Project Report on Study of wind energy

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (West Bengal University of Technology)

Submitted By:
ANKIT KUMAR Roll No. : 11916051004 ASHUTOSH VIVEK Roll No. : 11916051043 VIKAS KUMAR Roll No. : 11916051031 PRABRIT BANDYOPADHYAY Roll No. : 11916051014

DEPTT: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.

YEAR: FOURTH.

SEMESTER: EIGHTH

Guide: Mr. JAYANTA BASU (Department of Electrical Engineering, S.I.T.)

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY P.O. SUKNA, SILIGURI, PIN:734009, WEST BENGAL

SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY P.O. SUKNA, SILIGURI, PIN:734009, WEST BENGAL ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE
Certified that project work entitled :- Study of Wind Energy is accomplished by ASHUTOSH VIVEK ANKIT KUMAR VIKAS KUMAR PRABRIT BANDYOPADHYAY Roll No- 11916051043 Roll No- 11916051004 Roll No- 11916051031 Roll No- 11916051014

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award for degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING under WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, KOLKATA during the year2008-2009. It is certified that all corrections/ suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report submitted in the Department.The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements inrespect of project work prescribed for achieving Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Signature (Project Guide)

Signature (Head.Of.Department.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This dissertation could not have been written without Mr. Jayanta Basu who not only served as our supervisor but also encouraged and challenged us throughout our academic program. He and the other faculty members, Mr. Dipak Bhattacharya and Dr. S. Dasgupta patiently guided us through the dissertation process, never accepting less than our best efforts. We thank them all.

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Introduction History Wind energy in india Renewable source of energy Major components of wind energy system and factor effective wind energy Types of wind mills Working principles and construction Termonologies related to wind energy Wind turbine characteristics Distribution of wind speed Study of generation of wind energy About matlab Matlab simulink model and analysis Global science in wind power Some important aspects regarding wind energy Economics and feasibility Utilization of wind power

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

Advantage of wind energy Conclusion

20. Reference

INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air. It has been
used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain, and for irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since ancient times and since the beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed in many countries particularly in the rural areas. Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbines can be used singly or in clusters called wind farms. Small wind turbines called aerogenerators can be used to charge large batteries. Five nations Germany, USA, Denmark, Spain and India account for 80% of the worlds installed wind energy capacity. Wind energy continues to be the fastest growing renewable energy source with worldwide wind power installed capacity reaching 14,000 MW. Realizing the growing importance of wind energy, manufacturers have steadily been increasing the unit size of the wind electric generators since the late 1980s. Another important development has been the offshore (i.e. in the sea) wind farms in some regions of Europe, which have several advantages over the on-shore ones. The third major development has been the use of new techniques to assess the wind resource for techno-commercial viability. In India the states of Tamilnadu and Gujarat lead in the field of wind energy. At the end of March 2000 India had 1080-MWs capacity wind farms, of which Tamilnadu contributed 770-MW capacity. Gujarat has 167MW followed by Andhra Pradesh, which has 88 MW installed wind farms. There are about a dozen wind pumps of various designs providing water for agriculture, aforestation, and domestic purposes, all scattered over the country.

The design of the Auroville multi-blade windmill has evolved from the practical experience gained in operating these mills over a period of 20 years or so. It has a high tripod tower and its double-action pump increases water output by about 60% compared to the conventional singleaction pumps.

HISTORY
Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind-driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient times. The use of wind to provide mechanical power came somewhat later in antiquity. The Babylonian emperor Hammurabi planned to use wind power for his

ambitious irrigation project in the 17th century BC. The ancient Sinhalese utilized the monsoon winds to power furnaces as early as 300 BC evidence has been found in cities such as Anuradhapura and in other cities around Sri Lanka The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1100-1200 Celsius. An early historical reference to a rudimentary windmill was used to power an organ in the 1st century AD. The first practical windmills were later built in Sistan, Afghanistan, from the 7th century. These were vertical-axle windmills, which had long vertical driveshafts with rectangle shaped blades. Made of six to twelve sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind corn and draw up water, and were used in the gristmilling and sugarcane industries. Horizontal-axle windmills were later used extensively in Northwestern Europe to grind flour beginning in the 1180s, and many Dutch windmills still exist. In the United States, the development of the "water-pumping windmill" was the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas of North America, which were otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. They contributed to the expansion of rail transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from wells for the steam locomotives. The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. The first modern wind turbines were built in the early 1980s, although more efficient designs are still being developed. Wind pumps that use mechanical energy from wind mainly for water-pumping purposes are in use since long. But generation of electricity from wind was initiated at the end of the 19th century. In 1891, Dane by the name of Poul La Cour built the first electricity generating wind

turbine. It was improved by the Danish engineers and used to supply energy during energy shortages in World War I and II. The wind turbine built by the Danish Company F L Schmidt in 1941/42 can be considered the forerunner of modern wind turbines. The wind turbines were not used much till 1970s when energy crisis occurred. Then the technology was improved and it was used in many countries. By the end of 1989, a 300 kW wind turbine with a 30 m rotor diameter was state-ofthe- art. Then ten years later, 1500 kW turbines with a diameter of about 70 m were manufactured. Now wind turbine of capacity 5 MW is in use.

WIND ENERGY IN INDIA

Among the different renewable energy sources, wind energy is currently making a significant contribution to the installed capacity of power generation, and is emerging as a competitive option. As a result, India, with an installed capacity in excess of 4220 MW (megawatt), ranks fourth in the world after Germany, Spain, and USA in wind power generation. Onshore wind power potential assessed at 45 000 MW in early 1990s, assumes one per cent land availability for wind power generation in the potential areas. Nearly 1150 wind-monitoring and mapping stations were set up in 25 states and union territories as part of the Wind Resource Assessment Programme. Fifty of these windmonitoring stations are in operation. Th energy in India came in the early 1980s from the erstwhile Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources, now known as the MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources). There was a move to encourage diversification of fuel sources away from the growing demand for coal, oil, and gas required to feed the countrys rapid economic growth. MNES undertook an extensive study of the wind regime, establishing a countrywide network of wind speed measurement stations, which made it possible to assess the national wind potential and identify suitable areas for harnessing wind power for commercial use. The government has since allocated 80% of the depreciation in the first year of installation of a project as direct taxes and a tax holiday till 2006. All state governments have been directed to create an attractive environment for the export, purchase, wheeling, and banking of electricity generated by wind power projects. These incentives have encouraged industrial companies, Bollywood actors, and cricket stars to invest in wind power. Owning a wind turbine assures them of uninterrupted power supply to their factory or business in a country where power cuts are common. Wind farms in India, therefore, often consist of clusters of individually owned generators. It is not surprising that more than 97% of original impetus to develop wind investment in the wind sector in India comes from the private sector! Due to a stronger domestic manufacturing sector, some companies now source more than 80% of the components for their turbines from India. This has resulted both in more cost-effective production and in creating additional local employment. More recently, some Indian manufacturers have started to export their products. About 10 wind turbine manufacturers are currently offering their products to the Indian market. The geographical spread of Indian wind power has so far been concentrated in a few regions, especially the southern state of Tamil Nadu, which accounts for more than half of all installations. This is beginning to change, with other states, including A n d h r a Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan, catching up. The result is that wind farms can be seen under construction right across the country, from the coastal plains to the hilly hinterland and sandy deserts. The Indian government now envisages a capacity addition of around 5000 MW by 2012. If the present expansion rate is maintained, this target will easily be surpassed

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resourcessuch

as sunlight, wind, rain, tidesand geothermal heatwhich are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While most renewable energy projects and production is large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year. Some renewable energy technologies are criticised for being intermittent or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy. Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. New government spending, regulation, and policies should help the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors Renewable energy flows involve natural phenomena such

as sunlight, wind, tides and geothermal heat, as the International Energy Agency explains: "Renewable energy is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable resources. Each of these sources has unique characteristics which influence how and where they are used.

