Unitatea 4.

Înmulțirea numerelor naturale

L1. Înmulțirea. Proprietăți

1 5×0=0 1 × 0 = 0 300 × 1 = 1 × 785 = 785 1 × 43 = 43 11 × 0 = 0

1×1=1 10 × 1= 10 300 0 × 234 = 0 0 × 43 = 0 11 × 1 = 11
0 × 1 569 = 0
5 6 23 37 101 4 31 12 30 213 2 15 24 30 100
2 2× 3× 4×
10 12 26 74 202 12 93 36 90 639 8 60 96 120 400

3 Factor 4 20 320 80 5 2
Factor 2 5 3 2 12 109
Produs 8 100 960 160 60 218
4  3 mingi costă 12 lei  4 mingi costă 16 lei  6 mingi costă 24 lei.

5 10  7 = 70; 2  35 = 70; 6  5 = 30; 3  10 = 30; 20  9 = 180; 4  45 = 180; 28  5 = 140; 7  20 = 140; 15

2
= 30; 5  6 = 30.

2× 40 + 40 3×
3× 6+6+6+6+6
40 33
12 + 12 + 12 + 1214
4× 14 + 14 +
5 × 633 + 33 + 33 12 14
L2. Tabla înmulțirii
2 0 + 10 = 10, 0  10 = 0; 1 + 9 = 10, 1  9 = 9; 2 + 8 = 10, 2  8 = 16; 3 + 7 = 10, 3  7 = 21;
4 + 6 = 10, 4  6 = 24; 5 + 5 = 10, 5  5 = 25; 6 + 4 = 10, 6  4 = 24; 7 + 3 = 10, 7  3 = 21;
8 + 2 = 10, 8  2 = 16; 9 + 1 = 10, 9  1 = 9; 10 + 0 = 10, 10  0 = 0.
3 36 = 6 × 6 = 4 × 9 = 2 × 3 × 6; 40 = 5 × 8 = 5 × 2 × 4; 48 = 6 × 8 = 2 × 3 × 8; 54 = 6 × 9 = 3 × 2 × 9;
60 = 6 × 10 = 6 × 2 × 5; 100 = 10 × 10 = 5 × 2 × 10.

4 Ziua a doua: 2 × 2 = 4; Ziua a treia: 4 × 2 = 8; Ziua a patra: 8 × 2 = 16; Ziua a cincia: 16 × 2 = 32.
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 62. Cartea are 62 de pagini.

L3. Folosirea parantezelor rotunde

1 3 × (2 + 4) = 3 × 6 = 18; 2 × (3 + 5) = 2 × 8 = 16; (2 + 4) × 5 = 6 × 5 = 30; (7 + 2) × 3 = 9 × 3 = 27;
4 × (9 – 8) = 4 × 1 = 4; 8 × (8 – 5) = 8 × 3 = 24; (8 – 3) × 7 = 5 × 7 = 35; (9 – 2) × 5 = 7 × 5.
2 3 + 5 = 8; a) 3 × 8 = 24; b) 5 × 8 = 40; b) 7 × 8 = 56.
3 Rezolvarea într-un exercițiu: 5 × 2 + 5 × 3 = 10 + 15 = 25 (mere).
Mai simplu: deoarece în fiecare zi a mâncat 5 mere: 5 × (2 + 3) = 5 × 5 = 25 (mere).
4 2 × (3 + 4) = 2 × 7 = 14 (fructe).
5 3 × (2 + 1) = 3 × 3 = 9 (kilograme de fructe).
6 2 × (2 + 7) = 2 × 9 = 18.
7 3 × (19 –16) = 3 × 3 = 9
L4. Înmulțirea cu 10, 100
1 a) 3 × 10 = 30; b) 2 × 10 = 20; c) 4 × 10 = 30; d) 3 × 100 = 300; e) 2 × 100 = 200.
× 10 × 100
2 a)10 × 1 = 10; 10 × 2 = 20; 10 × 3 = 30; 10 × 4 = 40; 3
10 × 5 = 50; 10 × 6 = 60; 10 × 7 = 70; 10 × 8
2 × 3 60 2×3 600
= 80;
10 × 9 = 90; 10 × 10 = 100; 10 × 11 = 110; 10 × 12 = 120;5 × 2 100 2×2 400
b) 100 × 1 = 100; 100 × 2 = 200; 100 × 3 = 300; 6 × 4 240 3×3 900
100 × 4 = 400; 100 × 5 = 500; 100 × 6 = 600; 7 × 8 560 4×2 800
100 × 7 = 700; 100 × 8 = 800.

