Paper accepted for presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference, June 23th-26th, Bologna, Italy

Modeling and Simulation of Small Hybrid Power Systems

E. G. Potamianakis, C. D. Vournas, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper describes the structure of a Simulink/MATLAB software package, which is appropriate for modeling and simulation of small autonomous or interconnected hybrid Power Systems. This package is used in order to analyze a small hybrid autonomous Power System from the viewpoint of small signal, frequency, voltage and transient stability. Such systems are met in many Greek islands, especially after 1994, when the Law for regulation of electricity generation from Renewable Energy Sources was approved. Index Terms Autonomous Power System, Wind Generation, Modeling, Simulation, Frequency Stability, Small Signal Stability, Voltage Stability

his paper consists of two parts. The first part describes a Simulink/MATLAB software package developed in National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in collaboration with the University of Liege [1], which is appropriate for simulation and stability analysis of small interconnected or autonomous Power Systems that may include distributed generation, as well as renewable energy sources. During this description, we focus on the modeling of power system components, as well as on the simulation scheme applied. In the second part, a hybrid autonomous system containing both conventional and wind generation is examined using the developed package. At first, we are studying the system from the viewpoint of small signal stability. During this phase, we are tuning the governors of the conventional units in order to optimize the frequency response of the system. Following this, long-term voltage stability is examined by simulating the network response in the case of a ramp-down of wind velocity leading to Wind Farm total shutdown. Finally, we simulate the system behavior under a three-phase fault in one circuit of a double circuit distribution line, in order to examine short-term (transient) stability. II. POWER SYSTEMS SIMULATION SOFTWARE PACKAGE The developed software package called Wind-Hybrid System Simulation Package (WHSSP) consists of the following files:
E. G. Potamianakis is graduate student in the School of Electrical & Computer Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens, Greece (email: manpot@power.ece.ntua.gr). C. D. Vournas is professor in the Electric Power Division of the same School (e-mail: vournas@power.ece.ntua.gr).

I. INTRODUCTION

The system model in Simulink. The data input. The initialization and linearization routines in MATLAB. The system model in Simulink is built using a library, which contains individual Power System models that are separately developed based on the available standard textbooks [27]. Such individual models refer to the transmissiondistribution network, synchronous and induction machines (motors or generators), Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) and Overexcitation Limiters (OEL) of synchronous machines, steam, hydraulic and diesel turbines with their corresponding governors, transformers equipped with Load Tap Changer (LTC) mechanism and finally Mechanically Switched Capacitors (MSC). Synchronous machines are usually used as generators. The stator transients are neglected and consequently the generator transients consist of rotor electrical and mechanical dynamics. The electrical transients are related to the rotor windings. The most commonly used models are the third order model (without damper windings), the fourth order model (with one damper winding in the quadrature axis) and the fifth order model (with one damper winding in each axis). Magnetic saturation is neglected at this stage. Induction machines may be used either as motors representing industrial loads, or as generators especially in wind farms. Similarly to synchronous machines, the stator transients are neglected. If rotor electrical transients are also neglected, we have the first order induction machine model. In this model, the only dynamics is the differential equation of rotor motion. The third order model includes the rotor electrical transients and is appropriate for studying the contribution of induction machines to short-circuit current. The mechanical load may be modeled using constant, quadratic, composite or random mechanical torque. Note that both synchronous and induction machine models are frequency dependent. The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) has the role to keep constant the terminal voltage of conventional units close to a prespecified voltage reference level. In the abovementioned library, DC1, AC4 and ST1 models have been developed according to the suggestions of IEEE working group on excitation systems [8]. The overexcitation limiter (OEL) protects the field winding of a synchronous machine from an unacceptable steady-state field current. Its role is to reduce the latter at a prespecified maximum allowed value. In the examined package, the field