COMPARISON OF WIND ENERGY WITH OTHER RENEWABLE SOURCES

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF WIND ENERGY SYSTEM

A wind turbine generator system usually consists of the following parts.

Tower
A steel lattice or tubular pole tower is used. The tubular towers are more popular among modern turbines because of their lower airflow interference and downstream turbulence creation. Also, they seem to be more aesthetically acceptable.

Rotor blades
The current design uses either two- or three-bladed wind turbines, but the latter are becoming popular and have a number of technical advantages. In twobladed designs the hub is lighter and thus, the entire structure is lighter. This is traded off by the fact that three-bladed designs are much better understood aerodynamically and also have a lower noise level than the two-bladed turbines. These blades are made of GRP (glass-reinforced plastic).

The nacelle
This sits atop the tower and holds the rotor blades in place while housing the gearbox and the generator. On large turbines the nacelle with rotor is electrically yawed into or out of the wind.

FACTORS AFFECTING WIND ENERGY

Wind velocity
As power generated is proportional to the cube of wind velocity, it is natural that the site for the plant must have higher wind speed for most part of the year. In order to be economical, sites have to have average wind speeds of about 10 m/s. P Air density The higher the density of air, the more is the power carried by the wind. As the air density decreases with height above sea level, usually sites in mountainous regions are less preferable than those at flat, sea level locations.

Diameter of rotor
Power by the wind turbine is proportional to the cross-sectional area at which it intercepts the wind. In other words, it depends on the diameter of rotor blade. The bigger the diameter, the more is the power generated. But there is a physical limit for blade size.

Elevation of blade hub above ground

The higher the blade hub is above the ground, the higher is the wind velocity (to the 1/7th power). An increase in hub elevation from 30 m to 50 m leads to an average wind speed 7.6% higher. On the other hand, taller hubs become more expensive and hence it is economically decided.

Spacing of wind turbines on wind Farms

In a particular area with adequate wind velocity, a number of wind turbines are established to tap most of the energy from the wind. This is called a wind farm. Too far a spacing of turbines will prevent the maximum amount of wind to be intercepted. However, too close a spacing will lead to interference, and downwind units will be less productive.

TYPES OF WINDMILLS
There are two types of wind machines used today: horizontalaxis wind machines and vertical-axis wind machines. Most windmills are the horizontalaxis type. One wind machine can produce 1.5 to 4.0 million kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity a year. That is enough electricity for to power 150-400 homes. HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES

Horizontal-axis wind machines have blades like airplane propellers. These windmills have their main shaft parallel to the ground. A typical horizontal wind mill stands about as tall as a 20-story building and has three blades that span 200 feet across. The largest wind machines in the world have blades longer than a football field. Wind machines stand tall and wide to capture more wind. The more wind the more power. Horizontal-axis wind machines can be further divided into three types.

i) Dutch- type grain grinding windmills ii)Multiblade water-pumping windmills iii)High- speed propeller type windmills

VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES

Verticalaxis wind machines have their main shaft perpendicular to the ground. They have blades that go from top to bottom and look like giant egg beaters. The typical vertical wind machine stands 100 feet tall and 50 feet wide. Vertical-axis wind machines make up just five percent of the wind machines used today. Vertical-axis machines come in two types. i)The Savanious rotor ii)The Darrieus rotor THE WIND AMPLIFIED ROTOR PLATFORM (WARP) The Wind Amplified Rotor Platform (WARP) is a different kind of wind system that is designed to be more efficient and use less land than wind machines in use today. The WARP does not use large blades; instead, it looks like a stack of wheel rims. Each module has a pair of small, high capacity turbines mounted to both of its concave wind amplifier module channel surfaces. The concave surfaces channel wind toward the turbines, amplifying wind speeds by 50 percent or more. Eneco, the company that designed WARP, plans to market the technology to power offshore oil platforms and wireless telecommunications systems

WORKING PRINCIPLE AND CONSTRUCTION

Like old fashioned windmills, todays wind machines use blades to collect the winds kinetic energy. Windmills work because they slow down the speed of the wind. The wind flows over the airfoil shaped blades causing lift, like the effect on airplane wings, causing them to turn. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator to produce electricity. With the new wind machines, there is still the problem of what to do when the wind isnt blowing. At those times, other types of power plants must be used to make electricity.

DUTCH WINDMILLS

Dutch windmills operated on the force exerted by the winds. The blades generally four are inclined at an angle to the plane of rotation. The wind being deflected by the blades, exerted a force in the direction of rotation. The blades were made of sails or wooden slats. Orientation of the blades are done by fan-tail system, there is a windmill behind and at right angles to the main one, direct driving the orientation system. When the main mill faced the wind, the fan-tail did not. When the wind direction changed, the fan-tail rotated and turned the main windmill back to the wind.

MULTIBLADE WATER-PUMPING WINDMILL

Modern water-pumping windmills have large number of blades-generally wooden or metallic slats-driving a reciprocating pump. These mills must be able to operate at slow winds. The large number of blades give a high torque required for driving a centrifugal pump, even at low winds. Hence sometimes these are called fan-mills. The blades are made of flat steel plates, working on the thrust of winds. These are hinged to a metal ring to ensure structural strength and low speed rotation adds to the reliability. These machine should have an inbuilt protection against high winds and storms. this may be achieved by mounting the orienting tail-vane slightly off the axis of the main rotor. The windmill orientation depends on a combination of the axial thrust of the wind on the rotor and the thrust on the tail-vane. The later dominates the low winds, orienting the rotor almost in the direction of wind. But the former dominates at high winds and make the rotor face away from the wind.

HIGH-SPEED PROPELLER TYPE WIND MACHINE

The horizontal-axis wind turbines that are used today for electrical power generation do not operate on thrust force. They depend mainly on the aerodynamic forces (lift forces and drag forces) that develop when wind flows around a blade of aerofoil design, these forces are determined by the wind speed, called the relative wind. Actually lift force creates the torque in a modern wind turbine. The blades are of aerofoil section, which move along the stream of wind. They are so aligned that drag force is minimized and the lift force is maximized, and thus gives the blade a net positive torque.

THE SAVONIUS ROTOR

The savonius rotor is extremely simple vertical axis device that works entirely because of thrust force of winds. The basic equipment is a drum cut into two halves vertically. The two parts are attached to the two opposite side of the vertical shaft. As the wind blowing into the structure meets with the two dissimilar surfaces- one convex and the other concave-the forces exerted on the two surfaces are different, which gives the rotor a torque. By providing a certain amount of overlap between the two drums, the torque can be increased. This is because the wind blowing into the concave surface turns around and gives a push to the inner surface of the other drum, partly cancelling the wind thrust on the convex side. An overlap of about one third the drum diameter gives optimum result.