4 a) (27 + 416) × 10 = 443 × 10 = 4 430; (27 + 416) × 10 = 27 × 10 + 416 × 10 = 270 + 4 160 = 4 430
(39 + 122) × 10 = 161 × 10 = 1 610; (39 + 122) × 10 = 39 × 10 + 122 × 10 = 390 + 1 220 = 1 610
b) (56 + 243) × 10 = 299 × 10 = 2 990; (56 + 243) × 10 = 56 × 10 + 243 × 10 = 560 + 2 430 = 2 990
(48 + 106) × 10 = 154 × 10 = 1 540; (48 + 106) × 10 = 48 × 10 + 106 × 10 = 480 + 1 060 = 1 540
c) (52 – 34) × 100 = 18 × 100 = 1 800; (52 – 34) × 100 = 52 × 100 – 34 × 100 = 5 200 – 3 400 = 1
800
(78 – 22) × 100 = 56 × 100 = 5 600; (78 – 22) × 100 = 78 × 100 – 22 × 100 = 7 800 – 2 200 = 5
600
d) (67 – 58) × 100 = 9 × 100 = 900; (67 – 58) × 100 = 67 × 100 – 58 × 100 = 6 700 – 5 800 = 900
(21 – 21) × 100 = 0 × 100 = 0; (21 – 21) × 100 = 21 × 100 – 21 × 100 = 2 100 – 2 100 = 0

5 2 × 100 + 2 × 10 = 200 + 20 = 220 (lei) sau 2 × (100 + 10) = 2 × 110 = 220 (lei)
6 27 × 10 = 270; 89 × 10 = 890; 129 × 10 = 1 290; 82 × 10 = 820; 95 × 10 = 950.
7 18 × 10 + 8 × 100 = 180 + 800 = 980 (lei)
L5. Înmulțirea ZU × U
1 30 × 2 = 60; 70 × 3 = 210; 40 × 5 = 200; 50 × 7 = 350
20 × 6 = 120; 40 × 7 = 280; 60 × 4 = 240; 70 × 5 = 350
90 × 2 = 180; 20 × 9 = 180; 80 × 4 = 320; 30 × 9 = 270
14 × 2 = 28; 13 × 3 = 39; 12 × 4 = 48; 36 × 4 = 144
17 × 5 = 85; 14 × 3 = 42; 15 × 2 = 30; 45 × 2 = 90
53 × 9 = 477; 47 × 8 = 235; 27 × 3 = 81; 25 × 4 = 100
15 × 2 = 30; 14 × 5 = 70; 21 × 6 = 126; 81 × 5 = 405

2 a) 57 × 3 = 171; 34 × 3 = 102; 58 × 3 = 174; 64 × 3 = 192

b) 57 × 5 = 285; 34 × 5 = 170; 58 × 5 = 290; 64 × 5 = 320
c) 57 × 7 = 399; 34 × 7 = 238; 58 × 7 = 406; 64 × 7 = 448
d) 57 × 4 = 228; 34 × 4 = 136; 58 × 4 = 232; 64 × 4 = 256
e) 57 × 8 = 456; 34 × 8 = 272; 58 × 8 = 464; 64 × 8 = 512

3 3 × 17 + (3 + 17) = 51 + 20 = 71
4 5 × (2 × 17) = 5 × 34 = 170
5 3 × (4 × 6) =3 × 24 = 72
 × 8 × 7 × 2 × 4
70 560 + 60 420 + 80 160 + 30 120 +
6 48 9 63 3 6 6 24
6 608 483 166 144
76 × 8 = 69 × 7 = 83 × 2 = 36 × 4 = 144
608 483 166

7 21 × 7 = 147; 24 × 2 = 48; 16 × 8 = 128; 12 × 4 = 48; 45 × 2 = 90; 65 × 8 = 520; 36 × 5 = 180; 7 ×

