Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
\SgM
S
P.
T O C
S
KHO
I)
I,
JL
M
TK
A.
XO R
T E
T &
SO N
F O R
AO
MODERN
SWEDISH GRAMMAR
M O DERN
SWEDISH GRAMMAR
by
I m. Bj orkhag
in
e n,
Ph i
I.
Li
c.
Lecturer in Swedish,
the University of London.
STOCKHOLM
P.
A.
a g
STOCKHOLM
KUNGL. BOKTRYCKERIET.
P.
1923
A.
NORSTEDT
,V
^nNi
It
222444
PREFACE.
In the last few years the study of Swedish has been taken up with increasing interest in England. In 1918 a Swedish lectureship was
i.
instituted
Swedish was
e.
made
it
may be
One year later College, London. subject* in the University of London, chosen as one of the subjects in the B. A., M. A.
at University
a ^degree
1918 has held the above mentioned of a satisfactory Swedish Most of the existing grammars of the kind are so full of mistakes as to render them almost useless. The present volume, which is the fruit of four years' experience in Swedish class-teaching, will, it is hoped, prove a more
since
who begin learning the language. has been devoted to the pronunciation, which has always proved to be a stumbling-block to English students. For the analysis and description of the Swedish sound-system I have enjoyed the valuable assistance of Prof. Daniel Jones and Miss Lilias E. Armstrong, B. A., of the Phonetics Department, University College. Miss Armstrong has also kindly undertaken to read the proofs of the phonetic part of the book for which I here beg to express
reliable guide for those
Special
attention
my
sincere thanks.
original plan was to publish a Reader and Grammar comin one volume, but for several reasons it was found unpracThe two parts are therefore published separately. The second tical. part called "First Swedish Book" will appear simultaneously with For the beginner it forms a necessary complement to this volume.
My
bined
the
Grammar and
etc.
tion, writing,
The grammatical terminology is in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology
(published by John Murray, London, 1920).
6
I
have
much
pleasure
in
thanking
Mr
Sidney
J.
Charleston,
M.
A., F. R. Hist. S., late lecturer in English in the University of Upsala, Sweden, for his great kindness in revising the manuscript
and
for
the
many
valuable
suggestions
he
has
I am glad to take this opportunity of expressing my gratitude to C. A. Lowenadler, Esq., without whose generous financial assistance the publication of this work would not have
warm
been possible.
CONTENTS.
Page
Tables of Sounds
11
15
20
21
New
Spelling
for the Pronunciation
33
Length of Sounds
34
36 37 38 44 45
51
Key-words
Accentuation.
Stress
Articles
56
61
64
69
76
77
84
89 92 94
97
102
Possessive
Possessive reflexive: sin
103
104 107
112
Demonstrative
Determinative
Relative
Interrogative
Indefinite.
.
Page.
The Verb.
Auxiliary Verbs
125
130
152
154
Conjugations
Subjunctive Passive
Deponent Verbs
Periphrastic forms The Use of the Tenses
of the Auxiliary Verbs of the Infinitive, Participle and Supine Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
158
158 162
164 170
180 180
181
Reflexive Verbs
Compound Verbs
The Adverb
Conjunctions
Prepositions Order of the
184
190
194
Words
201
PRONUNCIATION
Front
(a-u)
(OL
u)
Front
Central
Front
13
Vowels
Consonants
f
S'fi
&&
ii
83
S-
3? ^
Consonants.
Labial.
The consonants
Note
cially
e.g.
1.
p,
6,
w,
v are
At
before
a vowel,
is
in English,
s in
pa
(po-) on;
2.
Note
like
park Swedish
and
words
Note
occur in Swedish.
The English sound represented by w does not The Swedish letter w is pronounced as v.
Dental.
Swedish
d,
n,
?,
s are
as in
The tongue
articulates
Notice
in
the
word
1.
particularly the clear sound of I in Swedish, e.g. full (ful-), as compared with the dark sound in
English Note
e.g.
"full".
At
a
before
the beginning of fully stressed syllables, espevowel, t is more aspirated than in English,
Note
6,
2.
represented
by
and
u then", do not occur in Swedish. e.g. in the words "think", Note 3. The sound z as in "busy" does not occur in
Swedish.
1
The use
of the signs ()
and
( )
to indicate
Accent
is
explained on
p. 44.
16
Post-Alveolar.
The
specifically post-alveolar
c
sound in Swedish
is r.
It
is,
as
a rule, faintly rolled, especially between two vowels and after a consonant, e. g. bara (ba-ra ) only; frdn (fro-n) from. In other positions it is often fricative. When the dental sounds d, w, I, s, are immediately pre,
ceded by r in the spelling they become post-alveolar, i.e. their point of articulation is moved much further back, approximately to the r-position and further back than English f, d, n,
The tip of the tongue is curled somewhat backwards. 7, s. The resulting sounds might be described as "retroflex" t, d,
n,
I,
s.
Phonetic symbols:
t,
d,
n,
1,
s.
-rt,
Orthographically In the
pairs
Retroflex
t,
d, n,
1,
s.
d, n,
1,
s.
bord
i
(bco-d)
table
c
morse (imos-8 ) this morning Karl (ka-1) Charles varna (va-na ) warn
c
Retroflex
further
back,
resembles the English sh-sound, but it is formed the tip of the tongue is curled back and the
In certain parts of Sweden (e.g. Stockholm) the retroflex s also used as the ordinary sh-sound, which in this book will be represented by the same symbol; e.g. passion (pasw-n);
(sin-) skin;
etc.
stjdrna
(see-na')
Palatal.
The
formed
palatal
sounds
c;
(voiceless)
i
and
(voiced)
may
be
by pronouncing Swedish
17
so
as to produce fric-
The voiced
unvoiced
When
fricative sound, if isolated, is the sound j. These sounds are, as a rule, it becomes c.
accompanied by lip-rounding. In rapid speech j often loses sounds like English y in yes.
c
its fricative
character and
E.g.
Jccinna
(ja-)
(csn-a
feel;
tjocJc (cok-)
chain; ja
willingly.
Velar.
K, g and
fore a front
(ng) are pronounced as in English, except berj vowel and in a final position, when they become
i.e.
palatalised,
their
further forward,
e.g.
point of articulation is moved bock (bok-) buck; fislc (fis-k) fish; 'bo'k
Icok (c0-k)
much
(bco-k)
kitchen; flog
(EIJ-) meadow; sjong (seen-) sang. the beginning of fully stressed syllables, especially before a vowel, k is more aspirated than in English, e.g. kom (kom-) come; ko (kw-) cow; kal (ka-1) bald.
At
2.
Vowels.
Front.
when long,
When
sound
in
it is
(j).
closer than the English vowel in "be" (bi-). long and fully stressed it ends with a fricative
is it is
When
(if
(vi-)
short
it is
vowel
"mean"
Ex.: vi
shortened).
we; min (min-) my. is pronounced with the same tongue-position as i, but the The lips should be energetically rounded and protruded. u and German ti, which, acoustic effect is similar to French however, have narrower lip-opening. Long y ends with
a fricative sound
(j).
Bjorkhagen, Modern
Sicedish
Grammar.
18
e
is
and German
e.
The
produce it is to lengthen out the English vowel in "lid" and try to pronounce it with tip of tongue pressed against the lower teeth, and the muscles tense. Ex.: ek (e-k) oak.
easiest
way
to
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position as and the same lip-position as y (lips rounded and protruded). It is approximately the same sound as French
is
die.
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position and but the lip-opening is reduced to a minimum the size of a pin's head). Long ia has such a nar(about row lip-opening that the sound, when fully stressed, ends up with a labial fricative. That is the reason why English people imagine they hear a b or p after it. Ex.: 1ms (hu-s) house; musik [musi-k] music.
is
as e
is
the same sound as English e and occurs both long and short.
Ex.: Idsa
c
(le-sa
to read;
la'tt
(1st-)
easy.
<r
is
pronounced with practically the same tongue-position as s but with rounded Lip-opening wider than for lips. or y. It only occurs short. Ex.: host (hces-t) autumn.
in
se
is
"man"
approximately the same sound as Southern English a (a little closer). It occurs both long and short.
Ex.: bar
(bse-r)
berry; stjart
(sset-)
tail.
may be produced by isolating out the first element in the English diphthong in >how. It is like French a in "la". The lips are drawn somewhat to the sides. The sound only occurs short.
Ex.: hatt (hat-) hat.