THE DARRIEUS ROTOR

The darrieus rotor has two or more flexible blades attached to the vertical shaft. The blades bow outward, taking approximately the shape of a parabola, and are of symmetrical aerofoil section. Fibre-reinforced materials with fibres aligned along the blade are quite suitable for construction. The generator and the gear assembly are located at the ground level, hence cost is lower. It develops a positive torque only when it is rotating, when it is stationary torque is zero. This means that such a rotor has no starting torque and has to be started using some external means(generally by an electrical machine). The design has an inbuilt protection for stormy weather-the rotor tends to stall at high winds

TERMONOLOGIES RELATED TO WIND ENERGY

1) SOLIDITY The solidity of wind rotor is the ratio of the projected blade area to the area of the wind intercepted. The projected blade area does not mean the actual blade area; it is the blade area met by the wind or projected in the direction of wind. The solidity of savonius rotor is unity. For multiblade water-pumping windmill, it is typically around 0.7. For high-speed horizontal axis machines and darrieus rotor, it lies between 0.01 and 0.1. Solidity has a direct relationship with torque and speed. High solidity rotors have high torque and low speed and for low solidity rotor it is vice versa. 2) TIP SPEED RATIO The tip speed ratio (TSR) of a wind turbine is defined as = 2RN / V where is TSR (non-dimensional), R is the radius of the swept area (in m), N is the rotational speed in rev/sec, V is the wind speed without rotor interruption (in m/sec). 3) POWER COEFFICIENT The power coefficient of a wind converter is given by Cp = power output from wind machine / power contained in wind 4) SPECIFIC RATED CAPACITY Specific rated capacity (SRC) is defined as SRC = power rating of the generator / rotor swept area It varies between 0.2 for small rotor to 0.6 for large ones. 5) AXIAL SPEED OF WIND Speed of wind through the rotor n m/sec, denoted by V 6) SPEED OF BLADE ELEMENT The speed of blade element at a distance r from the rotor axis is 2rN in m/sec, denoted by U 7) RELATIVE VELOCITY

The velocity of air flow relative to the blade. W=vu 8) BLADE AXIS The longitudinal axis going through the blade. 9) BLADE SECTION AT r The intersection of the blade with the cylinder of radius r, whose axis is the rotor axis the section is aerofoil-shaped. 10) PITCH ANGLE The angle between the chord of the aerofoil section at r and the plane o rotation, also called the setting angle. 11) ANGLE OF INCLINATION The angle between the relative velocity vector and the plane of rotation, denoted by I. 12) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE It is the angle between the relative velocity vector and the chord line of the aerofoil, denoted by i. it is also called angle of attack i=I- 13) LIFT FORCE The lift force is the component of the aerodynamic force in the direction perpendicular to the relative wind. It is given by Fl = pACl/2 newtons where c is the lift coefficient and A is the blade area in sq. m. 14) DRAG FORCE The component of the aerodynamic force in the direction of the relative wind. It is given by Fd = PA^2Cd/2 where Cd is the drag coefficient.

15) TOTAL AEROYNAMIC FORCE Total aerodynamic force on a blade is given by F = Fl + Fd 16) THRUST FORCE The component of F along the direction of wind, denoted by Ft 17) TORQUE FORCE

The component of F along u ,denoted by Fm 18) AERODYNAMIC MOMENT The moment of F about the axis in Newton metres, denoted by M

WIND CHARACTERSTICS
POWER-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

TURBINE

The wind turbine power curve illustrate how the mechanical power that can be extracted from the winds can be extracted depends on the rotor speed. For each wind speed there is an optimum turbine speed at which the extracted wind power at the shaft reaches its maximum. Such a family of wind turbine power curves can be represented by a single dimensionless characteristic curve namely, the Cp - curve, where the power coefficient is plotted against the TSR. The mechanical power transmitted to the shaft is Pm = (pCpAV^3)/2 Where Cp is a function of the TSR, and pitch angle . For a given wind speed, the power extracted from the wind is maximized if Cp is maximized. The optimum value of Cp always occurs at a definite value of . This means that for a varying wind speed, the rotor speed should be adjusted proportionately to adhere always to this value of for maximum mechanical power output from the turbine. The maximum value o the shaft mechanical power or any wind speed can be expressed by Pmax = Cp(R^5/^3)^3 i.e. maximum mechanical power is

proportional

to

^3.

This

is

shown

in

fig

TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS Studying torque-speed characteristics is very important for matching the load and ensuring stable operation of electrical generator. The T S characteristics if the two blade propeller type wind turbine, the darrieus rotor and the savonius rotor are given below. Since torque and power are related by Tm = Pm / and at optimum operating point the relation between aerodynamic torque and rotational speed is Tm = {(pCp(R^5/^3)^3}/2. It is seen that at optimum operating point on the Cp - the torque is quadratically related to the rotational speed. For the propeller turbine and the darrieus rotor torque is maximum at a specific rotational speed, and the maximum shaft torque varies approximately as the square of the rotational speed. In case of electricity production, the load torque depends on the electrical loading, and by choosing it properly, the torque can be made to vary as the square of the rotational speed.

The choice of the constant of proportionality is very important. At the optimal value, the load curve follows the maximum shaft power. But at a higher value, the load torque may exceed the turbine torque for most speed. Conesquently, the machine would fail to speed up above a very low value. If the constant k is lower than the optimum value the machine may overspeed at the rated wind speed, activating the speed limiting mechanism. The power output is a product of torque and speed, it also has a maxima that vary as the cube of rotational speed.

Distribution of wind speed

The strength of wind varies, and an average value for a given location does not alone indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there. To assess the frequency of wind speeds at a particular location, a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed data. Different locations will have different wind speed distributions. The Weibull model closely mirrors the actual distribution of hourly wind speeds at many locations. The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less accurate, but simpler model. Because so much power is generated by higher wind speed, much of the energy comes in short bursts. The 2002 Lee Ranch sample is telling; half of the energy available arrived in just 15% of the operating time. The consequence is that wind energy from a particular turbine or wind farm does not have as consistent an output as fuel-fired power plants; utilities that use wind power provide power from starting existing generation for times when the wind is weak thus wind power is primarily a fuel saver rather than a capacity saver. Making wind power more consistent requires that various existing technologies and methods be extended, in particular the use of stronger inter-regional transmission to link widely distributed wind farms, since the average variability is much less; the use of hydro storage and demand-side energy management. Wind power density (WPD) is a calculation relating to the effective force of the wind at a particular location, frequently expressed in terms of the elevation above ground level over a period of time. It further takes into account wind velocity and mass. Color coded maps are frequently prepared for a particular area, described for example as "Mean Annual Power Density at 70 Meters." The results of the above calculation are used in an index developed by the National Renewable Energy Labs and referred to as "NREL CLASS." The larger the WPD calculation, the higher it is rated by class. Even though wind power is comparable in Texas and Kansas, there are about 10 times as many wind turbines in Texas as there are in Kansas.

Electricity Generation
Grid management system

Typical components of a wind turbine (gearbox, rotor shaft and brake assembly) being lifted into position Electricity generated by a wind farm is normally fed into the national electric transmission network. Individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (usually 34.5 kV) power collection system and communications network. At a substation, this medium-voltage electrical current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage transmission system. The surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can, in some jurisdictions, be fed back into the network and sold back to the utility company, producing a retail credit for the consumer to offset their energy costs. Induction generators, often used for in wind power projects, require reactive include

power for excitation so substationsused

wind-power

collection

systems

substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction. Different types of wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances, so extensive modelling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behaviour during system faults (see: Low voltage ride through). In particular, induction generators cannot support the system voltage during faults, unlike steam or hydro turbine-driven synchronous generators (however, properly matched power factor correction capacitors along with electronic control of resonance can support induction generation without grid). Doubly-fed machines, or wind turbines with solidstate converters between the turbine generator and the collector system, have generally more desirable properties for grid interconnection. Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer with a grid code to specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid. This will include power factor, constancy of frequency and dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system fault.

Capacity factor

Worldwide installed capacity 1997-2008, with projection 2009-2013 based on an exponential fit.

Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.For example, a 1 megawatt turbine with a capacity factor of 35% will not produce 8,760 megawatt-hours in a year (1x24x365), but only 1x0.35x24x365 = 3,066 MWh, averaging to 0.35 MW. Online data is available for some locations and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output.

Unlike fueled generating plants, the capacity factor is limited by the inherent properties of wind. Capacity factors of other types of power plant are based mostly on fuel cost, with a small amount of downtime for maintenance. Nuclear plants have low incremental fuel cost, and so are run at full output and achieve a 90% capacity factor. Plants with higher fuel cost are throttled back to follow load. Gas turbine plants using natural gas as fuel may be very expensive to operate and may be run only to meet peak power demand. A gas turbine plant may have an annual capacity factor of 5-25% due to relatively high energy production cost. According to a 2007 Stanford University study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, interconnecting ten or more wind farms can allow an average of 33% of the total energy produced to be used as reliable, baseload electric power, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.

Intermittency and penetration limits

Intermittent Power Sources

Wind turbines on Inner Mongolian grassland

Diagram of the TVA pumped storage facility at Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant

Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales: from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally. Annual variation also exists, but is not as significant. Because instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability, this variability can present substantial challenges to incorporating large amounts of wind power into a grid system. Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation, incremental operating reserve, and (at high penetration levels) could require an increase in the already existing energy demand management, load shedding, or storage solutions or system interconnection with HVDC cables. However these challenges are no different in principle to the substantial challenges imposed by other forms of generation such as nuclear or coal power, which can also show very large fluctuations during unplanned outages and have to be accommodated accordingly. At low levels

of wind penetration, a fluctuation in load and allowance for failure of large generating units requires reserve capacity that can also regulate for variability of wind generation. A series of detailed modelling studies which looked at the Europe wide adoption of renewable energy and interlinking power grids using HVDC cables, indicates that the entire power usage could come from renewables, with 70% total energy from wind at the same sort of costs or lower than at present. Intermittency would be dealt with, according to this model, by a combination of geographic dispersion to de-link weather system effects, and the ability of HVDC to shift power from windy areas to non-windy areas. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity or other forms of grid energy storage can store energy developed by high-wind periods and release it when needed. Stored energy increases the economic value of wind energy since it can be shifted to displace higher cost generation during peak demand periods. The potential revenue from this arbitrage can offset the cost and losses of storage; the cost of storage may add 25% to the cost of any wind energy stored, but it is not envisaged that this would apply to a large proportion of wind energy generated. Thus the 2 GW Dinorwig pumped storage plant adds costs to nuclear energy in the UK for which it was built, but not to all the power produced from the 30 or so GW of nuclear plants in the UK. In particular geographic regions, peak wind speeds may not coincide with peak demand for electrical power. In California and Texas, for example, hot days in summer may have low wind speed and high electrical demand due to air conditioning. Some utilities subsidize the purchase of geothermal heat pumps by their customers, to reduce electricity demand during the summer months by making air conditioning up to 70% more efficient;[27] widespread adoption of this technology would better match electricity demand to wind availability in areas with hot summers and low summer winds. Geothermal heat pumps also allow renewable electricity from wind to displace natural gas and heating oil for central heating during winter, when winds tend to be stronger in many areas. Another option is to interconnect widely dispersed geographic areas with a relatively cheap and efficient HVDC "Super grid". In the USA it is estimated that to upgrade the transmission system to take in planned or potential renewables would cost at least $60 billion. Total annual US power consumption in 2006 was 4 thousand billion kilowatt hours. Over an asset life of 40 years and low cost utility investment grade funding, the cost of $60 billion investment would be about 5% p.a. ie $3 billion p.a. Dividing by total power used gives an increased unit cost of around $3,000,000,000 x 100 / 4,000 x 1 exp9 = 0.075 cent / kWh. According to a 2007 Stanford University study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, interconnecting ten or more wind farms allows 33 to 47% of the total energy

produced to be used as reliable, base load electric power, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height. In the UK, demand for electricity is higher in winter than in summer, and so are wind speeds. Solar power tends to be complementary to wind. On daily to weekly timescales, high pressure areas tend to bring clear skies and low surface winds, whereas low pressure areastend to be windier and cloudier. On seasonal timescales, solar energy typically peaks in summer, whereas in many areas wind energy is lower in summer and higher in winter. Thus the intermittencies of wind and solar power tend to cancel each other somewhat. A demonstration project at the Massachusetts Maritime Academy shows the effect. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a combined power plant linking solar, wind, biogas and hydrostorage to provide load-following power around the clock, entirely from renewable sources. A report from Denmark noted that their wind power network was without power for 54 days during 2002. Wind power advocates argue that these periods of low wind can be dealt with by simply restarting existing power stations that have been held in readiness or interlinking with HVDC. The cost of keeping a fossil fuel power station idle is in fact quite low, since the main cost of running a power station is the fuel (see spark spread and dark spread).

Capacity credit and fuel saving

Many commentators concentrate on whether or not wind has any "capacity credit" without defining what they mean by this and its relevance. Wind does have a capacity credit, using a widely accepted and meaningful definition, equal to about 20% of its rated output (but this figure varies depending on actual circumstances). This means that reserve capacity on a system equal in MW to 20% of added wind could be retired when such wind is added without affecting system security or robustness. But the main value of wind, (in the UK, 5 times the capacity credit value) is its fuel and CO2 savings. Wind does not require any extra back up,as is often wrongly claimed, since it uses the existing power stations which are already built, as back up, and which are started up during low wind periods. just as they are started up now, during the non availability of other conventional plant. More spinning reserve, of existing plant, is required, but this again is already built and has a low cost comparatively.

Penetration
Wind energy "penetration" refers to the fraction of energy produced by wind compared with the total available generation capacity. There is no generally accepted "maximum" level of wind penetration. The limit for a particular grid will depend on the existing generating plants, pricing

mechanisms, capacity for storage or demand management, and other factors. An interconnected electricity grid will already include reserve generating and transmission capacity to allow for equipment failures; this reserve capacity can also serve to regulate for the varying power generation by wind plants. Studies have indicated that 20% of the total electrical energy consumption may be incorporated with minimal difficulty. These studies have been for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms, some degree of dispatch able energy, or hydropower with storage capacity, demand management, and interconnection to a large grid area export of electricity when needed. Beyond this level, there are few technical limits, but the economic implications become more significant. However In evidence to the House of Lords Economic Affairs Select Committee, the UK System Operator, National Grid have quoted estimates of balancing costs for 40% wind and these lie in the range 500-1000M per annum. "These balancing costs represent an additional 6 to 12 per annum on average consumer electricity bill of around 390. At present, few grid systems have penetration of wind energy above 5%: Denmark (values over 19%), Spain and Portugal (values over 11%), Germany and the Republic of Ireland (values over 6%). The Danish grid is heavily interconnected to the European electrical grid, and it has solved grid management problems by exporting almost half of its wind power to Norway. The correlation between electricity export and wind power production is very strong. Denmark has active plans to increase the percentage of power generated to over 50%. A study commissioned by the state of Minnesota considered penetration of up to 25%, and concluded that integration issues would be manageable and have incremental costs of less than one-half cent ($0.0045) per kWh. ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would "increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%" A recent report by Sinclair Merz saw no difficulty in accommodating 50% of total power delivered in the UK at modest cost increases.