0-7803-7967-5/03/$17.00 2003 IEEE

reduction can be achieved by takeover, summing, or constant excitation type OEL, using proportional and/or integral control [9]. From the aspect of prime movers, the developed library contains steam, hydraulic and diesel turbines with their corresponding governors. The steam turbine can have high, intermediate and lowpressure section. As far as the governor is concerned, it is modeled via a first order lag with a time constant and a static droop characteristic. In the case of hydraulic turbine, the basic hydrodynamic equations including head losses (with the assumptions of rigid conduit and incompressible fluid) lead to a first order nonlinear model. For stable control performance the hydraulic turbine governor is modeled via transient droop compensation and consequently exhibits a high droop with long reset time for fast speed deviations, and a normal low droop in the steady state [5]. The proposed model for diesel unit considers a single time delay incorporating that of the governor. As a result, the diesel unit is modeled with a first-order block. The Load Tap Changer (LTC) mechanism is used in the bulk power delivery transformers. In this package, LTCs are described through either a discrete, or a continuous model, with fixed or inverse time delay. Mechanically Switched Capacitors (MSC) are capacitor banks, which are trying to keep the bus voltage, or the load power factor in a desired range of values. In the examined library, these devices are modeled via a first order difference equation with a constant time delay. As far as the network is concerned, the fast network transients, which take place in the same time scale as the machine stator transients, are neglected. Consequently, the network is described through algebraic equations. The network variables are referred to a rectangular co-ordinate system (x,y), which rotates with the common system frequency sys. For autonomous networks system frequency may vary considerably from its nominal value. In such cases, the network admittance matrix depends on frequency because both network reactances and susceptances are proportional to the system frequency, which is defined according to the center of inertia formula [3]:

chine saturation, the simulation scheme of the described package is shown in Fig. 1, where: iSG and iIM are the current injection vectors of synchronous and induction machines correspondingly. V is the vector of bus voltages. sys is the system frequency. YL is the admittance of loads. r is the tap ratio of transformers equipped with LTC mechanism. BC is the susceptance of MSCs.
Reference Signals

Control Units

Synchronous Generators

iSG sys

Network
Induction Machines
iIM YL r BC

Loads

LTCs

MSCs

Fig. 1. Simulation scheme

The network algebraic equations are described by: I (V, x ) YV = 0

(2)

where x is the state vector, I is the current injection vector and Y is the network admittance matrix. With the assumption of linear loads, the current injection vector is depending only on the injection from machines. In this case, the contribution of loads is taken into account during the construction of network admittance matrix. Neglecting the machine saturation, the current injection vector can be written as: I = YM (x )V + b(x ) (3) where YM and b is a matrix and a vector respectively, which depend on the parameters and the state variables of each machine. Replacing (2) in (3), we take the following linear algebraic equation. YM (x )V + b(x ) = YV (4) The solution of (4) for V gives [Y YM (x)]V = b(x) (5)

sys =

H i ri
i =1

NG

H
i =1

NG

(1)

where: NG is the total number of synchronous generators. Hi and ri are the inertia (in s) and the rotor speed (in pu) respectively of the i-th synchronous generator. The above-mentioned models are developed with the assumption of sinusoidal steady state symmetrical operation, that is asymmetrical condition, or harmonic components are not taken into account. With the assumption of linear loads and neglecting ma-

The computation of bus voltages vector V is achieved by LU factorization of Y-YM matrix, followed by only one forward-backward substitution per simulation step. In case of nonlinear loads, the simulation scheme requires iterations for the computation of vector V at each simulation step. The data input files contain the bus data, the static and dynamic parameters of the machines, the lines and the transformers of the examined system. The program has an option that allows initialization from a long-term simulation package (WPSTAB) [10], in which case the initial load flow data are automatically exported.

The initialization file reads the data input files and computes initial values for the state and the algebraic values of the system. Finally, a linearization program determines the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors and participation factors. Linearization can be done analytically (neglecting variable frequency) or numerically using a MATLAB routine. This file is useful for small signal stability analysis and planning of the system control units, such as governors, AVRs, etc. III. CASE STUDY This section consists of four parts. In the first part, we describe the examined test system. In the sequel, this system is studied from small signal stability aspect. Following this, the above mentioned package is used to simulate the response of the test system in the case of wind farm gradual shutdown. In the last part, short-term stability is analyzed by simulating a three-phase fault in a distribution line. A. Test System Description The one-line equivalent diagram of the examined hybrid autonomous system is shown in Fig. 2.

