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Contents
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Teaching Material
5-14 Links Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities Questions for Pupils A Royal Visit to Falkland Palace - Spring 1562 How to make sheets
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Images
Many thanks to J. Donald, A. Innes, K. Milne & E. Naysmith for their help with this pack whilst on an Excellence in Education through Business Links teacher placement
The Reformation
The Reformation started in 1517 when a German monk rejected all of the church practices that were not written in the Bible. He made a protest by nailing his 95 Thesis to a church door, and the religious movement that followed was known as Protestantism after this protest. Reformation split the Church into Catholic and Protestant religions, both of which claimed to be the true road to salvation (going to heaven instead of hell).
Marys Education
Mary was educated in France. She learned to speak French, Italian, Spanish and Latin. She was also taught to sew, write poetry and to play musical instruments. Her writing was clear and done quickly. Her excellence in singing arose from a natural, not acquired, ability to vary her voice. She played the harp and harpsichord. Being very agile she danced admirably.. Several tapestries worked by her with wonderful skill can still be seen in France. Quote by a historian. While in France Mary enjoyed riding and hunting in the French countryside.
A Religious Upbringing
Marys mother was a Catholic and she ensured that Mary was brought up as a Catholic. At this time there was religious unrest known as the Reformation, and some countries became Protestant. France, however, was a Catholic country. Mary remained a devout Catholic throughout her life.
Afterwards, the celebrations continued at the Louvre Palace: First came the little princes and their friends dressed in cloth of silver and gold with precious stones and jewels. They sang with instruments in praise of the newly married couple. Then came six ships covered with cloth of gold and crimson velvet: the sails of silver linen. Below each sail were seats for two people. Sitting there was a prince or nobleman. Having made several turns round the ball-room each pilot took in the passing any lady he fancied and sailed through the hall. Briere, Discours
An Unsuitable Marriage
It soon became clear that Mary had made a mistake by marrying Darnley. He was rude, proud and lazy. It became obvious that Darnley had married Mary just to get the throne. Mary gave him title of King but kept all the real power to herself and he resented this. However, she soon became pregnant.
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Imprisonment
Mary was kept prisoner in a number of different castles and grand houses, such as Tutbury Castle and Chatsworth House, for nearly 19 years. Her gaoler for 16 of those years was the Earl of Shrewsbury. Elizabeth treated Mary well but always had her guarded carefully. During her years of imprisonment Mary had her own servants including a physician and a secretary. She enjoyed embroidery, played cards, had visitors and kept pets. Mary was also allowed to go on supervised horse rides in the countryside. Whilst imprisoned at 13
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Topic Overview
Summary of Marys Life People Important to Marys Story The Four Marys Timeline of Key Events Family Tree Kings and Queens of Scotland
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1565 1566
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1587 1612
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Lord Darnley
Lord Darnley was Marys cousin (King James V and Lady Margaret Douglas had the same mother) as well as her second husband.
Henry VIII wanted Mary to marry Edward VI Englands part of the Rough Wooing
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House of Stewart/ Stuart 1371 1390 Robert II 1390 1406 Robert III 1406 1437 James I 1437 1460 James II 1460 1488 James III 1488 1513 James IV 1513 1542 James V 1542 1567 Mary 1567 1625 James VI [Note: The Union of the Crowns in 1603 made James VI James I of England] 1625 1649 Charles I 1649 1660 Britain at this time was a commonwealth 1660 1685 Charles II 1685 1688 James VII (James II of England) 1688 1649 William III and Mary II (jointly) 1649 1702 William III (alone) 1702 1714 Anne
House of Hanover
1714 1727 1727 1760 1760 1820 1820 1830 1830 1837 1837 1901 George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
1901 1910 Edward VII
House of Windsor
1910 1936 1936 1936 1952 1952 today George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth I (Elizabeth II of England)
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Cooking
The kitchen for Falkland Palace was under the great hall so that food did not have to be carried far before it was served. The kitchen contained a large fireplace where all of the cooking was done, as well as a water trough and a large table to prepare food. Falkland Palace also had a bakehouse where bread was made. Food was stored in cellars. These The bakehouse were cold, dry rooms with stone floors and no windows. Fresh food could still only be stored for a short while in these rooms before it spoilt. There would also be a brewhouse at the palace where ale was made. Water was often not good to drink at this time, it contained a lot of germs so people drank a lot of ale.
Storage cellar
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Toilets
Toilets were simply holes in the ground, which took waste into a cesspit or a ditch at the foot of the wall. Today, this toilet has a decorative cover over the hole for safety.
Toilet
Chapel
There is a Catholic chapel at Falkland Palace which Mary would have attended.
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Overseas Trade
Again, only freemen were allowed to trade abroad. When merchant ships arrived in port officials called Custumars supervised their unloading. They taxed the goods and made sure that they went to the tron and then mercat cross for trading. It was illegal for goods to be traded at the harbour. Foreign trade was dangerous. Not only was there a risk of storms or getting lost due to poor navigation, there were many pirates in the 16th century. Trading was done mostly on a barter system that is they swapped the goods brought from Scotland for goods to take back. The main countries that Scotland traded with, and the goods exchanged were: Low Countries Scottish traders gave salt and animal skins in return for corn and spices. France Baltic Sea area England Scottish traders gave cloth and animal skins in return for wines, spices, prunes, walnuts, chestnuts, plums and dried figs. Scottish traders gave salt, cloth and animal skins in return for iron, pitch, tar, flax and hemp. Scottish traders gave linen cloth and yarn for wheat, oats and beans.