Turbine placement
Good selection of a wind turbine site is critical to economic development of wind power. Aside from the availability of wind itself, other factors include the availability of transmission lines, value of energy to be produced, cost of land acquisition, land use considerations, and environmental impact of construction and operations. Off-shore locations may offset their higher construction cost with higher annual load factors, thereby reducing cost of energy produced. Wind farm designers use specialized wind energy software applications to evaluate the impact of these issues on a given wind farm design. Studies in the UK have shown that if onshore turbines are placed in a straight line then an increased risk of aerodynamic modulation] can occur which can result in noise nuisance to nearby residents.

Offshore wind farms

As of 2008, Europe leads the world in development of offshore wind power, due to strong wind resources and shallow water in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, and limitations on suitable locations on land due to dense populations and existing developments. Denmark installed the first offshore wind farms, and for years was the world leader in offshore wind power until the United Kingdom gained the lead in October, 2008 with 590 MW ofnameplate capacity installed. The United Kingdom planned to build much more extensive offshore wind

farms

by

2020. Other

large

markets

for

wind

power,

including

the United

States and China focused first on developing their on-land wind resources where construction costs are lower (such as in the Great Plains of the U.S., and the similarly wind-swept steppes of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia in China), but population centers along coastlines in many parts of the world are close to offshore wind resources, which would reduce transmission costs. On 21 December 2007, Q7 (later renamed as Princess Amalia Wind Farm) exported first power to the Dutch grid, which was a milestone for the offshore wind industry. The 120MW offshore wind farm with a construction budget of 383 million was the first to be financed by a nonrecourse loan (project finance). The project comprises 60 Vestas V80-2MW wind turbines. Each turbine's tower rests on a monopile foundation to a depth of between 18-23 meters at a distance of about 23 km off the Dutch coast. Transporting large wind turbine components (tower sections, nacelles, and blades) is much easier over water than on land, because ships and barges can handle large loads more easily than trucks/lorries or trains. On land, large goods vehicles must negotiate bends on roadways, which fixes the maximum length of a wind turbine blade that can move from point to point on the road network; no such limitation exists for transport on open water. Construction and maintenance costs per wind turbine are higher for offshore wind farms, motivating operators to reduce the number of wind turbines for a given total power by installing the largest available units. An example is Belgium's Thorntonbank Wind Farm with construction underway in 2008, featuring 5MW wind turbines from REpower, which were among the largest wind turbines in the world at the time.

STUDY OF GENERATION OF WIND ENERGY

Wind mills were used long time ago, the first electricity generating wind mill generated operated in the UK was a battery charging machine installed in 1887. The first utility grid-connected wind turbine operated in the UK by the John Brown company. Wind turbines are designed to exploit the wind energy that exists at a location. Virtually all modern turbines convert wind energy to electricity for energy distribution. The modern wind tubine is a system that comprises three integral components with distinct disciplines of engineering science. The rotor component includes the blade for converting wind energy to an intermnittent low speed rotational energy. The generator component includes the electrical generator, the contol electronics, and most likely a gearbox component for converting the low speed rotational energy to electricity. The structural support component includes the tower for optimally situating the rotor component to the wind energy source. There are many studies proposed to optimize wind turbine power generation. Kocak focused entirely on wind speed persistence during weather forecast, site selection for wind turbines and synthetic generation of the wind speed data. Herbert et al in 2007 developed models for wind resources assessment, site selection and aerodynamic including wake effect to improve the wind turbine performance and to increase its productivity. Khalfallah and Koulib in 2007 focused entirely on the turbine rotor and blades in order to improve the wind turbine power curves. They studied the effect of changing the rotational rotor speed on the power performance of Nordtank 300 kW stall-regulated experimentally. Also they studied the variation in the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine rotor by changing the pitch angle experimentally in Hurghada wind farm in a way to improve the turbines performance.

TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING WIND POWER

A wind turbine captures energy from moving air and converts it into electricity. The captured energy is affected by factors such as air density, turbine swept area, air velocity and power coefficient. The analysis of generation of wind power is done using the mathematical programming language MATLAB. The utilization of wind energy for power generation purposes is becoming increasingly attractive and gaining a great share in the electrical power production market worldwide. In the present study, a mathematical model is developed to study the parameters that affect the electrical power generated by the wind turbines. The considered parameters are turbine swept area, air density, wind speed, and power coefficient as a function of pitch angle and blade tip speed. The study shows that the operational parameters has a direct effect on the generated power which will lead the developers and researchers to focus on the highest priority parameter that should be considered for manufacturing and optimizing the new generations of wind turbines

ABOUT MATLAB
MATLAB is a numerical computing environment and programming language. Maintained by The Math Works, MATLAB allows easy matrix manipulation, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs in other languages. Although it is numeric only, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to algebra capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, Math Works claimed that MATLAB was used by more than one million people across industry and the academic world. MATLAB (meaning "matrix laboratory") was invented in the late 1970s by Cleve Moler, then chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico. He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without having to learn Fortran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded The Math Works in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK . MATLAB was first adopted by control design engineers, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved with image processing. MATLAB is built around the MATLAB language, sometimes called M-code or simply M. The simplest way to execute M-code is to type it in at the prompt, >> , in the Command Window, one of the elements of the MATLAB Desktop. In this way, MATLAB can be used as an interactive mathematical shell. Sequences of commands can be saved in a text file, typically using the MATLAB Editor, as a script or encapsulated into a function, extending the commands available.

GENERATION OF POWER
The power contained in wind is given by the kinetic energy of the flowing air mass per unit time. i.e. P=0.5..Cp.V3.A

Where, P is the mechanical power in the moving air, Watt. is air density, kg/m A is area swept by the rotor blades, m V is velocity of the air, m/s Cp is the power coefficient

MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL

The Simulink model is valid for wide ranges of wind turbines. It is tested on V52 wind turbine as an example. The V52 wind turbines have been erected in many countries than any other turbines in VESTAS portfolio, approximately 2,100 turbines, were installed all over the world due to their highly efficient operation and flexible configuration. The V52 has the following specifications (Table 2) (VESTAS wind systems, 2000)

The resulted power will be increased when the turbine's swept area is increased

The temperature and the air density impact on the generated power are shown in figures below.

The effect of air density-temperature on the generated power

RESULT OF THE ANALYSIS Wind turbines should be optimized, by taking swept area into consideration, in terms of the local area conditions to capture power as maximum as possible. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the output power of a wind turbine is directly related to the wind speed as well as to the swept area of its blades. The larger the diameter of its blades, the more power can be extracted from the wind. The power produced by the wind turbine increases from zero at the threshold wind speed (cut in speed) (usually around 5m/s but varies with site) to the maximum at the rated wind speed. Above the rated wind speed, (15 to 25 m/s) the wind turbine continues to produce the same rated power but at lower efficiency until shut down is initiated if the wind speed becomes dangerously high, i.e. above 25 to 30m/s (gale force). The exact specifications for energy capture by the turbine depend on the distribution of wind speed over the year at the individual site. Air density has a significant effect on wind turbine performance (Fig. 3). The power available in the wind is directly proportional to air density. As air density increases the available power also increases. Air density is a function of air pressure and temperature. It increases when air pressure increases or the temperature decreases. Both temperature and pressure decrease with increasing elevation. Consequently changes in elevation produce a profound effect on the generated power as a result of changing in the air density.