the wind farm is 1.5 MW. The wind farm is connected to the load bus through constant off nominal ratio transformer and double circuit distribution line. Note that both induction machines are modeled via third order model, according to the description of Section II. In the initial operation point, the load bus voltage and the wind farm terminal bus voltage have nominal values. The wind farm produces its nominal active generation under constant mechanical input torque. Referring to conventional units, the Diesel unit produces 2.5 MW, while the production of the hydraulic unit reaches 0.6 MW. Hence, in the initial operation point the total active losses of the network reach 0.1 MW approximately. B. Small Signal Analysis In this part, we examine small signal stability of the system using the linearization routine of the developed package. By studying the hybrid system from the viewpoint of small signal stability, we desire: to ascertain that the electromagnetic oscillations have sufficient damping. to optimize the frequency response. The latter target means that following a disturbance the system frequency obtains its post disturbance value as fast as possible and without oscillations (if possible). As discussed, the Diesel unit is modeled via a first order lag with a time constant and a static droop characteristic. Referring to the hydraulic prime mover, its governor consists of two droop blocks. The first block has a normal low droop in the steady state. The second block is called transient droop compensation block and exhibits a high droop for fast speed deviations with long reset time. In order to achieve the above mentioned optimization, we can adjust the steady state droops with their corresponding time delays for both conventional unit governors, as well as the transient droop with the respective reset time of hydraulic governor. Note that the latter two parameters are adjusted according to the proposed method presented in [11]. During this phase, we realize that system frequency oscillations are closely related to the Diesel unit governor, while fast response mainly depends on the hydraulic governor transient droop block. Moreover, the smaller the reset time of hydraulic governor transient block, the faster the response of the hydraulic turbine to a transient load change. However, for stability reasons the reset time cannot be smaller than a critical value, according to [11]. The computation of this critical value is essential for hydraulic governor planning. Table I contains the eigenvalues, which are computed by the linearization of the examined system for the initial operation point, after the governors tuning for system frequency response optimization. The eigenvalues in the second column are computed analytically assuming constant nominal system frequency. The third and the fourth columns contain the eigenvalues and the corresponding damping factors, which are computed numerically using MATLAB routine.

Fig. 2. One-line equivalent diagram of the examined system

The conventional generation of the autonomous system consists of one Diesel and one hydraulic unit. The nominal capacity of these units is 4 MVA and 1.25 MVA respectively. Both units are equipped with synchronous generators, which are described through their fourth order model. Each terminal voltage is controlled by an AVR of type AC4, equipped with OEL of constant excitation type and constant time delay. Both units are connected to the local load through constant ratio transformers, double circuit lines and a load delivery transformer. The latter is equipped with Load Tap Changer mechanism, which is keeping the load bus voltage level between 0.98 and 1.02 pu. The local load consists of a constant admittance consuming 2.25 MW at nominal voltage and a 2.25 MW equivalent induction motor with constant mechanical torque. The motor could model for instance a pumping station. The wind farm is modeled via an equivalent induction generator. At its terminal bus, a block of mechanically switched capacitors is used in conjunction with a controller mechanism in order to keep the power factor of the wind farm in values greater than 0.98 lagging. The nominal active generation of

The eigenvalues No 1, 2 and 4 refer to the state variables of the induction machines, which do not contribute to the frequency control of the network.
TABLE I HYBRID SYSTEM LINEARIZATION RESULTS Eigenvalues Damping Eigenvalues (SIMULINK) Factor (nominal sys) -6.151 j*17.677 -6.151 j*17.678 0.329 -2.836 j*12.316 -2.837 j*12.317 0.224 -1.432 j*8.124 -1.456 j*8.126 0.176 -10.401 -10.401 1.000 -8.819 -8.818 1.000 -8.166 -8.165 1.000 -6.569 -6.558 1.000 -4.385 -4.371 1.000 -1.451 j*2.428 -1.502 j*2.456 0.522 -0.805 j*0.632 -0.805 j*0.632 0.787 -0.456 j*1.001 -0.446 j*0.988 0.412 -1.439 -1.437 1.000 -1.172 -1.171 1.000 -1.024 -1.024 1.000 -0.027 -0.026 1.000