19
Central.
is like English e in "finger" and nearer the front-position, espethough cially in double-tone words, where it becomes rather like z.
little
closer
Ex.:
or gos-s
boy.
Back.
is
articulated
little
"father".
The
(JQ.)
lips
French a in "pas".
Ex.: ja
is
back than English a in be slightly rounded. Like The sound only occurs long.
further
should
yes.
rather like the English vowel in "ought" but has more lip-rounding. The sound only occurs short.
Ex.:
is
closer than the English vowel in "ought". Narrow lipopening as for English o in "do". The sound is nearly always long.
Ex.:
is
articulated further back than English oo in "book" and with an extremely narrow lip opening (as for ui-). The
sound occurs both long and short. When it is long and fully stressed it ends up with a labial fricative (just as m-). When it is short the lip-opening is a little wider and the
friction is omitted.
Ex.: ord (w-d) word; hon (horn-) she. is articulated nearer to the central position than English u in "value". (It closely resembles the first element in
the English diphthong in "no" as pronounced
by educated
is
Londoners).
to
The
easiest
way
to
produce
it
perhaps
aim at English u in "up" and keep the lips in the same position as for English o in "do". It only occurs
20
is
little
lower than
11
central
tongue-position.
u).
Lip-rounding as for
is
(a little
The sound
intermediate between
English u in "burden"' and English u in "up" and may be produced by aiming at the latter sound while rounding the lips. It occurs both long and short.
c
Ex.: forst
[fast] first;
gora
[J9-ra ] to do.
3.
The Alphabet.
k
1
A
B
C
(Q.)
K
L
(ko-)
(be-)
c (se-)
Mm
N
P
n
o
(eL)
U V
(em-)
(sn-)
(to-)
Ww
X
Y
Z
x
u v
(ui-)
(ve-)
(dub-alt ve-)
D E
F
G-
d (de)
e (e.)
(ek-s)
(y.)
f (ef-)
p
r
(pe-)
H
I
i
g h
(ge-)
(ho-)
q (ku.)
(ser-)
E
S
A A
z (se-ta) a (o-)
.()
(i-)
s (SB-)
t (te-)
6 (0-)
(ji-)
T
u,
y, a,
I,
<7,
o,
i,
$">
e,
l>i
9, j,
m, n
t
v are
voiced consonants.
are voiceless (breathed) consonants. /", h, k, p, s, and iv are now almost out of use. They occur only in q a few names of persons and places and are pronounced
as k
z occurs in a
celess).
is
pronounced as
s (voi-
21
I.
Towels.
a
The Swedish letter a is pronounced: 1. when it is long as a-.
Ex.: ja
(ja.)
yes
c
2.
flicka (flik-a ) girl packa (pak-a ) pack Note. Swedish a is never pronounced as a in unstressed
seglade (se-glade
c
sailed
flicka (flik-a
girl
is
pronounced:
1.
when
Ex.: se
it
is
long
as
e-,
(se-) see
lek (le-k)
play
c
ee-r-.
2.
when
-r as
s.
penna
3.
(psn-a
when
it is
-r as 83.
4. in unaccented syllables ending in -e, -el, -en, -er, and in the definite article -en, -et, as 8. c Ex.: gosse (gos-9 ) boy fagel (fo-gal) bird
c
gossen (gos-an
A'.
the boy
finger
(firj-ar)
finger
B. This
is
i
is
pronounced:
1.
when
Ex.:
it is
long
as
i-
(close
and with
c
(vi-)
we
rida (ri-da
friction). to ride
2.
wise ~bageri (bagari-) bakery short as i (more open and without friction). Ex.: vind (vin-d) wind riddare (rid-ara ) knight
vis (vi-s)
it is
when
binda (bin-da
to
bind
to,
o-
and
o.
to
occurs both
o-
is
long,
o is short.
to-
Examples
of
(co-d)
word
earth
c
(jo)-d)
shoe
1
borde
(bco-d8
)
c
ought
did
etc.
f/jorde (jw-d8
mod
(mw-d) courage,
:
The
prefix
o-
is
always pronounced
c
oTtand (w-Qsn-d)
2.
unhappy unknown
Examples of words with short to: orm (<or-m) snake blomma (bltom-a ) flower
c
mi tl (om-d) angry
23
pronounced with
(coll.
a):
)
flicker (flik-o)r
c
girls
-o in
pronounced with short to: bundo (bun -da/) bound skrevo (skre-vto ) wrote
c
The
is
old genitive
-o in
compound words
d)
churchyard
(san-toli k)
probable
o(only long): c sova (so-va ) sleep
Examples
of
words with
and many words of foreign origin, e. g. garderob (gadero-b) cupboard mikroskop (mikrosko-p)
filosof (filoso-f)
philosopher
dialog (dialo-g)
epok (epo-k)
kom
Examples of words with o (only short): come (imperative) Stockholm (stok-hol m) bort (bot-) away [cf. bort (hot) komma (kom-a ) to come
4.
c
(kom-)
norr
(nor-)
North
The
helgon (hsl-gon
c
par on
(pse-ron
)
c
pear
tretton (trst-on
thirteen
c
doktor (dok-tor )
professorcr (prw-
^T.
B.
The
have long
to.
Ex.:
jto-n).
nation
24
ia-
and
u.
When
(ui-t)
it is
long
it
is
pronounced as u-.
sju (su-) seven
ful (fu-1)
r
Ex.: ut
ugly bruten (bru-t0n ) broken hus (hu-s) house buga (bu-ga) to bow N. B. In unstressed position, u acquires a more open sound and loses its friction. Ex.: om du lean (om du kan-) if you can musik (miasi-k) music
(jia-r)
djnr
out animal
ladugdrd (la-dugo
it is
2.
When
short
it is
u.
to
be able
gubbe (gub-8
old
man
mun
(mun-) mouth
V
is
pronounced:
1.
when
ny
it is
c
long
four
as y- (close
and with
c
friction).
(plural)
new
lysa (ly-sa
shine
friction).
when
it is
new
c
(neuter)
lydde (lyd-a
obeyed
d
is
pronounced:
1.
when
it is
long
as
o-.
mala (mo-la
^V.
B.
25
Ex.: gd bort (go hot-) go away pa landet (po lan-dat) in the country
2.
when
it is
short
c
as
o.
eight
a
represents two different sounds:
1.
ee
and
s.
When followed by
Ex.: (long)
liar (hse-r)
-r it is
pronounced
se.
This sound
occurs both
here
c
Idra (lse-ra
teach
vdrk (veer-k) pain tvdrtom (tvaet-om-) on the contrary drr (ser-) scar
jam
pdrla
2.
(jse-n) iron
c
mdrka (meer-ka )
pronounced
(short)
s.
to
mark
(pse-la
pearl
In
other
cases
is
rddd
(rsd-)
afraid
1
(s-ta
)
r
to eat
)
(ls-sa
to read
apple (sp-l9
apple
o
represents three different sounds:
1.
9,
oe
and
0-.
9.
When followed by
Ex.: (long)
it is
pronounced
(short)
It occurs both
dorr
(der-)
door
c
torstig (t9S-tig
thirsty
2.
In other cases
a.
it is
pronounced.
as
0-.
when
it is
long
c
oga (0-ga
it is
b.
when
short
as
c
oe.
autumn
)
dromma
(droem-a
to
dream
5.
II.
Consonants.
b
See
1.
is
pronounced:
1.
(e.
i,
?/).
Ex.:
cedt-r (se-d^r)
cedar
as
k in other
cases.
c
Ex.: fiicka
(flik-a
N. B.
is
pronounced
ok-.
d
See
1.
1.
Swedish d sounds like t before the genitive s. Ex.: Guds barn (gut-s ba-n) the children of God f godsdgare (gcot-ss gar8) squire
Ex.: djup
(jui-p)
fljur (ju-r)
deep animal
djavul
(je-vul')
devil
djarv (jser-v)
bold
27
pronounced like English f. N. B. In the old orthography, which is still used by some writers, the v-sound was represented by f at the end of words, and by fv and f in the middle of words. Ex. bref (bre-v) letter c hafva (ha-va ) to have
is
:
tafia (ta-vla
picture
are written: brev,
is
pronounced:
1.
as
1.
(a,
O,'M, a).
street
in unstressed syllables.
mage (ma-ga
o.
stomach
before a consonant.
and
r).
as
(e,
y,
a,
o}.