WIND ENERGY

- AN OVERVIEW
DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY IN INDIA
In 1983, the MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) conducted an extensive wind data collection mapping and complex terrain projects covering 25 states. The total wind power potential in the country was calculated to be 20 000 MW. After a recent study, the potential has been reassessed to 45 000 MW at 50 m above ground level. A demonstration wind farm was first established in India at Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu in 1986. Till now, an aggregate capacity of 71 MW of wind energy has been established as demonstration projects at 33 locations covering nine states, that is, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Winddiesel hybrid projects have been planned for island regions and remote areas. Gradually, the government opened up the wind energy sector to private enterprises and gave some incentives to the entrepreneurs. As a result, the wind energy sector grew in our country and now India is the fourth-largest producer of wind energy in the world after Germany, Spain, and the USA. As of March 2007, the total installed capacity of wind energy in our country is 7096 MW. Tamil Nadu has the distinction of3492.8 MW (49.2% of total) wind farms. The wind power has outpaced nuclear power (3360 MW) in terms of installed capacity and will soon surpass it in terms of generation also. A good number of wind turbine manufacturers are active in India producing wind electric generators of rating 225 kW to 2000 kW. MNRE has established the Centre for Wind Energy Technology at Chennai with field test station at Kayathar to act as technical focal point for wind power development in the country. So far, 160 potential wind farm sites have been identified in 13 states and Table 3 shows the installed capacities in various states.

GLOBAL SCENE IN WIND POWER

Wind power has arrived globally.In the decade from 1995 to 2005, global wind power grew from 4800 MW to 59 322 MW. The average annual cumulative growth rate was 28% during the period 200005. The installed capacity of wind power in the world reached 64 341MW by December 2006 and continues to grow. The experience so far is that the growth has surpassed the predictions. Wind power capacity of some major wind power generating countries is given in Table 2. According to a status report prepared by the GWEC (Global Wind Energy Council), the global wind power capacity is expected to be more than double its capacity by 2010 (Figure 1). About 40 countries have visible amounts of wind power and 11 of them (Table 1) have exceeded the 1000 MW installed capacity. Denmark is already producing 20% of its electricity from wind. Similarly northern Germany and Spain are getting 35% and 8%, respectively, of their electricity from wind power.

SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS REGARDING WIND ENERGY Wind could displace 1500MT of carbon emissions by 2020

Wind turbines could displace the emission of 1500 MT (million tonnes) of carbon emissions by 2020, according to Greenpeace International and the Global Wind Energy Council. Wind will be a major contributor to future energy supply, and could generate 16.5% of the worlds electricity by 2020 and 34% by 2050, predicts Global Wind Energy Outlook 2006. By 2050, the displacement of CO2 (carbon dioxide) from wind farms would be 113 000 MT. Wind power will significantly reduce CO2 emissions, which is key in the fight against dangerous climate change, says Sven Teske of Greenpeace. The required CO2 reduction of one-third by 2020 and half by 2050 can only be achieved if wind power plays a major role in the power sector. The report urges governments to support the development of wind power through reforms of the power market and by reducing subsidies for fossil fuels and nuclear. In addition to mitigating climate change, other important drivers for wind power are challenges such as security of energy supply and the increasing volatility of fossil fuel prices. The outlook runs three different scenarios for wind: a reference scenario based on the data from the International energy Agency; a moderate version, which assumes that current targets for renewables are successful; and an advanced version assuming that all policy options in favour of renewables are adopted. The scenarios are then run against a baseline scenario for global energy demand and a second version for high energy efficiency, which reduces demand for electricity.

GLOBAL WIND INDUSTRY TO EXPAND 19% YEARLY UNTIL 2010

Average annual cumulative growth in the international wind energy industry will be 19.1% from 2010, compared with 24.3% during the 200206 period. Temporary supply chain difficulties will have an impact, says the Global Wind Energy Council, but the industry is set to continue their spectacular growth. Last year, total installed capacity increased by 25% around the world, generating 18 billion euros of new equipment and boosting global wind capacity to 74 GW (gigawatt). Annual installed capacity will reach 21 GW in 2010, an increase of 38% from the 15.2 GW installed in 2006. The European Union remains the leading market in wind energy with 48 GW of capacity, but North America and Asia are developing at a tremendous pace. Europe will continue to be the most important market, but with a smaller share than in the past as the industry becomes more global. In 2004, Europe represented 72% of the annual market but dropped to 55% in 2005 and to 51% in 2006. The trend is expected to continue and in 2010, Europe will hold only 44% of the annual global market of 9.3 GW but 55% of the worlds total installed capacity of 82 GW. Delays in the offshore market have pushed large-scale offshore development towards the end of the decade but offshore development will give a new momentum to the European market during the next decade. North America is expected to continue to be the second- largest regional market in terms of total installed capacity, with average annual growth of 24.6%. From 9.8 GW installed at the end of 2006, it will reach 31.6 GW by 2010 and the United States will be the most important national market during the period 200710 with a predicted average installation of 3.5 GW per year. The Asian market has exceeded all previous estimates due to an unexpectedly strong growth in China, and that continent will have the highest annual average growth rate during the period. Total installed capacity will reach 29 GW by 2010, up from 10.7 GW in 2006 and, with predicted installation of 8000 MW of turbines between 2007 and 2010, India will continue to be the continental leader and the fourth country globally. China will be a close second with the highest growth rate and a predicted installed capacity also of 8000 MW during the period. GWEC members represent 1500 member companies in 60 countries, including all major turbine manufacturers and 99% of the worlds 74 000 MW of installed wind capacity.

A move away from fossil fuels

It is expected that the fossil fuel economy will peak sometime around the middle of the 21 st century. The normative scenario presented by the IPCC for arresting GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions suggests that such peaking would take place around 2030. Any laxity in making investments and preparations for the future would adversely impact the socio-political economy of the country. It is well known that new energy infrastructure takes decades to build and investments are required immediately for technologies that would be deployed for meeting future energy needs. At present, large deficits in domestic energy supply are met through imports. The rapidly changing geo-political scenario and security compulsions necessitate a hard look at this strategy. The cornerstone of such an exercise has to be a high degree of energy independence. On the oil price scenario, the past few weeks have seen global oil prices entering the super-spike phase. International oil prices have vaulted to over 60 dollars a barrel. Energy experts predict that prices could surge all the way above 100 dollars, as seasonal consumption peaks in winter 2005. With the prospect of a further steep hike in fuel prices looming large, the vulnerability of the economy to the vagaries of the global oil market comes into focus yet again. This is not the first time that the economy is being subjected to the pull and push of high and fluctuating global fuel prices. There have been over 20 such instances in the last 50 years. Studies have indicated that a sustained 5% rise in the oil price over a year would slash Indias gross domestic product growth rate by 0.25% and raise the inflation rate by 0.6%.

WIND CLIMATE MODEL FOR INDIA

It is expected that the contribution of renewable energy sources will increase over the years with the growing energy demands and the shortage of conventional fuels. Thus, there are concerns regarding increasing penetration and vulnerability of the power supply grid to absorb the fluctuations of voltage and frequency and to maintain system stability. Hence, prediction models for wind power systems become inevitable over the coming years to ensure proper scheduling and utilization of the freely available resourceAlong with the present wind monitoring stations, SODAR and satellite imagery models can aid in developing a wind climate model along with a wind weather forecast to a day/few hours in advance.