35 = 245
92 × 8 = 736; 78 × 9 = 702; 57 × 6 = 342; 84 × 5 = 420; 8 × 73 = 584; 98 × 8 = 784; 4 × 92 = 368; 27
8 × 7 = 189
9 24 = 1 × 24 = 2 × 12 = 3 × 8 = 4 × 6 64 = 1 × 64 = 2 × 32 = 4 × 12 = 6 × 8
a) 12 fete; 2 × 12 = 24 (băieți), deci 12 + 24 = 36 (copii); b) 12 × 4 lei = 48 lei; c) 2 × 4 lei = 8 lei
(prețul unei ciocolate calde), 24 × 8 lei = 192 lei.
10 În prima etapă: 36 × 2 copii = 72 copii; în a doua etapă: 18 × 2 copii = 36 copii; total: 72 + 36 = 108
(copii).
Rezolvare printr-un exercițiu: 36 × 2 + 18 × 2 = 72 + 36 = 108 sau (36 + 18) × 2 = 54 × 2 = 108
11 a) 8 × 12 = 96; 8 × 93 = 744; 8 × 61 = 488; 8 × 79 = 632; 8 × 95 = 760; 8 × 46 = 368;
b) 92 × 4 = 368; 92 × 7 = 644; 92 × 6 = 552; 92 × 5 = 460; 92 × 3 = 276; 92 × 8 = 736;
c) 12 × 1 = 12; 12 × 2 = 24; 12 × 8 = 96; 12 × 4 = 48; 12 × 3 = 36; 12× 6 = 72;
d) 7 × 34 = 238; 7 × 52 = 362; 7 × 83 = 581; 7 × 29 = 203; 7 × 15 = 105; 7 × 65 = 455.

L.6. Înmulțirea SZU × U

1 a) 265 × 3 = 795 762 × 4 = 3 048 238 × 5 = 1 190 394 × 6 = 2 364
b) 623 × 8 = 4 984 524 × 9 = 4 716 237 × 4 = 948 321 × 7 = 2 247
c) 157 × 6 = 942 428 × 7 = 2 996 524 × 9 = 4 716 326 × 5 = 1 630
d) 215 × 4 = 860 426 × 5 = 2 130 614 × 2 = 1 228 821 × 6 = 4 926
e) 162 × 3 = 486 401 × 2 = 802 389 × 7 = 2 723 421 × 2 = 842
f) 231 × 4 = 924 875 × 3 = 2 625 287 × 6 = 1 722 246 × 7 = 1 722
2 430 × 2 = 860 250 × 3 = 750 370 × 5 = 1 850 570 × 7 = 3 990
360 × 6 = 2 160 450 × 4 = 1 800 630 × 9 = 5 670 270 × 5 = 1 350
300 × 2 = 600 500 × 3 = 1 500 400 × 4 = 1 600 800 × 5 = 4 000
600 × 5 = 3 000 800 × 7 = 5 600 900 × 4 = 3 600 700 × 2 = 1 400
502 × 9 = 4 518 607 × 5 = 3 035 804 × 7 = 5 628 706 × 2 = 1 412
208 × 7 = 1 456 305 × 6 = 1 830 409 × 4 = 1 636 603 × 8 = 4 824
3
× 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
800 1 600 + 700 2 100 + 900 4 500 + 800 5 600 +
40 80 60 180 30 150 60 420
3 6 5 15 4 20 9 63
1 686 2 295 4 670 6 083
843 × 2 = 1 765 × 3 = 2 295 934 × 5 = 4 670
686
 869 × 7 = 6 083
2 × 231 = 462, 2 ×135 = 270, 2 ×224 = 448 și 2 × 342 = 684.
4 3 456 − 502 × 3 = 3 456 − 1 506 = 1 950. 356 × 9 + 545 × 8 = 3 204 + 4 360 = 7 564.
5 528 × 5 = 2 8 2 × (102 × 3) = 2 × 6 306 = 9 80 × 2 × 5 lei = 800 lei.
7 640. 612.
10 3 × 138 + 5 × 852 = 414 + 4 260 = 4 11 4 × (6 × 115) = 4 × 690 = 2 3 × 250 − 2 × 250 = 250.
674.
13 760. 12
a) (3 458 – 3 449) × 102 = 9 × 102 = 918; b) (9 203 – 9195 ) × 213 = 8 × 213 = 1 704;
c) 136 × (8 023 – 8 018) =136 × 5 = 680.
14 103 × 8 = 824.
15 9 × 283 = 2 547; 9 × 427 = 3 843; 9 × 543 = 416887. 235 × 8 − 158 × 4 = 1 880 − 632 = 1 248.
17 5 × 888 = 4 440.18 2 × (185 + 28) = 2 × 213 = 426.

L7. Înmulțirea ZU × ZU
1 42 × 20 = 840; 25 × 40 = 1 000; 46 × 30 = 1 320; 57 × 30 = 1 710; 63 × 20 = 1 260; 45 × 20 = 900;
2
34 × 26 = 884; 25 × 25 = 625; 46 × 18 = 828. 15 × 34 = 510; 64 × 12 = 768; 16 × 23 = 368.

