Alliteration The repetition of an initial consonant sound Anaphora The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning

of successive clauses or verses. (Contrast with epiphora and epistrophe.) Antithesis The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases. Apostrophe Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character. Assonance Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words. Chiasmus A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the parts reversed. Euphemism The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit. Hyperbole An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect. Irony The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the idea. Litotes A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Metaphor An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. Metonymy A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated; also, the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it.

Onomatopoeia The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. Oxymoron A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side. Paradox A statement that appears to contradict itself. Personification A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human qualities or abilities. Pun A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words. Simile A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities in common. Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole (for example, ABCsfor alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England won the World Cup in 1966"). Understatement A figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.

Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of any particular sound among words placed close together, in a sentence. These are mainly consonant sounds, but can be vowel sounds too. It is often used as a figure of speech in poetry. Some examples of alliteration are:
y y

Don't delay dawns disarming display. Dusk demands daylight. - Paul Mccan Saras seven sisters slept soundly in sand.

Anastrophe: This refers to the inversion of the normal order of speech in a particular sentence. It can also be said, that the language is interrupted, and speech takes a sudden turn. This is used for the purpose of emphasis. Examples of anastrophe are:
y

Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. - Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart (Original Sentence: There was no object. There was no passion. I loved the old man.) Why should their liberty than ours be more? - Adriana, Comedy of Errors, William Shakespeare (Original Sentence: Why should their liberty be more than ours?)

Anaphora: Anaphora refers to a repetition of one particular word purposely, at the start of consecutive sentences or paragraphs. This is again in order to emphasize a point. Examples of anaphora are:
y

I'm not afraid to die. I'm not afraid to live. I'm not afraid to fail. I'm not afraid to succeed. I'm not afraid to fall in love. I'm not afraid to be alone. I'm just afraid I might have to stop talking about myself for five minutes. - Kinky Friedman, When the Cat's Away Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink ; Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink. - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Antonomasia: Antonomasia refers to the substitution of a proper name, with a phrase, which then becomes a way of recognition for the person in question. This can be explained with the help of the following examples:
y y y

The King of Pop - Micheal Jackson The Bard - William Shakespeare The Dark Knight - Batman

Euphemism: A euphemism is the use of neutral language to remark something that may be offensive to the receiver. Euphemism is often used by people who are diplomatic, and who wish to be politically correct. Some examples of this figure of speech are:
y y

We have to let you go. Read: You're fired. You're well fed. Read: You're fat.

Hyperbole: A hyperbole is a figure of speech used for the purpose of exaggeration. It mainly forms the basis of several jokes, is used as a way of insults, or could simply be used to dramatize a

situation, where in reality, the situation may not be that bad. This can be understood with the help of these hyperbole examples:
y y

I'm so busy trying to accomplish ten million things at once. - I'm trying to accomplish several things at one time. Your dog is so ugly, we had to pay the fleas to live on him. - Here the hyperbole has been used as an insult.

Irony: Irony refers to the use of certain words that actually intend to convey the opposite. Irony forms the basis of sarcasm, and of humor. It is also a way of expressing the ugly truth in a slightly gentle manner. Some irony examples are:
y y

Bill Gates winning a computer. - Situational Irony (He is the owner of the world's largest software company.) Having a fight with your best friend just before your birthday, and commenting -"Great, this is just what I needed". - Verbal Irony (It is probably the worst thing that could happen before your birthday.) In Romeo and Juliet, when Juliet is drugged, Romeo assumes her to be dead, and kills himself. Upon waking up Juliet finds him dead, and kills herself. - Dramatic Irony (mainly based on miscommunication and misunderstanding)

Litotes: This figure of speech refers to the use of understatement, to affirm a particular situation or event with the use of a negative opposite. Examples of metaphors include:
y y

He was not unfamiliar with the work of Shakespeare. - He was familiar with the work of Shakespeare. Einstein is not a bad mathematician. - Einstein is a great mathematician.

Metaphor: Used for the purpose of comparison, a metaphor is a figure of speech that implies the meaning of an object with its reference to another completely unrelated object. For instance:
y y

The sofa is fertile soil for a couch potato. But my heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill. - William Sharp, The Lonely Hunter

Metonymy: Metonymy refers to the use of a phrase regarding associated concept, in order to describe the actual concept. Some metonymy examples are:
y y

The 'editorial page' has always believed... - This refers to the belief of the editors who write the editorial page. He writes a fine hand - It means he has good handwriting.

Oxymoron: An oxymoron uses a contradictory adjective to define an object, situation or event. Oxymoron examples are:
y y y

Loners club A stripper's dressing room I'd give my right arm to be ambidextrous!

Onomatopoeia: Such words imitate the sounds made by certain objects or actions. Some examples of onomatopoeia are:
y y

The clatter of utensils. The flutter of birds.

Paralipsis: This figure of speech is used by people who do not wish to speak on a subject, but still manage to disclose it. Some examples are:
y y

It would be unseemly for me to dwell on Senator Kennedys drinking problem, and too many have already sensationalized his womanizing I will not dwell on the senator's shady history with the criminal underworld, or on her alcoholic son... such issues should not be brought up in a reasoned debate.

Personification: This refers to the art of bringing to life an inanimate object, trait, or action, by associating it with a human quality. Examples of personification are:
y y

The picture in that magazine screamed for attention. The carved pumpkin smiled at me.

Pun: Puns refer to the deliberate substitution of similar sounding words, to create a humorous effect. For example:
y y

I bet the butcher the other day that he couldnt reach the meat that was on the top shelf. He refused to take the bet, saying that the steaks were too high. Santas helpers are subordinate Clauses.

Rhetoric: Rhetoric refers to the art of persuasion through effective speech. Questions that have an obvious answer are known as rhetorical questions. Such questions are not expected to be answered, as the answer is already known. These are included in persuasive speech. Some examples include:
y y

If practice makes perfect, and no one's perfect, then why practice? - Billy Corgan Why do you need a drivers license to buy liquor when you cannot drink and drive?

Simile: A simile is similar to a metaphor. However, here, a reference between two concepts is made by using the terms 'like' or 'as'. Some simile examples are:
y y

Cause she looks like a flower but she stings like a bee/Like every girl in history. - Ricky Martin George felt as worn out as an old joke that was never very funny in the first place.

Zeugma: This figure of speech refers to the use of only one word to describe two actions or events. The word however, logically applies only to one of the actions. For instance:
y y

She opened the door and her heart to the orphan. She lowered her standards by raising her glass, her courage, her eyes and his hopes.