Economics and feasibility

Growth and cost trends

Wind and hydroelectric power generation have negligible fuel costs and relatively low maintenance costs; in economic terms, wind power has a low marginal cost and a high proportion of capital cost. The estimated average cost per unit incorporates the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years. Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so published cost figures can differ substantially. A British Wind Energy Association report gives an average generation cost of onshore wind power of around 3.2 cents per kilowatt hour (2005). Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be comparable to the cost of new generating capacity in the United States for coal and natural gas: wind cost was estimated at $55.80 per MWh, coal at $53.10/MWh and natural gas at $52.50. Other sources in various studies have estimated wind to be more expensive than other sources (see Economics of new nuclear power plants, Clean coal, and Carbon capture and storage). In 2004, wind energy cost one-fifth of what it did in the 1980s, and some expected that downward trend to continue as larger multi-megawatt turbines were mass-produced. However, installed cost averaged 1,300 per kilowatt in 2007, compared to 1,100 per kilowatt in 2005. Not as many facilities can produce large modern turbines and their towers and foundations, so constraints develop in the supply of turbines resulting in higher costs. Research

from a wide variety of sources in various countries shows that support for wind power is consistently between 70 and 80 percent amongst the general public. Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) figures show that 2007 recorded an increase of installed capacity of 20 GW, taking the total installed wind energy capacity to 94 GW, up from 74 GW in 2006. Despite constraints facing supply chains for wind turbines, the annual market for wind continued to increase at an estimated rate of 31% following 32% growth in 2006. In terms of economic value, the wind energy sector has become one of the important players in the energy markets, with the total value of new generating equipment installed in 2007 reaching 25 billion, or US$36 billion. Although the wind power industry will be impacted by the global financial crisis in 2009 and 2010, a BTM Consult five year forecast up to 2013 projects substantial growth. Over the past five years the average growth in new installations has been 27.6 percent each year. In the forecast to 2013 the expected average annual growth rate is 15.7 percent. More than 200 GW of new wind power capacity could come on line before the end of 2013. Wind power market penetration is expected to reach 3.35 percent by 2013 and 8 percent by 2018. Existing generation capacity represents sunk costs, and the decision to continue production will depend on marginal costs going forward, not estimated average costs at project inception. For example, the estimated cost of new wind power capacity may be lower than that for "new coal" (estimated average costs for new generation capacity) but higher than for "old coal" (marginal cost of production for existing capacity). Therefore, the choice to increase wind capacity will depend on factors including the profile of existing generation capacity.

Theoretical potential
Wind power available in the atmosphere is much greater than current world energy consumption. The most comprehensive study to date found the potential of wind power on land and near-shore to be 72 TW, equivalent to 54,000 MToE (million tons of oil equivalent) per year, or over five times the world's current energy use in all forms. The potential takes into account only locations with mean annual wind speeds 6.9 m/s at 80 m. It assumes 6 turbines per square kilometer for 77 m diameter, 1.5 MW turbines on roughly 13% of the total global land area (though that land would also be available for other compatible uses such as farming). The authors acknowledge that many practical barriers would need to be overcome to reach this theoretical capacity.

The practical limit to exploitation of wind power will be set by economic and environmental factors, since the resource available is far larger than any practical means to develop it.

Direct costs
Many potential sites for wind farms are far from demand centres, requiring substantially more money to construct new transmission lines and substations. In some regions this is partly because frequent strong winds themselves have discouraged dense human settlement in especially windy areas. The wind which was historically a nuisance is now becoming a valuable resource, but it may be far from large populations which developed in areas more sheltered from wind. Since the primary cost of producing wind energy is construction and there are no fuel costs, the average cost of wind energy per unit of production depends on a few key assumptions, such as the cost of capital and years of assumed service. The marginal cost of wind energy once a plant is constructed is usually less than 1 cent per kilowatt-hour. Since the cost of capital plays a large part in projected cost, risk (as perceived by investors) will affect projected costs per unit of electricity. The commercial viability of wind power also depends on the pricing regime for power producers. Electricity prices are highly regulated worldwide, and in many locations may not reflect the full cost of production, let alone indirect subsidies or negative externalities. Customers may enter into long-term pricing contracts for wind to reduce the risk of future pricing changes, thereby ensuring more stable returns for projects at the development stage. These may take the form of standard offer contracts, whereby the system operator undertakes to purchase power from wind at a fixed price for a certain period (perhaps up to a limit); these prices may be different than purchase prices from other sources, and even incorporate an implicit subsidy. In jurisdictions where the price for electricity is based on market mechanisms, revenue for all producers per unit is higher when their production coincides with periods of higher prices. The profitability of wind farms will therefore be higher if their production schedule coincides with these periods. If wind represents a significant portion of supply, average revenue per unit of production may be lower as more expensive and less-efficient forms of generation, which typically set revenue levels, are displaced from economic dispatch. This may be of particular concern if the output of many wind plants in a market have strong temporal correlation. In economic terms, the marginal revenue of the wind sector as penetration increases may diminish.

External costs

Most forms of energy production create some form of negative externality: costs that are not paid by the producer or consumer of the good. For electric production, the most significant externality is pollution, which imposes social costs in increased health expenses, reduced agricultural productivity, and other problems. In addition, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas produced when fossil fuels are burned, may impose even greater costs in the form of global warming. Few mechanisms currently exist to internalise these costs, and the total cost is highly uncertain. Other significant externalities can include military expenditures to ensure access to fossil fuels, remediation of polluted sites, destruction of wild habitat, loss of scenery/tourism, etc. If the external costs are taken into account, wind energy can be competitive in more cases, as costs have generally decreased due to technology development and scale enlargement. Supporters argue that, once external costs and subsidies to other forms of electrical production are accounted for, wind energy is amongst the least costly forms of electrical production. Critics argue that the level of required subsidies, the small amount of energy needs met, the expense of transmission lines to connect the wind farms to population centers, and the uncertain financial returns to wind projects make it inferior to other energy sources. Intermittency and other characteristics of wind energy also have costs that may rise with higher levels of penetration, and may change the cost-benefit ratio.

Incentives

Some of the over 6,000 wind turbines at Altamont Pass, in California. Developed during a period of tax incentives in the 1980s, this wind farm has more turbines than any other in the United States.

Wind energy in many jurisdictions receives some financial or other support to encourage its development. A key issue is the comparison to other forms of energy production, and their total

cost. Two main points of discussion arise: direct subsidies and externalities for various sources of electricity, including wind. Wind energy benefits from subsidies of various kinds in many jurisdictions, either to increase its attractiveness, or to compensate for subsidies received by other forms of production which have significant negative externalities. In the United States, wind power receives a tax credit for each kilowatt-hour produced; at 1.9 cents per kilowatt-hour in 2006, the credit has a yearly inflationary adjustment. Another tax benefit is accelerated depreciation. Many American states also provide incentives, such as exemption from property tax, mandated purchases, and additional markets for "green credits." Countries such as Canada and Germany also provide incentives for wind turbine construction, such as tax credits or minimum purchase prices for wind generation, with assured grid access (sometimes referred to as feed-in tariffs). These feed-in tariffs are typically set well above average electricity prices. The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008contains extensions of credits for wind, including microturbines. Secondary market forces also provide incentives for businesses to use wind-generated power, even if there is a premium price for the electricity. For example, socially responsible manufacturers pay utility companies a premium that goes to subsidize and build new wind power infrastructure. Companies like the Borealis Press print millions of greeting cards every year using this wind-generated power, and in return they can claim that they are making a powerful "green" effort, in addition to using recycled, chlorine-free paper, soy inks, and safe press wash. The organization Green-e http://www.green-e.org monitors business compliance with these renewable energy credits.