Luxury items such as furniture, expensive cloth and silver were also imported.
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Housing
Housing for the Poor
Poor people lived in homes that were not much better than sheds. They were built of turf and skins, with roofs of thatched straw and heather. Often there was only one room downstairs with a bare earth floor. Sometimes there was a loft above for sleeping in and storing hay, herbs and food. The thatched roof was a fire hazard, and mice, rats and insects also lived in the roof. Windows did not have glass, but only wooden shutters. Animals such as cattle and sheep were kept indoors in winter to give them shelter and to provide warmth for the house. Dogs and cats were kept to catch mice and rats.
Merchants Housing
Trading merchants houses were either wood or wood and stone. They had two or three rooms, with the living quarters above the shop and storerooms below.
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Clothing
Clothing in the 16th century not only served the purpose of keeping people dry and warm, it also reflected social status. Every class, rank and profession had its own distinctive dress. Laws called Sumptuary Laws were passed in the early 15th century to stop people dressing above their station (in a manner which is not suited to their position in society).
Noblility
The nobility and the wealthy merchant classes had their clothes made from expensive materials like silk, satin and velvet imported from France and the Low Countries. They were often covered in beautiful hand-stitched embroidery.
Peasants
The peasant classes were very poor and could only afford the bare minimum of clothes. The material was a coarse, home-made cloth. They wore nothing on their feet unless it was very cold, when they used animal skins sewn together.
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Eating Utensils
Eating utensils were made of wood or pewter. The rich would keep silver dishes on their dressers for display only. Some drinking vessels, especially the traditional Scots quaich, were made from stags horns.
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Other Skink (soup) Spices Porridge Prunes Oatcakes Walnuts Bread Chestnuts Barley bannocks Oranges Butter Pears Eggs Apples Sour-milk cheese Plums Tripe Berries Meal kale custocks (meal and kale formed into a loaf and cut up) Flummery (jelly made from the husks of oats)
Almonds Dates
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Glossary
Citizenship Eclipse (solar) Icon Idolatry Martyr Mercenaries Persecution Pewter Poaching Regent Relic Renounce Salvation Stalactites Treason Treaty Tuberculosis Membership of a state or nation, with its rights and duties. When the moon passes between the sun and the earth, blocking out the light from the sun. A person or thing regarded as a symbol of belief. Worship of idols an idol is an image of a god. A person who dies rather than give up their religious beliefs. A soldier who fights for a foreign army or money. Harassment or maltreatment of someone because of their race or religious belief. A mixture of tin and lead. To catch game or fish illegally on someone elses land. The ruler of a country during the absence, childhood or illness of its monarch. A possession of a saint, considered to be holy. To formally give up a claim or right. Going to heaven instead of hell. An icicle-shaped mass of calcium carbonate hanging from the roof of a cave. Betrayal of the monarch or country. Formal written agreement between two or more states. An infectious disease of the lungs.
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Teaching Material
5-14 Links Suggested Teaching and Learning Activities Questions for Pupils A Royal Visit to Falkland Palace - Spring 1562 How to make a Ruff How to make a Boys Hat How to make a Girls Head-dress
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Imprisonment Compare the conditions in which Mary was imprisoned with the classic image of being imprisoned, or with prisons today. The Babington Plot Discuss the motives for the Babington Plot. The Trial and Execution of Mary Dramatise the trial or execution of Mary. Discuss the illustration of the execution of Mary. Pupils could write a newspaper report or script for television news about the trial or execution of Mary. The Union of the Crowns Discuss the significance of the Union of the Crowns on life today.
Topic Overview
Summary of Marys Life Create a timeline of the events in Marys life. Extend the timeline to include significant events before Mary was born and those after she died. People Important to Marys Story Select one or more of the individuals in Marys life and write a summary of who they were and their role in Marys story, including the motivations for their actions. Using the information obtained in the task above, take part in role play and be interviewed in the hot seat about your role in Marys life, or appear on a chat show (like Parkinson or The Kumars). Play who am I? by providing stickers with the names of people in Marys life on them. Stick a name on each childs back (without them seeing the name) and they must find out who they are by asking other children questions (note, the question cannot be who am I?!). 39
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Questions
The Background to Marys Story
The Auld Alliance 1. Why was there an alliance between Scotland and France? 2. What were the terms of the treaty? 3. How did the treaty influence every day life in Scotland? 4. Give two examples of royal marriages which strengthened the alliance. 5. When did the treaty officially end? The Reformation 1. Which two religions did the Reformation split the Church into? 2. Why was religion important to people in the 16th century? 3. Which English king converted England to Protestantism? 4. Who was King of Scotland when this happened? 5. What were the religions of France and England when Mary became Queen of Scotland? 6. What religion was Marys mother? 7. Who was the first Scottish Protestant martyr? 8. Who commanded the execution of George Wishart? 9. What happened as a result of Wisharts execution? 10. Which important figure in the Reformation was taken as a slave to work at the oars of the French galleys? 11. When did John Knox return to Scotland? 12. What happened as a result of John Knox preaching against idolatry? 13. What reason, other than religious beliefs, did those who were rebelling against Mary of Guise and the Catholic religion give for their actions? 14. Which country sent troops to support Scotland against attack from the French in 1560? 15. What religion was Scotland when Mary returned from France? 16. What religion was Mary?
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Images
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www.npg.org.uk
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www.npg.org.uk
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David Riccio
Artist unknown
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www.npg.org.uk
www.npg.org.uk
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Mary Queen of Scots Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; Mary, Queen of Scotland
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