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

t=10 s and lasting for 60 s. We consider that wind farm is switched off when the mechanical input torque is smaller than 20% of its nominal value. The capacitor banks installed on its terminal bus are also switched off 200 ms after wind farm total shutdown. Under this disturbance, the active generation and the rotor current of both synchronous generators are shown in Fig. 3 and 4 respectively.
(a) 4 Pgen Diesel (MW) 3.5 3 2.5 2

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50 (b)

60

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Pgen Hydro (MW)

0.8

0.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (s) 60 70 80 90 100

ifd Hydro (pu)

The conjugate pair of eigenvalues No 3 is related to the electromechanical oscillation between the two synchronous generators. The frequency of this oscillation is equal to 1.29 Hz and the damping is very good. The eigenvalues No 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 13 are related to the field windings, the damper windings and the AVRs of the two synchronous generators. The conjugate pair No 11 corresponds to the contribution of Diesel unit to the system frequency control. Although the damping factor of this eigenvalue (0.412) still allows for some frequency overshoot, the damping can be considered sufficient for this small system. The three remaining eigenvalues No 12, 14 and 15 are related to the hydraulic prime mover. Specifically, eigenvalue No 14 corresponds to the water starting time and depends on the penstock dimensions and the initial operation point. Eigenvalue No 12 refers to the transient droop block of the hydraulic turbine governor. On the other hand, eigenvalue No 15 is related to the steady-state droop block of this governor. The value of 0.026 means that following a disturbance the hydraulic unit needs 40 s approximately to reach a new equilibrium point. Finally, comparing the second and the third column of Table I, we note that there is an excellent match between the two different ways for eigenavalues computation. The only significant difference is in the eigenvalue related to the system frequency response (No 11). Specifically, this eigenvalue seems to be slightly more damped when system frequency is considered constant. C. Wind Farm Shut-Down In the present part, we study the system response in case of a wind velocity ramp-down leading to wind farm total shutdown, due to gradual decrease of mechanical input torque. This decrease is simulated by a constant slope ramp starting at

Fig. 3. Active generation of conventional units

Note that the wind farm shutdown happens at t=54.2 s. From Fig. 3, we conclude that mainly the Diesel unit satisfies the loss of 1.5 MW from Wind farm production, by increasing its generation from 2.5 MW to 3.6 MW approximately. This is due to the steady-state droop. Comparing the responses of the two conventional units, we can understand the way that these units are sharing the active power demand at the moment of wind farm switching off. More specifically, due to water inertia the hydraulic unit cannot increase instantaneously its generation. Consequently Diesel unit takes over to satisfy the whole active power mismatch. In the sequel, the hydraulic unit is gradually increasing its production with corresponding decrease for the Diesel unit, and the two units are sharing the mismatch according to their steady state droops.
(a) 2.2 ifd Diesel (pu) 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 OEL Limit

10

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30

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50 (b)

60

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80

90

100

1.9

OEL Limit

1.8

1.7

10

20

30

40

50 Time (s)

60

70

80

90

100

Fig. 4. Rotor current of synchronous generators

Bus Voltages (pu)

From Fig. 4-(b), we realize that wind farm shutdown leads to hydraulic generator overexcitation. Despite the limitation of hydraulic generator field current, the system withstands in a satisfactory way the examined disturbance, reaching a stable post disturbance operating point.
(a) 1.06 1.04 Vload (pu)

Short-Term Analysis 1.5 V2 V1 1

0.5 V4 V3 V9 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Long-Term Analysis 1.1 Bus Voltages (pu)

1.02 1 0.98

1.05 1 0.95 0.9 V1 V2 V4 V9 V3

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1.01 1 wr IM (pu) 0.99 0.98 0.97 System frequency

20

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60 Time (s)

70

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100

Fig. 6. Bus voltages (stable scenario)

Induction motor 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (s) 60 70 80 90 100