3 40 × 20 = 800; 70 × 30 = 2 100; 90 × 40 = 3 600; 20 × 20 = 400; 30 × 40 = 1 200; 50 × 20 = 1 000.

4 a) (12 + 15) × 18 lei = 27 × 18 lei = 486 lei; b) 27 × 11 lei = 297 lei; c) 27 × (23 lei + 8 lei) = 27 × 31 lei
5 = 837 lei. 6 7 8
9 19 × 23 = 437; 19 × 45 = 855; 19 × 72 = 1 21 × 23 = 5 × 88 = 26 × 28 = 728.
368. 483. 440.
12 × (5 × 12) = 12 × 60 = 720.
10 25 × 45 − 15 × 14 = 1 125 − 210 = 915.
11 480 648 504 540
24 20 36 18 21 24 18 30
645 492 738 365
× 98 96 94 92 91
91 8 918 8 736 8 554 8 372 8 281
L8. Calcul rapid 93 9 114 8 928 8 742 8 556 8 463
95 9 310 9 120 8 930 8 740 8 645
1 11 × 23 = 253; 11 × 72 = 792; 11 × 34 = 374; 11 × 51 = 561; 11 × 42 = 462;
97 9 506 9 312 9 118 8 924 8 827
11 × 53 = 583; 11 × 62 = 792; 11 × 31 = 341; 11 × 27 = 297; 11 × 36 = 396;
11 × 45 = 495.

2 2 × 500 × 6 = 1 000 × 6 = 6 000; 4 × 2 × 125 = 8 × 125 = 1 000; 8 × 125 × 3 = 1 000 × 3 = 3 000;

9 × 2 × 50 = 9 × 100 = 900; 5 × 4 × 200 = 1 000 × 4 = 4 000; 4 × 25 × 87 = 100 × 87 = 8 700:
5 × 200 × 6 = 1 000 × 6 = 6 000; 4 × 250 × 3 = 1 000 × 3 = 3 000; 20 × 5 × 36 = 100 × 36 = 3 600;
5 × 20 × 45 = 100 × 45 = 4 500; 7 × 125 × 8 = 7 × 1 000 = 7 000; 500 × 2 × 9 = 1 000 × 9 = 9 000.

3 a) 19 × 42 = (20 × 42) − (1 × 42) 29 × 35 = (30 × 35) − (1 × 35) =

=
20 − 1
= 840 − 42 30 − 1 = 1 050 − 35 =
= = 1 015
= 798
b) 11 × 7 = 77; 11 × 45 = 495;
21 × 9 = 20 × 9 + 1 × 9 = 180 + 9 = 189; 21 × 37 = 20 × 37 + 1 × 37 = 740 + 37 = 777;
31 × 6 = 30 × 6 + 1 × 6 = 180 + 6 = 186; 31 × 93 = 30 × 93 + 1 × 93 = 2 790 + 93 = 2 883;
41 × 5 = 40 × 5 + 1 × 5 = 200 + 2 = 205; 41 × 74 = 40 × 74 + 1 × 74 = 2 960 + 74 = 3 034;
19 × 6 = 20 × 6 − 1 × 6 = 120 − 6 = 114; 19 × 32 = 20 × 32 − 1 × 32 = 640 − 32 = 608;
29 × 8 = 30 × 8 − 1 × 8 = 240 − 8 = 232; 29 × 46 = 30 × 46 − 1 × 46 = 1 380 − 46 = 1 334;
39 × 6 = 40 × 6 − 1 × 6 = 240 − 6 = 234; 39 × 96 = 40 × 96 − 1 × 96 = 3 840 − 96 = 3 744;
49 × 5 = 50 × 5 − 1 × 5 = 250 − 5 = 245; 49 × 87 = 50 × 87 − 1 × 87 = 4 350 − 87 = 4 263.
L9. Înmulțirea SZU × ZU
1 a) 200 × 20 = 4 000; 300 × 30 = 9 000; 200 × 40 = 8 000;
b) 200 × 26 = 5 200; 300 × 25 = 7 500; 400 × 18 = 7 200;
c) 15 × 130 = 1 950; 220 × 23 = 5 060; 240 × 13 = 3 120;
d) 162 × 12 = 1 944; 191 × 29 = 5 539; 363 × 24 = 8 712;
e) 241 × 32 = 7 712; 145 × 21 = 3 045; 201 × 36 = 7 236.