Ex.: git
(je-t)
gora
after
I
(J9-ra
to
make
others).
and
r in the following
Ex.: talg
(tal-j)
tallow
lielg (hsl-j)
church festival
28
1
orgel (or-jal
organ
Norge
III. as
(nor-ja)
Norway
(svser-ja).
c
k before
and
t.
IV. as
r}
lugn
(lurj-n)
calm
V. as
Ex.: geni
before e and
(sani-)
genius
passagerare
(pasase-rara
passenger
ingenjor (insenje-r) engineer
tragedi (trasadi-) tragedy
Eugcn
(euse-n)
VI. g is not sounded in the combination gj in the following words: gjorcle, gjort, gjord (jw-da jw-t, jo>d) did, done
1
,
gjuta (ju-ta
cast
h
is
pronounced as English h in most cases. h is not sounded in the combination hj at the beginning
Ex.: hjul
of words.
lijarta (jtut-a*)
hjort
(jco-t)
deer
new orthography.
Ex.:
(old spelling) hvilken (vil-kan
livad (va-d) hvit (vi-tj
(new spelling)
c
vilken
who
29
is
pronounced: 1. as j in most
Ex.: ja
(JQ.)
cases.
yes
iron
yarn
2.
(jse-n)
Ex.: journal
(scona-1)
journal
U
is
pronounced:
1.
as
1.
(a,
o,
u,
a).
komma
2.
(kom-a
) i
come
Ml
(ko-1)
cabbage
before e and
kingdom
3.
.Ex.:
4.
clock krage (kra-go ) collar morkret (mar-kret) the dark kniv (kni-v) knife at the end of a word.
(klok-a
)
Mocka
5.
Ex.: lok (bo>k) book before a soft vowel in a few loanwords. Ex.: bankett (banket-) banquet
II.
(e,
i,
c
?/,
a,
o).
chain
2.
mute).
skirt
30
See
I
1.
is
not sounded
(jui-d)
in the combination
Ij
at the beginning
of words.
Ex.: ljud
sound
ljuv (jui-v)
sweet
c
Ijuga (jw-ga
to tell lies
is
(vse-d) world,
and
Icarl (ka-r)
man, fellow.
m
See
1.
.
n
See
1.
n is pronounced as 13 before A", and in a few words borrowed from the French. Ex.: tanka (tsrj-ka ) to think annons (anorj-s) advertisement The combination ng is pronounced as 13. Ex.: Idng (log-) long angel (sn/al ) angel
1 1
finger
(firj-ar)
finger
X. B. The i]-sound is not followed by a g-sound as English words "finger" and "longer" (finge, loQga)-
is
pro-
ugn
vagnen (vaij-non) the carriage ugnar (ug-nar) ovens luyna (lug-na) to calm
P
See
1.
a
is
pronounced as
k.
01
o-i
See
1.
The combinations
1,
rd,
rl,
rw,
rs,
rt are
pronounced as
d,
n,
s,
t.
See
1.
barn
gossarna (gos-ana ) the boys .B. At the end of words Swedish r has the same sound It is not mute or changed as at the beginning of words. into a neutral vowel (a) as in English.
N.
Ex.: finger (fig-ar) finger c doktor (dok-tor ) doctor ner (ne-r) down
dar
(dse-r)
there
gor
9<r ) (J
^^ s
8
-sion,
the combination
si is
pronounced
as
s.
sch-, sc~,
sj-, sTtj-
and
stj-
Convalescent (konvabssn-t) convalescent [Exception: seen (se-n) scene] skjorta (sw-ta ) shirt sju (su-) seven skjuta (su-ta ) shoot sjo (s0-) sea
1 c
stjdla (ss-la
to steal
c
stjarna (sge-na
star
sjdtte
(sst-'a )
sixth
is
Ex.
o,
c
w, a).
should
skog
3.
(skto-g)
wood
sltdp (sko-p)
cupboard
at the
end of a root-syllable.
fisken (fis-kan) the fish
r
Ex.:
maskar (mas-kar
1
worms
o).
ruskig (rus-kig )
(e,
i,
c
bad
y, a,
Ex.: shed
(see-ra ) spoon inaskin (masi-n) engine shot (s0-t) shot (Past) c skynda (syn-da ) to hurry 2. in the words: manniska (men-isa'j man marskalk (mar-sal k) marshal
c
skdra
to cut
human]
See
1.
ti
The combination
pronounced
tsi
in
before
is
The combination
foreign words ending
ti
is
pronounced as
(sometimes
ta) in
in -tion.
Ex.: lektion (hksto-n) lesson Confirmation (konfirmasw-n) confirmation nation (natsw-n) nation
The combination
is
pronounced
t.
Thomander
(tcoman-ttar)
is
pronounced as
c.
tjugo (cw-g<o
twenty
See
1.
w
only (never as English w).
occurs
in
is
pronounced as v
x
is
pronounced as ks.
is
pronounc-
ed ks.
Ex.: reflexion (rsflsksw-n) reflection
is
pronounced as
s.
6.
Spelling
Reform of
1906.
1906 some important changes were made in the orthoit graphy. When using dictionaries with the old spelling for should be borne in mind that hv, fv and f as symbols
In
2224-44.
Bjorklidgen,
34
the
v-sound have
spelling
-dt
now been
has
abolished
and replaced by
-t
v.
The
been replaced by
(-it
after
a short
vowel).
new
spelling
vit
white
sofva to sleep
brcf letter
sova
brev
Mndt
7.
Length of Sounds.
9) is
long,
1.
always
long.
is
Ex.: tal
3.
(ta-1)
speech
is short,
If the
vowel
is
long.
A
In
long
in a stressed syllable.
5.
stressed
vowel
short
if
is
it
long
is
if
it
is
followed
The vowel
followed by
more
Ex.: long
vowel
roof
short vowel
tack (tab) thanks
talc (ta-k)
lam
lame
lamm
(lam-)
c
lamb
)
finna (fin-a
to find
dish
Note.
indicated
In
in
many words
the
spelling.
the length of the consonant is not This is especially the case with
and
>/.
35
Ex.:
dom
som
(dcom-)
judgment
man mun
lion
(man-)
man
she
(mun-) mouth
(horn-)
Jcom (kom-)
6.
came
The combination short vowel + short consonant (as English "put") only occurs in unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are always short. Ex.: lian liar Jcommit hem (han har komit hsm-) he has come home
in
7. Long consonants, which are rare night-time, good dog) are very common in
English (blackjoffee,
in
Swedish.
the long consonants between two short vowels and between a short vowel and a consonant, in which cases English has a short consonant.
8.
Notice
Ex.:
mamma
Anna
(mam-a
c
mama
pappa
(pap-a
c
(an-a
)
c
gosse (gos-a
c
)
)
papa boy
)
flicka (flik-a
)
c
girl
falla (fal-a
to fall
c
hugga (hug-a )
c
to
chop
gubbe (gub-a
)
c
old
)
man
straffa (straf-a
to punish
Notice particularly the long //, />. and f in Swedish, after a short vowel. Immediately after the articulation of the vowel
the
tongue (or
lips) is placed in position for the consonant is deferred and preceded by a short
pause or stop.
Compare the following Swedish
topp (top-) top
sltepp (ssp-) ship lock (lok-) curl
lott (lot-) lot
pairs of words:
English
top ship
lock
lot
dogg
dog
8.
Consonants.
for the following consonants
d,
m,
n,
I,
r,
/;
r,
s,
h.
phonetic
symbol
d
t
bord
i
(bco-d) table
f
morse (imos-9
this
mosse (mos-8
bog
n
j
varna (va-na
warn
Ja
(JQ.)
yes
c
9&
(go-) to
ga
B.
i-
Vowels.
hand (han-d) hand
bi (bi-)
bee
c
y-
(/lad (gla-d)
glad
y
e-
ko (kw-)
cow
0-
do
(d0.) to die
ue-
vdg
(vs-g)
way
horse
heist (hes-t)
oo
se-
host (ho2s-t)
autumn
Mr.
Mr
(hae-r)
here
gosse (gos-d
boy
se
Herr
Chaer-)
37
Accentuation.
9.
A.
1.
There are in Swedish four different degrees of stress: principal stress (3), generally placed on the first
lable of a word,
c.
g.
bagare, landsortsupplaga.
33
syl-
In words beginning with the prefixes be- and for- the principal stress is placed on the second
syllable,
e.
g.
besluta, forklara.
In loan-words and words ending in -eri the principal stress is generally placed on the last syllable,
e.
g. general,
2.
placed on the
first syle.
compound word,
g.
is
-dom,
g.