Fig. 5. Induction motor response

The load bus voltage is shown in Fig. 5-(a). We can separate in two intervals the time period during the reduction of WF generation. In the first interval (from 10 to 35 s), the equivalent induction wind generator is heavily loaded and as its production is being reduced, the reduced power flow in the network causes the increase of WF terminal voltage. In the second interval (after about 35 s), the low wind power generation level causes power flow in the opposite direction. Hence, as the WF generation is being reduced, its terminal voltage is also being reduced. The transient voltage overshoot is due to the fact that the mechanically switched capacitors block is switched off 200 ms after wind farm shutdown. During the reduction of wind farm generation, the total active production of the network is reduced and therefore the induction motor is decelerated. Average system frequency sys is shown also for comparison. Finally, after wind farm shutdown, the motor reaches a stable operation point. D. Short-term Stability Analysis Transient stability is analyzed by simulating a three-phase short circuit in one circuit of the double circuit line connecting buses 4 and 9. The fault is cleared by opening the faulted line. We examine a stable case and an unstable one. The study of the stable scenario includes both short-term and long-term time scale. We assume that the MSCs are equipped with a protection system, which is activated at the moment of the fault and leads them to instantaneous switch off. In addition, we consider that the maximum allowed transient excitation voltage is 5 pu for both Diesel and hydraulic unit. We consider that the short circuit happens at t=10 s and for the first scenario the clearing time is 70 ms. Fig. 6, 7 and 8 show the bus voltages in pu, the excitation voltages in pu and the pu speed of both induction machines respectively.

From Fig. 6, we can realize that the considered fault clearing time leads to system bus voltages restoration and consequently the examined disturbance is stable from the short-term stability point of view. From the long-term time scale aspect, after fault clearing the LTC mechanism is activated and further restores the load bus voltage. Concerning the conventional units, both excitation voltages reach the maximum transient value during and shortly after the fault. Following the fault clearing, the hydraulic generator becomes overexcited due to the loss of the faulted line. Despite the OEL activation, the system reaches a stable equilibrium point, thus the system is long-term stable as well.
Short-Term Analysis 6 Hydro

Ef (pu)

4 Diesel

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Long-Term Analysis 2.05 Diesel

Ef (pu)

1.95

Hydro

1.9

20

30

40

50

60 Time (s)

70

80

90

100

Fig. 7. Excitation voltages (stable scenario)

Concerning the induction machines, the wind generator is accelerating as expected, while the motor is decelerating during the fault. The fault clearing and the restoration of bus voltages results in a new stable post-disturbance equilibrium point for each induction machine. In the sequel, we will examine a transiently unstable disturbance scenario, by considering that the above-mentioned fault lasts for 100 ms.

Short-Term Analysis 1.06 1.04 wr (pu) 1.02 1 Bus Voltages (pu) 0.98 0.96 9 10 induction motor 11 12 13 14 15 16 0.8 V4 0.6 V9 wind generator 1.2 V1 1 V2

system frequency

Long-Term Analysis 1.02 1.01 wr (pu) 1 0.99 0.98 wind generator system frequency induction motor

0.4

0.2

V3

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30

40

50

60 Time (s)

70

80

90

100

10

11

12 Time (s)

13

14

15

Fig. 8. Speed of induction machines (stable scenario)

Fig. 10. Bus voltages (unstable scenario)

(a) 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1 9.9 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 9.9 10 10.1 10.2 Time (s) 10.3 10.4 10.5

Since the short circuit is on the common load bus, both synchronous generators accelerate in unison and loss of synchronism between the conventional units does not occur. This is shown in Fig. 9-(a) and 9-(b) respectively, where both rotor speeds (in pu) and the evolution of the angle difference between the two rotors (in deg) are presented. On the other hand, the induction machines (both generator and motor) are no longer attracted to their post disturbance equilibrium due to the long fault duration. This is clear in the voltage and rotor speed responses shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Thus, we have a case of short-term voltage instability due to the induction machines. Comparing Fig. 6 and 10, we understand that in the examined case the bus voltages are not restored after fault clearing. The three lowest bus voltages (from 0.3 to 0.6 pu) correspond to buses 3, 9 and 4, that are the buses where the induction machines are installed.
(a) 1.02 Rotor Speed (pu) Hydro 1.01

wr WG (pu)

10

10.1

10.2 (b)

10.3

10.4

10.5

Fig. 11. Speed of induction machines (unstable scenario)