2 a) 13 × 161 = 2 093; 13 × 324 = 4 212; 13 × 235 = 3 055; 13 × 242 = 3 146;

b) 161 + 13 = 174; 324 + 13 = 337; 235 + 13 = 248; 242 + 13 = 255;
c) 23 × 161 = 3 703; 23 × 324 = 7 452; 23 × 235 = 5 405; 23 × 242 = 5 566;
d) 161 + 23 = 184; 324 + 23 = 347; 235 + 23 = 258; 242 + 23 = 265;
e) 20 × 161 = 3 220; 20 × 324 = 6 480; 20 × 235 = 4 700; 20 × 242 = 4 840;
f) 161 + 20 = 1841; 324 + 20 = 344; 235 + 20 = 255; 242 + 20 = 262.

3 t ii a 2 5 12 23 17 54 a 2 68 50 81 72 26
a + 34 36 39 46 57 51 88 a+ 125 191 173 204 195 149
a × 34 72 170 408 782 578 1 123
836 a× 246 8 6 9 8 3

4 a) 273 × 34 = 9 282 (lei); b) 125 × 12 = 1 500 (mingi), 230 × 14 = 3 220 (cărți), 112 × 13 = 1 456
(cutii)

5 a) 525 × 15 kg = 7 875 kg (portocale), 320 × 25 kg = 8 000 kg (banane), 327 × 18 kg = 5 886 kg

(mandarine);
b) 8 000 kg − 5 886 kg = 2 114 kg.

6 Metoda I. S-au adus (104 × 12) păpuși; s-au vândut (58 × 12) păpuși; au rămas 552 păpuși (1 248 −
696).
Metoda a II-a. S-au adus 104 cutii și s-au vândut 58. Au rămas 46 cutii. 46 × 12 păpuși = 552

7 păpuși. 30 × 125 lei = 3 750 lei.

8 19 × 399 = ? 17 × 402 = ? 29 × 299 = ?

20 × 400 = 8 000 20 × 400 = 8 000 30 × 300 = 9

000
39 × 199 = ? 18 × 397 = ?
41 × 198 = ?
40 × 200 = 8 000 20 × 400 = 8 000 40 × 200 = 8
000
9 a) 240 × 5 = 1 200 (X); 15 × 112 = 1 680 (I); 10
40 1 200 12 24 6
134 × 11 + (134 − 11) = 1 474 + 123 = 1 597 (N);
12 × 156 = 1 872 (F); 16 × 180 = 2 880 (S); 100 20 4 6 12 24
2 880 > 1 872 > 1 680 > 1 597 > 1 200
SFINX 2 400 10 24 6 12
 L10. Recapitulare
1 a) 24 × 10 kg = 240 kg (gogoșari); 18 × 10 kg = 180 kg (vinete); 10 × 5 kg = 50 kg (roșii);
c) gogoșari:
b) 370 × 4 leiVândute
= 1 480 lei; vinete: 280 × 3 lei = 840 lei roșii: 460 × 2 lei = 920 lei
Nevândute
Total: 2 940 lei.
Dimineața După-
amiaza
gogoșar 240 kg 130 kg 30 kg
i
vinete 180 kg 100 kg 20 kg
2 roșii
a) 3 × 15 =50
45;kg6 × 46 = 410
276;kg 40 kgb) 123 × 5 = 615; 250 × 9 = 2 250; 324 × 8 = 2 592;
9 × 38 = 342;
c) 5 × 3 × 13 = 195; 3 × 4 × 25 = 300; 6 × 3 × 56 = 1 008; d) 25 × 34 = 850; 30 × 37 = 1 110;
19 × 42 = 798; e) 121 × 11 = 1 331; 205 × 21 = 4 305; 314 × 30 = 9 420.
3 Produsul numerelor 123 și 12: 123 × 12 = 1 476. Dublul acestui produs: 2 × 1 476 = 2 952.
Numărul
cerut este 3 × 2 952 = 8 856.
4 15 × (9 × 15) = 15 × 135 = 2 025.
5 564 × 17 − 456 × 17 = 9 588 − 7 752 = 1 836 sau (564 − 456) × 17 = 108 × 17 = 1 836.
6 36 × 321 = 321 × 36 3 × 450 < 3 × 451 4 × 510 > 510 × 3
2 × 34 × 230 = 230 × 2 × 34 16 × 471 × 0 = 8 × 0 × 201 7 × 453 < 7 × 454