-het,
-lek,
-simp,
-sam, and
e.
3
ungdom,
2
sJconhet, Jcarlek,
ddrskap, up-
3.
weak secondary
(1),
of dissyllabic words with Tone II, e. g. flicka, tula. When several weak syllables follow in succession,
weak secondary
e.
stress
falls
on every other
syllable,
cipal stress,
4.
kallade.
e.
weakest stress
?
(0),
*
30110103 universitet.
30
g.
han-
with Tone
I,
e.
g. foten,
30
3 .
Tone
II.
e.
g.
10.
B.
1. There are in Swedish two principal kinds of tones or musical accent: the single-tone and the double-tone. Both are subject to a great number of variations according to the position of the word (in a sentence or isolated). Only the most important cases can be treated here. 2. The single-tone in isolated words is falling: ( 0? c [I-
in
told,
finger,
Jtandcn.
little
on
the
first
cond syllable.
In
Notice that the pitch drops very syllable; the low pitch sets in on the sethis the single-tone is different from the
falling tone in English (c. g. in ''finger") which drops to the low level on the first syllable: (^ _). 3. The double-tone is used in words of more than one syllable.
In isolated double-tone words of two syllables the pitch is falling both on the first and the second syllables, but the second syllable
begins on a higher pitch than the first: (^ i), e. g. in mamma. 4. The single -tone will in this book be referred to as Tone
5.
I.
The double-tone
II.
In single-tone words of two syllables the first syllable 6. has principal stress (3) and the second syllable is unstressed,
c.
f/.
Jianden.
In double-tone words of two syllables the first syllable has principal stress (3) and the second syllable has weak
7.
g. flickan.
first
prin-
8. The distribution of the tones in words of more than two syllables may best be seen on. the diagrams on pp. 42 and 43, which also show the modifications the tones iindergo when the words are placed in the middle or at the end of a sentence, and in questions.
11.
Tone
I.
stress
is
used in the
fol-
in monosyllabic words, in
e.
g.
fot,
vit,
gd.
many dissyllabic words ending in ~el, -en, -er (such words were monosyllabic in Old Swedish, the -e
having been put in later to
tion),
e.
facilitate pronuncia-
g.
fag el,
botten,
seger.
Two
important
e.
groups of words belong to this category: a) Irregular Plurals of the Third Declension,
fotter, liander, backer, siting er, getter, saker,
also bonder, fader, broder. b) the Present Singular of verbs of the Second
g.
etc.;
and
Fourth Conjugations,
bjuder.
3.
e.
g.
in
the
definite
indefinite form, ^ ^ x
e.
g. foten,
v
handerna, broderna.
4.
in
Comparatives ending in
aldre, mindre.
-re
e.
g. liogre,
5.
in
most
polysyllabic words (except compounds) with the principal stress on another syllable than the
first,
e.
g.
agent,
universitet,
protestant,
forklara,
telefonera, 'Eerzelius.
of the
N. B. The prefixes be- and for- change Tone II main verb to Tone I, e. g.
40
Tone II
tola
Tone
41
7.
Words
that mostly occur without stress in a sentence, such as Prepositions and Conjunctions, have Tone I,
e.
g. eller,
12.
Tone
II.
Tone II
is
used in words that do not belong to any of The following groups may
native polysyllabic words with the prine.
be distinguished:
1.
The majority
of
g. flicka, flickor,
^ ,x panae, gammat,
^ gamla,
kV^
trogen,
^ ^ ^ trognare, trognast
.
2.
The majority
of
compound words,
e.
g.
guldring, affdrs-
Exceptions:
Sverige, Norge,
Tyskland,
England,
I.
Frankrike,
Diagrams
(The
A.
Tone
I.
Words
of 2 syllables:
Words
of 3 syllables:
Words
of 2 syllables:
Words
of 3 syllables:
Words
of
more than
3 syllables:
43
N.
13.
rising
instead of falling:
Tone
I.
X
X
44
13.
1.
In
indicates
stress.
phonetic transcription used in this book a stop(-) principal stress and an inverted comma (') secondary
the
that
nant,
the
it
When placed immediately after a vowel, the stop indicates vowel is long; when placed immediately after a consoindicates that the consonant
is
long (and
in
consequence
placed immediately tlie vowel is long, and immediately after vowel a consonant if the consonant is long.
( ),
too,
is
after
Ex.:
sltonliet
(s0-nhe
t)
c
beauty
in a vowel carrying the 3. secondary stress, the inverted comma must, of course, be placed immediately after the vowel, whether the vowel is long or short. In most cases this causes no real inconvenience, as It certain vowels only occur long and others only short. should also be kept in mind that the ending vowel is long if it has strong secondary stress (2) (i-e* in compound words) and short if it has weak secondary stress (1) (see 9).
Ijusbld (ju-sblo
4.
The
is
stop(-)
and
the
inverted
If
comma(
only a
If
indicate
stress
word
both a stop(
and an
inII.
is
Ex.:
Tone
I II
1
matcn
fl-ickan (tiik-an
gossarna (gos-ana
45
5. The meaning of a word often depends on the tone. The word anden, for instance, may be pronounced either If pronounced with Tone I or Tone II: an-dan or an-dan with Tone I, it means the duck> (definite form of and). If pronounced with Tone II, it means the spirit (definite form
c
.
of ande).
6.
with Tone
Ex.:
spirit
end
slutet (sha-tat
closed
14.
Spoken Swedish
uage.
1.
barna (barnen) the children The noun huvud head, has the form huve,
def. pi. huvena).
g.
(def.
form
Ituvetj
3. Adjectives ending in -ig glrop the Ex.: traki(g), trdki(g)t, tr&Jei(g)a, dull
4.
Many Pronouns
mig, dig, sig are pronounced msj-. de, dem are pronounced dom-, e. g.
dom
46
5.
is
pronounced
o.
6.
of
in
colloquial speech.
Ex.:
ri I'dper we buy (vi Jcdpa) dom springer they run (de springa) dom sprang they ran (de sprungo) The Past of the 1st Conjugation has
7.
as the Infinitive.
vi
8.
ropa
we
l<ul<
sade (put,
9.
10.
sej-er.
few Verbs have short colloquial forms in the Ininstead of giva, giver to give bedja, beder to beg
tag a, tager to take
>
finitive
ta\ ta'r
bli',
blir
bliva, bliver to
become
-c
11.
The Supine
-it.
of
or
instead of
Ex.: vi
12.
hava tagif) we have taken dom liar sprung e (-i) (de hava sprungit) they have run The Auxiliary Verbs have the following colloquial
liar tage (-i) (vi
forms:
colloquially pronounced ja
t
dom
ja (vi) had-s ja
vcic
roro
vi va-
jag shall
vi skola
13.
14.
viska-(
te
The prepositions mcd, till are pronounced me, The conjunction och is pronounced o.
Final
d,
(ti).
15.
g and
47
what
day
da(g)
dog
GRAMMAR
222444.
The Noun.
Articles.
15.
I.
The
Indefinite Article.
Masc.
Fern,
Com.
a son
Neuter
ett horn
a horn
a boy a daughter
ett apple
an apple
a girl
a park a school
is:
The
Indefinite Article
en
16.
II.
The
Definite Article.
is
The Swedish
as in English.
Definite Article
a terminal
article,
i.
c. it
is
affixed to the end of the Noun, and not placed before the
Noun
Singular.
Masc.
Fern,
sonen
gossen
flickan
the son
Neut.
Com.
52
The -en
Definite Article
(or
-n)
common gender;
-et (or
-t) for
neuter nouns.
The
in a vowel (and in a
shorter forms (-n and -) are used when the Noun ends few other cases, for which see below).
Plural.
Indefinite
1.
Definite
sJcolor
schools
skolorna
the schools
the princes the parks
prinsar parker
princes
prinsarna
parltcrna
dpplen
apples
dpplena
horn
horns
hornen
The
1.
the plural:
2nd and 3rd 1st, belonging nouns of the 5th Declension ending in Declensions; -are and -ande. The final -e in nouns ending in -are is dropped
for
-na
nouns
for
to
the
also
before -na.
2.
3.
-a for nouns of the 4th Declension. -en for neuter nouns of the 5th Declension.
17.
1.