Diesel

Note that during the disturbance simulation we are not taking into account any protection of the induction machines, either over-speed (for the wind generator) or under-speed (for the motor), which would activate and disconnect them from the network. IV. CONCLUSIONS In this paper we presented the structure of WHSSP, a Simulink/MATLAB software package that has been developed in the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). The package is appropriate for simulation and stability analysis of small interconnected or autonomous Power Systems that may include distributed generation, as well as renewable energy sources. We examined a hybrid autonomous system from the viewpoint of small signal, voltage and short-term (transient) stability using the appropriate routines of the developed package. The load demand of the system is satisfied from a Diesel unit, a hydraulic unit and a wind farm. The small signal stability analysis helped us to tune the governors of the conventional units in order to enhance the system frequency response. During this procedure, we realized

0.99

10

11

12 (b)

13

14

15

Rotor Angle Difference (deg)

20 15 10 5 0 -5 9 10 11 12 Time (s) 13 14 15

Fig. 9. Synchronous generator response (unstable scenario)

In Fig. 11-(a) and 11-(b), we observe the loss of short-term equilibrium for the wind generator and the induction motor respectively. This happens due to the acceleration (respectively deceleration) of the wind generator (respectively motor) past the post-disturbance unstable equilibrium.

wr IM (pu)

that the Diesel unit governor is closely related to the oscillations in system frequency following a sudden load change. In addition, the transient droop block of the hydraulic turbine governor mainly affects the fast frequency response. Long-term voltage stability analysis was examined by simulating the network response to a gradual wind farm generation reduction leading to its total shutdown. In this case, we focused on the way that the two conventional units shared the active power demand caused by WF shutdown. Finally, the hybrid system is studied from the viewpoint of short-term stability. We examined a transiently stable case and an unstable one. In the case of the transiently stable scenario, we examined also the post fault network response in the longterm time scale. The long-term phenomena are due to the Hydraulic unit OEL and the LTC mechanisms. Consequently, this showed that the developed software package is efficient to study both short-term and long-term dynamic phenomena, which appear in Hybrid power systems. V. REFERENCES
[1] C. D. Vournas, E. G. Potamianakis, T. Van Cutsem, C. Moors "An Educational Simulation Tool for Power System Control and Stability", to appear in IEEE Transactions on PWRS, Special Education Section, 2003. P. C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, S. D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery, IEEE Press, New York 2000. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, EPRI Power System Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill, 1993. P. W. Sauer, M. A. Pai, Power Systems Dynamics and Stability, Prentice-Hall, 1998.

J. Machowski, J. W. Bialek, J. R. Bumby, Power Systems Dynamics and Stability, John Wiley & Sons. [6] T. Van Cutsem, C. D. Vournas, Voltage Stability of Electric Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. [7] Siegfried Heier, Grid Integration of Wind Energy Conversion Systems, John Wiley & Sons. [8] IEEE Working Group on Computer Modelling of Excitation Systems, Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, pp. 494509, February 1981. [9] C. D. Vournas, G. A. Manos, P. W. Sauer, M. A. Pai, "Effect of Overexcitation Limiters on Power System Long-Term Modeling", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, No 4, December 1999. [10] C. Vournas, Scientific Co-ordinator "Software Development for Voltage Stability Analysis", Project 96 SYN 95, NTUA, Greece. [11] C. D. Vournas, N. Daskalakis, "Governor Tuning and Regulating Capacity of Hydroelectric Units", WESCANEX 93 Proceedings pp. 228-233, Saskatoon, Canada 1993.

[5]

VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Costas D. Vournas (S77, M87, SM95) received the Diploma of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering from National Technical University of Athens, Greece in 1975, the MSc in Electrical Engineering from the University of Saskatchewan in 1978 and the Doctor of Engineering again from NTUA in 1986. He is currently Professor in the Electrical Energy Systems Lab of the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of NTUA. His research interests include voltage stability and security analysis, as well as power system dynamics and control. E. G. Potamianakis was born in 1978. He received the Diploma of Electrical and Computer Engineering from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece in 2000. He is currently pursuing postgraduate studies in NTUA, leading to the Ph.D. His research mainly deals with the integration of distributed generation to the electric grids from the viewpoint of stability.

[2] [3] [4]