UTILIZATION OF WIND POWER

The modern wind power industry began in 1979 with the serial production of wind turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant, Vestas, Nordtank, and Bonus. These early turbines were small by today's standards, with capacities of 20 to 30 kW each. Since then, they have increased greatly in size, while wind turbine production has expanded to many countries all over the world. There are now many thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total nameplate capacity of 121,188 MW of which wind power in Europe accounts for 55% (2008). World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling about every three years. By comparison, photovoltaics has been doubling about every two years (48%/year), although from a smaller base (15,200 MWp in 2008). 81% of wind power installations are in the US and Europe. The share of the top five countries in terms of new installations fell from 71% in 2004 to 62% in 2006, but climbed to 73% by 2008 as those countries -- the United States, Germany, Spain, China, and India -- have seen substantial capacity growth in the past two years (see chart). By 2010, the World Wind Energy Association expects 160GW of capacity to be installed worldwide, up from 73.9 GW at the end of 2006, implying an anticipated net growth rate of more than 21% per year. Denmark generates nearly one-fifth of its electricity with wind turbines -- the highest percentage of any country -- and is ninth in the world in total wind power generation. Denmark is prominent in the manufacturing and use of wind turbines, with a commitment made in the 1970s to eventually produce half of the country's power by wind. In recent years, the United States has added more wind energy to its grid than any other country; U.S. wind power capacity grew by 45% to 16.8 gigawatts in 2007 and surpassing Germany's nameplate capacity in 2008. California was one of the incubators of the modern wind power industry, and led the U.S. in installed capacity for many years; however, by the end of 2006, Texas became the leading wind power state and continues to extend its lead. At the end of 2008, the state had 7,116 MW installed, which would have ranked it sixth in the world if Texas was a separate country. Iowa and Minnesota each grew to more than 1 gigawatt installed by the end of 2007; in 2008 they were joined by Oregon, Washington, and Colorado. Wind power generation in the U.S. was up 31.8% in February, 2007 from February, 2006. The average output of one megawatt of wind power is equivalent to the average electricity consumption of

about 250 American households. According to the American Wind Energy Association, wind will generate enough electricity in 2008 to power just over 1% (4.5 million households) of total electricity in U.S., up from less than 0.1% in 1999. U.S. Department of Energy studies have concluded wind harvested in the Great Plains states of Texas, Kansas, and North Dakota could provide enough electricity to power the entire nation, and that offshore wind farms could do the same job. In addition, the wind resource over and around the Great Lakes, recoverable with currently available technology, could by itself provide 80% as much power as the U.S. and Canada currently generate from non-renewable resources, with Michigan's share alone equating to one third of current U.S. electricity demand. India ranks 5th in the world with a total wind power capacity of 9,587 MW in 2008, or 3% of all electricity produced in India. The World Wind Energy Conference in New Delhi in November 2006 has given additional impetus to the Indian wind industry. Muppandal village in Tamil Nadu state, India, has several wind turbine farms in its vicinity, and is one of the major wind energy harnessing centres in India led by majors like Suzlon, Vestas,Micon among others In 2005, China announced it would build a 1000-megawatt wind farm in Hebei for completion in 2020. China has set a generating target of 30,000 MW by 2020 from renewable energy sources it says indigenous wind power could generate up to 253,000 MW. A Chinese renewable energy law was adopted in November 2004, following the World Wind Energy Conference organized by the Chinese and the World Wind Energy Association. By 2008, wind power was growing faster in China than the government had planned, and indeed faster in percentage terms than in any other large country, having more than doubled each year since 2005. Policymakers doubled their wind power prediction for 2010, after the wind industry reached the original goal of 5 GW three years ahead of schedule. Current trends suggest an actual installed capacity near 20 GW by 2010, with China shortly thereafter pursuing the United States for the world wind power lead. Mexico recently opened La Venta II wind power project as an important step in reducing Mexico's consumption of fossil fuels. The 88 MW project is the first of its kind in Mexico, and will provide 13 percent of the electricity needs of the state of Oaxaca. By 2012 the project will have a capacity of 3500 MW. Another growing market is Brazil, with a wind potential of 143 GW. The federal government has created an incentive program, called Proinfa, to build production capacity of 3300 MW of renewable energy for 2008, of which 1422 MW through wind energy. The program seeks to produce 10% of Brazilian electricity through renewable sources.

South Africa has a proposed station situated on the West Coast north of the Olifants River mouth near the town of Koekenaap, east of Vredendal in the Western Cape province. The station is proposed to have a total output of 100MW although there are negotiations to double this capacity. The plant could be operational by 2010. France has announced a target of 12,500 MW installed by 2010, though their installation trends over the past few years suggest they'll fall well short of their goal. Canada experienced rapid growth of wind capacity between 2000 and 2006, with total installed capacity increasing from 137 MW to 1,451 MW, and showing an annual growth rate of 38%. Particularly rapid growth was seen in 2006, with total capacity doubling from the 684 MW at end-2005. This growth was fed by measures including installation targets, economic incentives and political support. For example, the Ontario government announced that it will introduce a feed-in tariff for wind power, referred to as 'Standard Offer Contracts', which may boost the wind industry across the province. In Quebec, the provincially-owned electric utility plans to purchase an additional 2000 MW by 2013.

Annual generation
Annual Wind Power Generation (TWh) and total electricity consumption(TWh) for 10 largest countries 2005 Ran Nation Win k d % Pow er 2006 2007 2008

Total Power

Wind Powe % r

Total Power

Wind Powe % r

Total Wind Powe % Power r

Total Power

German 27.2 5.1% 533.7 y United 17.8 0.4% 4048.9 States

30.7 5.4% 569.9

38.5 6.6% 584.9

26.6 0.7% 4058.1 34.5 0.8%

4149. 52.0 9

1.3%

4108. 6

Spain

20.7 7.9% 260.7

22.9 8.5% 268.8

27.2 9.8% 276.8 31.4

11.1 282.1 %

India

6.3

0.9% 679.2

7.6

1.0% 726.7

14.7 1.9% 774.7 5.6 [80

]

China

1.9

0.1% 2474.7

3.7

0.1% 2834.4

0.2%

3255. 12.8 [81 3426. 0.4% ] 9 8

Italy

2.3

0.7% 330.4 18.5 35.7 % 0.2% 482.4

3.0

0.9% 337.5 16.8 36.4 % 0.5% 478.4

4.0[82] 1.2% 339.9 19.7 36.4 6.9 % 0.8% 480.3 5.6 19.1 36.2 % 1.1% 494.5

Denmar 6.6 k France 0.9 United Kingdo 2.8 m Portuga 1.7 l

6.1

7.2

2.2

4.0

0.7% 407.4

4.0

1.0% 383.9

5.9

1.5% 379.8

10

3.6% 47.9

2.9

5.9% 49.2

4.0

8.0% 50.1 5.7

11.3 50.6 %

World 15,746.5[8 16,790[8 total 99.5 0.6% 3] 124.9 0.7% 4] (TWh)

ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

1) The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2) Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3) Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot of land. This means that the land below can still be used. This is especially the case in agricultural areas as farming can still continue. 4) Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape. 5) Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply. 6) Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world. 7) Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast range of people and businesses can use them. Single households to small towns and villages can make good use of range of wind turbines available today.

CONCLUSION
Main objective of the Project puts stress on the coming inevitable demand of use of non renewable source of energy, primarily based on energy sources which produce no harmful substances or byproducts. Here comes the need to understand the importance of wind power as one of the sources of energy which mankind is going to use after the depletion of other sources of energy such as coal.

Wind energy is the cleanest of any energy source found till date. Its use can be so usefull as has been found through the projects done worldwide and in this project too. From its wind mill installation to production only thing to tackle is variable voltage obtained due to variable speed of the wind blades aswind speed is not constant at different points of time.

Like other countries our country INDIA is trying to become biggest producer of wind power, to meet its vast energy requirements, and our project may prove a little step towards achieving the goal.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Wind Electrical Systems By Bhadra, Kastha and Banerjee

2.

Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia

3.

Koak, K. 2008. Practical ways of evaluating wind speed persistence.

4. Mukund, R. 1999. Wind and solar power systems. USA: CRC press