Definite Singular.
in
(Tone
see
fdgeln
the bird
dkern
segern
2.
the field
the victory
in unstressed -el, -er (Tone I) the definite form:
drop the
before
-I
and
-r in
53
Indefinite
Definite
ett ett
ett
segel
a sail
seglet
the sail
the finger
-e
is
Notice: papper
in this
not
word because it has Tone II. dropped 3. Nouns (non-neuters and neuters) ending in unstressed -en (Tone I) drop the -e before the definite article:
Indefinite
Definite
botten
soclten
bottom
parish
vapen
tecken
weapon
sign
the
weapon
the sign
-e is
not dropped in
word because it has Tone II. 4. The following nouns take the -en) although they have Tone II:
this
Indefinite
definite article
-n
(not
Definite
fader
father
fader n
the father
the mother
moder mother
broder brother
dotter
syster
modem
dottern
daughter
sister
system the
The word himmel (Tone II) heaven, takes the definite 5. form himlen (sometimes himmeln or himmelen). 6. Non-neuter nouns ending in -are (e.g. skomahare shoemaker; bag are baker; liammare hammer) drop the final -e before
the definite article in colloquial speech:
skomakaren
bagaren
(coll.
(coll.
hammaren
7.
(coll.
hammam)
in a
the
hammer
Loanwords ending
vowel fluctuate:
54
iirmeen or anu>'n
the
army
idten or iden
liafcet (coll. ~kafet)
the idea
the cafe
poesien
(coll.
poesin)
poetry
(not -en):
Definite
doktor
doktorn
professorn
professor
9.
-ium
museum
museet
laboratorium laboratoriet
10.
unchanged in the
Indefinite
g.:
Definite
botten
bottom
Uapten captain
mun
grind
mouth
(pronounced
grin-) gate
botten (instead of bottnen) the bottom kapten (instead of kapteneri) the captain mun (instead of munneri) the mouth
11.
in
-an remain
unchanged
borjan
12. The nouns cxamcn examination, and froltcn Miss, do not take the definite article. 13. Nouns containing a short vowel followed by -M, double
the
man;
55
18.
1.
Definite Plural.
of
-na
In formal style masculine nouns often take -ne instead in the definite plural:
Indefinite
Definite
kungar kings
bag are bakers
2.
-el) -en,
-er drop
the
-e
segel
sails
seglen
the sails
the examples
exempel
examples
vapen
tecken
fonster
weapons
signs
exemplen vapnen
tecknen
fonstren
windows
windows
fruntimmer women
3.
fruntimren
women
man man
gas
oga or a
4.
man
gdss
men
geese
mannen (double
gassen mossen
n!) the
men
goose
mus mouse
eye
ear
moss
ogon
oron
mice
eyes
ears
ogonen
oronen
huvudena
(coll.
5.
Notice
the following divergences between the written definite plural of neuter nouns
hus
segel
houses
sails
husen
(coll.
husena)
the houses
fonster
6.
windows
the sails
the windows
ears,
The definite plurals ogonen the eyes, and oronen the have in colloquial speech the forms ogona, orona.
56
Articles.
The
Definite Article.
In most cases the use of the 19. Swedish corresponds to the use of the
English.
20.
definite article in
definite
article
in
principal exceptions:
material nouns,
article.
is
and
when used
in
Konsten dr
Art
Time
flies.
Public opinion.
21.
mtinskligheten humanity
mannen man
kvinnan woman
~kyr~kan
parlamentet Parliament
eftervdrlden posterity samhdllet (societeten) society dlderdomen old age
universitetct college
ungdomen youth
himlen heaven
hovet court
staden town
Examples:
Sddant
forekommer
aldrig
occur
in
Sddan dr ungdomen.
57
Fader
vdr,
som dr
himlen.
Our Father,
heaven.
whicli
art
in
Man
Woman was
I go to church on Sundays.
On week-days
I go to school.
Han
har
22.
rest in till
staden.
He
Names
and
festivals
take the
definite article.
after dinner.
walk
before breakfast.
Om
sdndagarna
gar jag
On Sundays
I go to church.
kyrkan.
Han kom
23.
och hdlsade
pa
oss
He came
to see us at Christmas.
vid julen.
Names
of
streets,
squares,
parks,
and other
public
time and measure take the definite English the indefinite article is used. Nouns denoting time are preceded by a preposition (i, om). De Mr tavlorna kosta 500 kro- These pictures cost 500 kroner nor stycket. apiece. Handskarna kostade sju kro- The gloves cost seven kroner
Nouns denoting
in
article,
where
nor paret.
a pair.
tvd
Pennorna
dussinet.
kosta
kronor
The
pencils
are
two kronor
a dozen.
58
The
It only
dret.
25.
Forra
last,
is
form.
Notice
the
Definite
expressions
det
mesta,
de
met him
be
last
week (month,
lionom ndsta
year). I shall
seeing
him next
week.)
Most tea comes from China. Most shops are closed on Sundays.
Nouns preceded by
either,
and
Pd
vardera sidan
(onpd omse
ute.
On
sidor)
om
segelleden.
Bdda gossarna
voro
27. In several cases, which cannot be specially classified, an indefinite form in English corresponds to a definite form in Swedish. Ex. hela dagen all day, liela natten all night, blind pa ena ogat blind of one eye, hdlften av landet half of the country, vara av den dsikten to be of opinion, forlora tdla-
patience, doma till doden sentence to death, vid soluppgdngcn at sunrise, om dagen by day, om natten by
modet
night,
lose
till
namnet by name,
till
utseendet by sight,
in
etc.
28.
The
definite
article
Han
He put his hand in his pocket. He could not keep his balance.
59
V
29.
Names
Jios
of persons, vessels,
and
hotels
definite article.
Jag
bor
Lundstroms.
arn
stroms'.
Han
Han
a
restc
till
sailed
New York
in
Aquitania.
tog in
30.
pa
In several cases, which cannot be specially classified form in English corresponds to an indefinite form in Swedish. han stcg av pa fel (ordtt) station he got out at Ex.: the wrong station, jag shall stiga av vid ndsta station I am getting out at the next station, i nuvarande ogonblick at
definite
1
the present moment, det d'r pel hb'ger (vdnster) sida it is on the right (left) hand side, norr (soder, osier, vaster) om Stockholm to the north (south, east, west) of Stockholm, spela piano play the piano, spela flojt play the flute, ha tandvdrJc have the toothache, etc.
B.
The
Indefinite Article.
In most cases the use of the ,31. Swedish corresponds with the use of the
English.
1.
2.
part of the
article:
money
brev he is writing a letter, gora narr av ndgon make a fool of a person, ha oga for have an eye for, hurudan karl dr han? what sort of a man is he? han hade stor lust att for-
so'ka
got a headache,
he had a great mind to try, jag har huvudvdrk I have man har rdtt att forsvara sig one has a right to defend oneself, gora slut pa put a stop to, vara slut be at an end, tag a plats take a situation,
60
32. Predicative
gion, profession, trade,
nouns denoting a person's nationality, reliage etc. do not take the indefinite article.
or
They are as a rule preceded by the prepositions till or for, by the word som (except after the verbs vara and ~blivd).
Ibsen dr norrman, Strindberg dr svensk. Jlannnen var protestant, lians hustru katolik. Han dr Itikare till yrket.
Ibsen
is
berg
is
Roman
a Protestant, Catholic.
He
is
sion.
Redan
sow
ro-
Even
maner.
vels.
Han
blev
He was
not
elected a
Member
of
man.
33.
Parliament.
The
vilken
how
used after the word (or what) in exclamations, nor after Imr however,
indefinite
article
is
or
mdngen many
a (one).
(but: en
What
a splendid view!
sddan hdrlig utsikt!} Inser du inte, vilket oerhort misstag du liar gjort?
Hur
stort misstag
jag an
liar
ett
gjort,
sd
har
du gjort
dnnu
ut.
storre.
det se mbrkt
Many
may
be dark.
34. The indefinite article is placed before and not after the Adjective in expressions like the following: en halv mil half a mile, en halo timnie half an hour, ctt sddant svdrt problem so difficult a problem, vid en sddan tid
at such a time, hon var en lika skicklig politiker som Elisabet sjdlv she was as clever a politician as Elisabeth herself, ett alltfor stnrt mixstag too great a mistake, etc.
61
Gender.
35.
line,
feminine,
A
1.
Noun
masculine, if the
pronoun
han
of the
Noun.
Ex.: gossen: lian the boy: he. 2. feminine, if the pronoun lion (she) can be used instead of the Noun. Ex.: flickan: lion the girl: she. 3. common, if the pronoun den
of the
(it)
Noun.
it.
neuter,
if
(it)
the Noun.
