:2. Conclusion:

Refrences SoRefrences: Global warming-Wikipedia, encyclopedia.htm Global cooling encyclopedia.htm Wikipedia, the free

the

free

Green House Gases, Ocean Levels, and Weather Changes.htm Global Warming Solutions, Stop Warming - National Geographic.htm Global Warming The Causes.htm Global warming to cripple Southeast Asia economically.htm greenhouse effect - Google Image Search.htm Greenhouse effect encyclopedia.htm Wikipedia, the free Global

Greenhouse Effect Background Material.htm How To Stop Global Warming - Articles.htm Each Country's Share of CO2 Emissions Union of Concerned Scientists.htm