In
definite
singular ends in -n. Ex.: gossen, flickan; stolen. In neuter nouns the definite singular ends in Ex.: lor det.
36.
1.
-t.
I.
Masculine are:
Designations of men and male animals. Ex.: Erik; Jconung king, tjur bull, tupp cock. 2. Designations of higher animals are generally treated
as masculine even if they are
:
common to males and females. Ex. elefanten the elephant, hasten the horse, ornen the eagle.
37.
1.
II.
Feminine are:
Designations of women and female animals. Ex.: Maria; drottning queen, ho cow, Mna hen. 2. Nouns designating animals are often feminine if the nominative ends in -a. They may also be treated as of com-
mon
fly.
62
3.
A
is it?
in -
c.
g.
klocka clock,
blomma
time
4.
flower.
N.B.
Hur
mycket dr klockan?
-niatniiska
Hon
<h-
hale sju.
What
The
38.
noun
man
(including
both
man and
woman).
III.
Common
are:
Designations of things and animals (with the above exceptions) if the definite form ends in ~n.
1.
snigeln the snail, fdgeln the bird, fisken the fish, gdddan the pike, stolen the chair, so/fan the sofa, morgonen the morning, rosen the rose, Jiandcn the hand, foten the
Ex.:
foot.
2.
Names
of
Ex.: vdren
spring,
vintern
3.
winter, julen
Whitsuntide.
Names
of trees.
Ex.: bjorken the birch, granen the spruce-tree, fallen the Scotch fir, poppeln the poplar.
4.
Vatter, Thcmsen the Thames, Thorsten the Thorsten, Balder the Balder.
Ex.:
Names of lakes, rivers, and boats. Mdlaren Lake Malar, Vattern Lake
in:
5.
Nouns ending
-ad,
-are,
-dom,
-hct,
-ing,
-leJc,
-ion.
domen
the month, hammaren the hammer, barnskonhcten the beauty, tdrningen the die, karchildhood, leken love, nationen the nation.
Ex.:
mdnaden
39.
1.
IV.
Neuter are:
if
the definite
Ex.: fdret the sheep, Met the bee, lejonet the lion, lordet the table, fonstret the window, taket the roof, scglet the sail, fingret the finger.
Names of continents, countries, mountains, provinces, towns, and other inhabited places.
2.
63
Ex. Europa, Asien, England, Sverige (Sweden), Mont Blanc, Dalarna, Stockholm, London, Mora, Drottningnolm. 3. The letters of the alphabet. Ex.: ett a an a, ett I a b, etc.
:
4.
Nouns ending
bryggeriet a museum,
in
-en',
Ex.:
the
ett
museum
40.
Exceptions.
titles ending in -bud and -rdd take the and indef.). Ex.: ett sandebud an ambassador, ett statsrdd a minister. N.B. The pronoun used instead of these nouns is han
1.
The masculine
Is the minister at
home?
2.
takes
Nej, han har gait ut. No, he has gone out. The feminine appellation fruntimmcr woman, lady, the neuter articles, but the pronoun used instead of
(def.
Son
med
doktorn.
in the hall.
3.
4.
She wants to speak to the doctor. The noun barn child, is neuter (ett barn, barnet). Nouns like kusin cousin, gemdl consort, patient patient,
are
men
or
women.
In poetry abstract nouns are often personified and treated as feminine (sometimes masculine).
Ex.: sanningen truth, friheten liberty. 6. The noun sto mare, is neuter.
7.
altar, ett
8.
few words ending in -are are neuter: ett altare an ankare an anchor. Two nouns ending in -on are common: morgonen the
64
41.
1.
Remarks on Gender.
in
Common
and neuter
Swedish correspond
it.
to
neuter
in English.
2.
3.
The pronouns den and det correspond to To know whether a noun denoting a thing
is
or an ani-
mal
common
No
tionary.
Common
g.:
Neuter are
e.
g.:
Case.
42. A Swedish noun has two case-forms: nominative and genitive. The nominative is also used as objective case. 43. The genitive is formed by adding -s to tae nominative, both in the definite and in the indefinite form, both in the singular and in the plural:
Ex.:
Nona.
en skola a school
Gen.
en skolas of a school
sJcolans of the school
slcolors of schools
N.B.
No
apostrophe
-s.
44.
1.
Remarks on the
In
Genitive.
in ~s has the
is
The
same form
names ending
65
by an apostrophe after -s. Ex.: Johannes' evangellnm the Gospel according to St. John. The genitive of nouns ending in -s, e. g. prins, dans, 2. should be avoided in the indefinite form.
indicated
3.
Ex. Pauli brev till romarna St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, Berselii park Berzelius' Park.
Genitive.
in English.
The genitive in -s is more common in Swedish than Not only nouns denoting living beings but also
nouns denoting inanimate objects take the genitive in -s. Ex.: Imsets agare the owner of the house, bergets fot the foot of the mountain, en arans man a man of honour, parkens trad
the trees of the park, ljusets hastighet the rapidity of light, etc. 46. Even adjectives and participles used as nouns take
s in the genitive. Ex.: den gamles
na'rvarandes mening the opinion of those present, In cases like the following the genitive 47.
in Swedish.
is
not used
Han
He
is
maste apotek.
Han
gick
till
bagarcn.
)
He went
to the baker's.
>
En En En
van till hans far (or: av hans jars vanner). slakting till min hustru.
\
A
\
L>
>
s.
relative of
my
wife's.
(Compare:
En
av mina vanner.
friend of mine.)
222444.
Bjdrkhagtn, Mode-n
SirecUsh
Grammar.
66
Prepositional Epithets.
48.
of
in epithets corres-
ponds to various prepositions in Swedish. Ex. slaget rid Trafalgar the battle of Trafalgar, kdrleken till Gud the love of God, herr Andersson frdn Stockholm Mr Andersson of Stockholm, dorren till rummet the door of the
:
room,
tain,
toppen
etc.
av
moun-
pa
of death,
quantity are not followed by a in Swedish. preposition Ex. en butelj vin a bottle of wine, en bit popper (or en pappersbit) a piece of paper, ett glas vatten a glass of water, ett par mdnader a couple of months, ett par skor a pair of of money, en hel del bcsvdr a shoes, mycket pengar plenty
:
Nouns denoting
trouble,
ett stort
number
Notice the following expressions: Vi voro fyra stycken. There were four of us. Giv mig tvd stycken. Give me two of them. De dro for manga. There are too many of them.
51.
The expressions
en sorts.
a kind
of>,
a sort of
are transla-
ted
by
ett slags,
Ett nytt slags potatis. Jag tycker inte om sddant. Tvd sorters papper.
52.
lations,
of
No preposition is used after geographical appelsuch as land country, rike kingdom, stad town, land-
On Gottland
Ostersjan.
ligger milt
The island
ed
in
Baltic.
of Gotland
is situat-
the
middle
of
the
of Dalarna.
of Sweden.
No preposition
En
Han
De
bagare vid
fick
namn Lund-
berg.
titeln professor:
ctt
The
w as
r
be-
spclade
parti bridge.
stowed upon him. They played a game of bridge. The month of January is the
coldest.
N.V.
Den
tjugoforsta
sista januari.
The The
21st of April.
last of
april.
Den
54.
January.
used in Swedish
No determinative pronoun
is
The rapidity
than
that
of light
is
greater
Ijudets.
of sound.
Indirect Object.
55.
No
the
verbs
tillskriva
meddela communicate,
synas
Dikten har
tillskrivits
Tegner.
sina
attributed
He communicated
tions to me.
his observa-
To us
it
seems impossible.
68
Huset tillhor nvig. Det foil Jtouoiu aldrig in, han kunde ha ortitt.
to me.
It never
occurred to
him that
to the
he might be wrong.
Har
ndgonthig
a\*
56.
It
ant poj-
sition
The when it
indirect object
is
Jag
skulle bli
er mycket
for-
bunden.
much
obliged
to us
antal.
De gamla
lika
57.
visorna dro
mig
tell"
songs
are as dear to
me
is
as ever.
translated
by
tala
om
for
or saga
..
.
bag
-tr
Do
ATri
_.
not
tell
anybody.
dig?}
J
Who
told
you?
Sag mig
er.
en sak.
att
Tell
me
something.
saga
Sdg at
Tell
Tell
him
to
come
I
here.
him that
want
to
speak
mcd honom.
58.
to him.
The
it
indirect
object is preceded
by the preposition
a
for
at to,
when
object.
Han
sailing-boat
a steam-engine for
bror.
1
my
stress on dt.
brother.
With the
69
Declensions.
59.
different
60.
The Swedish language has five declensions, e. five ways of forming the plural of nouns. The plural of nouns belonging to the 1st Decleni.
of
nouns belonging
to the
2nd Declension
The
plural
of
ends in -er.
The plural
in -n.
The plural of nouns belonging to the 5th Declension has the same form as the singular.
61.
1st Declension.
Plural
en sUola
sJcolan
a school
sfcolor
schools
the school
a rose the rose
2.
en ros rosvn
62.
To the
1.
street, flagga flag, tavla picture, etc. They drop the final -a before the plural termination: Jcronor, flickor, gator, tavlor.
Ex.:
few others:
leg, toffel
ros
slipper,
rose,
70
In the plural:
ddror.
rosor,
svanor,
vagor,
vador,
tofflor,
N.B. Anor ancestors or pedigree, bannor chidings, matvaror victuals, inalvor entrails, are only used in the plural.
63.
2nd Declension.
71
5.
sommar summer
afton evening
somrar
aftnar
morgon morning
djdvul devil
morgnar
djdvlar
moder mother
dotter
modrar
dottrar
daughter
65.
3rd Declension.
Plural
en park parkvn
en hand
2.
hands?
hands
the hands
handen
3.
en protestant
protestanten
protestanter protestanternn
a negro
4.
en neger negern
negrer
the negro
a doctor
the doctor
5.
en doktor doktorn
ett
the doctors
6.
bageri
bagerist
7.
bagerier
bagerierna,
bakeries
the bakeries
ett
museum
of this
museer
group have Tone
II.
musevt
1
Plurals
I.
Tone
2
With the
6(>.
monosyllabic nouns ending in a consonant, c. </. fdrg colour, vers verse, form form, dam lady, grans boundary. They have Tone II in the plural. 2. The following nouns, which modify their root-vowel in
1.
Many
the plural:
Sing.
Plur.
ha'nde.r
Under
brdnder rdnder
strdnder
t
cinder
land
lander
tdnger
st anger
son son
stad town
bolt
book
fot foot
rot root
fdtter rotter
natt night
natter
bokstaver
alphabet
N.B. All these plurals (except ledamoter and soncr) have Tone I. 3. The following nouns, which double the final consonant
in the plural:
Sinjr.
!I
Plur.
ft
tint
goat nut
73
4.
Nouns ending
JcunsJcap
in
-at?,
-slzap,
-nd'r
and
-else,
e.
g.
mdnad
knowledge, konstnar artist, lidndelse event. The final -c in -else is dropped in the plural: handelser. 5. Non-neuter nouns of foreign origin (loan-words) with the stress on the last syllable, e. g. akademi academy, arme
month,
army, ide idea, metall metal, diamant diamond, nation nation. Plur. akademier, .armeer, ideer, etc.
6.
Latin nouns
in
e.
g.
torium.
the
plural
laboratories
7.
in -arie,
-ie.
fore the plural termination, e. g. bibliotekarie librarian, dktie share. Plur. bibUotelcdrier, aktier.
8.
-or,
e.
g.
doctor, professor.
-or-).
In
unstressed
-el,
-er,
e.
g.
fabel
mirakel miracle, muskel muscle, mobel piece of furniture, fiber fibre, neger negro. (Exception: tiger tiger, pi. tigrar.) The -e is dropped in the plural: fabler, miraJcler, muskier,
fable,
-eri,
e.
g.
bryggeri brewery.
in a
vowel form
mo
hustru
maiden
wife
pi.
mor
hustrur
jungfru
Jco
maid cow
claw
shoe
toe
jungfrur
Jcor
Ido
sJco
Idor
skor
tar
fra'nder (Tone I!)
td
enemy
fiender
bonder (Tone
stadsbor
I!)
74
12.
are
only
grdnsdker vegetables, ranker intrigues, ferier vacation, /?nanser finances, kalsonger pants, orgier orgies, specerier,
ri kindlier
groceries.
67.
4th Declension.
75
70.
5th Declension.
Plural
ett
horn
a horn
hornet
2.
the horn
horn hornen
horns
1
the horns
3.
a baker
the baker
a traveller
bakers
the bakers
travellers
71.
1. Neuter nouns ending in a consonant, e. g. barn child, namn name, hus bouse, bad bath. Also neuter loan-words
ending in a consonant, e. g. kapital, ackord. 2. Nouns ending in -are and -ande, e. g. skomakare shoemaker, resande traveller, anJcare (neuter!) anchor. 3. Some nouns (names of peoples and Latin words) ending in -er, e. g. belgier a Belgian, egyptier an Egyptian, indier an Indian, perser a Persian; akademiker academician, botaniker botanist, musiker musician.
4.
The names
spader hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades. 5. Nouns denoting measure: en mil a mile, en kilometer, en meter, en turn an inch, en liter, en ton (ton-).
72.
1.
The
neuter
take
2.
the
definite
article
nouns of this declension (except ankare) -en (instead of -na) in the plural:
-are,
hornen, barnen.
The
non-neuter
nouns ending in
-ande,
and
-er
bagarna,
See See
72. 1.
72. 2.
76
rcsandena,
cgypticrna.
The
final
-e in
-are
is
dropped be-
irregular in
the plu-
ral:
Plur.
en
man
n!)
mannen (double
en gas
tniin
men
(double n!) the
mannen
gass
men
gdsen en lus
en
gassen
loss
a louse
the louse
a mouse
the
lossen
the lice
mus
musen
en fader
mouse
moss moss en
fader
mice
the mice
fathers
a father
fader n
fdderna
broder
the fathers
brothers
Remarks on Number.
74.
and in the
rad a piece of advice ett goromdl a piece of business en mobel a piece of furniture en inkomst an income
ett
rad advice
(joromdl business
formation
(en)
kunskap knowledge
en penning a coin
ett framstcf/ progress en nyhet a piece of news
77
He
Knowledge
goda
Itunskaper
He
frdmmande
sprak.
foreign languages.
framsteg.
stulna.
en sax
(den har saxen these scissors) two pairs of scissors) (tvd saxar
en passare en tang a pair of compasses a pair of tongs ashes
contents
oats
riches
aska
innehdll
navre
riJcedom
en trappa tack
Ion
a flight of stairs
(i
thanks
wages
The Adjective.
I.
Declensions.
Indefinite Declension.
76.
A.
Singular
Non-Neuter
(M., F.
&
C.)
Neuter
varwi warm
Plural
(all
varmt
Genders)
a
varma
Ex.:
En varm sommar
Ett varmt bad Varma somrar
78
The Indefinite Declension has three forms, viz.: 1. One for the non-neuter singular: varm. 2. One for the neuter singular, formed by adding -: rarntt. One for the plural of all genders, formed by adding -a 3.
to the non-neuter sing.:
varma.
The
Ex.:
predicatively.
is
warm.
Badet dr varmt the bath is warm. Somrarna dro varma the summers are warm.
77.
B.
Definite Declension.
(all
Genders)
varma
Ex.:
Den varma sommaren the warm summer. Det varma badet the warm bath. De varma somrarna the warm summers.
The
Definite Declension has
78.
It is like the plural of the Indefinite Declension. nite form is generally preceded by
the Definite Article of the Adjective:
den
det
de
79.
for the
It
plural
N.B.
preceded
by den 9
det
varma badet,
in the
1.
-t
in the neuter.
79
neuter: bldtt
(pi.
blda)
grdtt
nytt
fritt
(pi. (pi.
(pi.
#rda) w/a)
/H
free
/Ha)
-ew drop the -n in
unstressed
neuter: moget
fo'fefl
(pi. (pi.
mogna)
own
-
eget
(pi.
neuter: fast
sfoZtf
(pi.
proud
4.
(pi.
Monosyllabic adjectives that end in -t preceded by long vowel have double -t and short vowel in the
Ex.: sot sweet
vat
5.
neuter.
neuter: sott
(pi.
sotd)
wet
that
vatt (pi.
Adjectives
end in
-it
neuter.
Ex.:
6.
trott tired
neuter:
tr'ott
(pi.
trotta)
preceded by
(pi.
consonant
neuter: ont
onda)
blind blind
Mr
m*7<
(pi.
hard a)
milda)
(pi.
Adjectives
into, -ft.
that
change -d
Ex.: #od
(pi.
#oda)
80
Adjectives that end in -nn drop one -n in the neuter. Ex.: sann true neuter: stint (pi. sanna)
8.
adjectives are not used in the neuter of the Indefinite Declension: lat lazy, rcidd frightened, singular
9.
The following
left.
81.
Definite Declension.
Adjectives that end in unstressed -al\ -n?, -e/, -er drop the vowel proceeding -?, -n, -r in the plural and in the definite form.
1.
Ex.:
gammal
mogen
adel
old
ripe
gamla
mognci
(one m!)
noble
ddla
t
tapper
2.
brave
little,
appro,
The
adjective liten
is
irregular:
liten
ett
flicka
little girl
litet barn
flickor (barn)
little child
smd {en
lilla flicJcan
det lilla barnet
de {densmd
3.
the termination
In the masculine singular of the definite declension It should -e is sometimes used instead of -a. be used (in the masculine singular) instead of -a in always
a)
Ex.: gode
Mre
dear friend!
81
the Adjective is used as a Noun. Ex.: denMinde the blind man (compare: den llinda the blind woman)
b)
c)
When
When
the Adjective
is
surname.
Ex.: Karl den store
".--
Charlemagne
St.
Eric
.
A.
to
with the
Ex.:
mdngen
many
(every) brave
soldier
<v
with the
what
a glorious view!
83.
13.
the
definite
The Adjective should be declined according to declension (but without the definite article) when
used:
1.
after a genitive:
Ex.: Anderssons
nya 1ms
unhappy man!
Ex.: mitt
sitt)
nya. bus
my
his)
6 222444.
new house
8L>
4.
Ex.: detta
5.
nya hns
(dct hiir
nya Imset)
the
this
new house
see over
Ex.: det
du
there
6.
Ex.: han
he
is
taste
I can rely on
pa
(Com-
7.
in forms of address:
When
:
Ex.
9.
lilla
Maria
commercial correspondence expressions like the folare often met with: ovanndmnda brev the above-menlowing tioned letter, nedan angivna dag the date indicated below,
In
letter.
form, but the Noun the indefinite form. Except after the demonstrative adjectives den hdr and den dar, when both the
Noun take
the
def.
form.
adjective egen, own, takes the inform after a genitive and after a possessive adjective. Ex.: Anderssons egen bror Andersson's own brother, hans
(min, var) eg en bror his (my, our)
(ditt,
Exception: The
own
brother, mitt
vdrt,
ert,
my
his)
own
house,
vdra
egna
barn
our own
children).
86. Notice the omission of the Definite Article of the Adjective in expressions like the following: i samma dgonblick at the same moment, han sdlde det i ndrmaste 8tad he sold it in the nearest town;
83
Atlantiska oceanen the Atlantic Ocean, norra (so'dra, ostra
vastra, mellersta) Sverige the north (south, east, west, centre) of Sweden;
hela
landet
all
the
King
The
often omitted
in headings,
Ex.:
Andra
Genitive of Adjectives.
88.
When
Han
an Adjective
is
used as a
Noun
it
takes
in the genitive.
Ex.:
dr de fattigas van.
He
is
Vi tro
.
,
pa
det
godas
slutliga seger.
We
When
qualified
Noun
the Adjective takes the genitive -s instead of the Noun. den stores soner the sons of Charlemagne.
Indeclinable Adjectives.
90.
in the neuter
-e
remain unchanged
genuine, samtida contemporary, gyllene golden, ode desert, gdngse current. En bra karl a good fellow, ett bra svar a good ans-
wer,
91.
etc.
The
flicka!
poor
adjective stackars does not change: stackars girl! stackars barn! poor child! stackars md'nni-
84
II.
92.
1.
Comparison.
of comparison are:
3.
The degrees
Positive:
2.
Comparative:
Superlative:
varm
warm
vann&re
warmer
varmast
warmest
The regular terminations of the Comparative 93. and the Superlative are -are and -ast. They are al-
ways
Ex.:
added
to the
~kall
cold
stark strong
kallare starkare
kallast
starkast
ny new
trott tired
nyare
trottare
nyast
trottast
sann true
94.
-e
sannare
sannast
-el,
If
I,
-en, -er,
the
before
n, r is
mogen
95.
ripe
mognare
vackrare
-a,
mognast
vackrast
this
vacker pretty
vowel
is
dropped in
ringare
ringast
tive
-are
The following adjectives form their Comparaand Superlative by adding -re and -st (instead of
-ast).
and
hogre grovre
storre
hogst
grovst
storst
yngre
tyngre
Icingre
yngst
tyngst
Idngst
trdng narrow
trdngre
trdngst
85
lag low fa few
Idgre
Idgst
farre
smarre small
tive
97. These adjectives modify their vowel in the Comparaand Superlative:
o is
changed into
a u
a
y
-r.
irregular
com-
parison:
god
(or bra)
sdmre
vdrre
sdmst
gammal
old
liten little
7dre mind re
minst
(def.
form: minsta)
de fiesta /?era (or fler) many mera (or mer) wes (def. form: mesta) mycken much 99. Some adjectives form their Comparative and Super-
manga
pi.
lative
i.
by mera more, and mest most, instead of terminations, the adjectives that end in -ad, -e, -isk and all Past Participles used as Adjectives.
e.
Ex.:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
100.
Some
adjectives
outermost
The Comparative.
101. The Comparative is indeclinable* It has the same form in the neuter as in the non-neuter, the same form in the plural as in the singular, and the same form in the definite as in
Ex.: en varmare
ett
sommar
a warmer
a
Definite Declension.
the
II.
The
Superlative.
Indefinite Declension.
form of the Superlative ends in -ast neuter and plural alike). (or -st), (common, Ex.: sommaren ar varmast the summer is warmest
102.
The
indefinite
badet ar varmast
the bath
somrarna
tiro
varmast
the
Definite Declension.
103.
Superlatives ending
in
in
(common, neuter and plural alike). Ex.: den varmaste sommaren the warmest summer '/</ varmaste ladet the warmest bath
de varmaste somrarna
the warmest
summers
87
104. N.B. Superlatives that end in -st (instead of -ast) take the termination -a (instead of -e) in the definite form.
When
is
declined
Ex.:
aro vackrast.
aro de vackraste.
Your Your
the com-
Ex.:
Har
107.
dr sjon djupast.
deepest.
the Super-
lative is followed
Ex.:"
De har blommorna
raste, jag
aro de vack-
liar sett.
108. When used attributively (as an epithet) the Superlative is declined according to the definite declension. It is then generally preceded by the Definite Article of the Adjective
(den, det, de).
in
The Definite Article of the Adjective is omitted 109. a number of stereotyped expressions, e. g.: i frdmsta rummet in the foremost place
i i
storsta hast
Dearest!
88
110.
-e in
the
1.
The termination -a
is
used:
the positive.
a) in the definite
form of
form of
The termination
a)
-ast.
de rikaste pcrsonerna
b) sometimes in the definite form of the masculine (positive and sup. in -st), especially in elevated style.
man
Gode Gud!
kdre van! Baste Herr Andersson! den yngste brodern den fjamle
(den
gamla
the old
the rich
woman)
den rike (de rika Karl den store Erik den helige
man
the rich)
Charlemagne
St.
Eric
89
Genitive of Adjectives.
111.
-s in
following cases:
1.
When
When
The death
of St. Eric.
it is
used as a
No an.
The The
friend of the poor. right of the strongest.
Ex.:
the
givet.
All ablaze.
Wicked cunning.
~o in:
Deliver us from
evil.
Amicably.
Afresh.
Anyo.
~a in the plural.
90
Many
larly by Nouns.
those
engelsmdnnen (never dc cn r
gelska) (en engelsmari) kineserna (en kines)
,
the Russians
The corresponding
N. B.
1.
Adjectives in
Swedish
letters in Swedish.
N. B. 2. The word svensk Swedish, Swede, is both Adjective and Noun. As a Noun it is inflected according to 'the 2nd Declension: en svensk, svensken, svenskar, svenskarna. When used adjectivally it is inflected like an ordinary Adjective.
Most Swedish Adjectives may be used 115. without the restrictions observed in English.
Ait forena det nyttiga
as-
Nouns
med
det
To combine
the
useful with
nojsamma.
Dc
En
Vi
the agreeable. The rich and the poor. blind man and a deaf-and-
bodde tillsammans.
dumb man
lived together.
unya
kunna
icke forstd de
We
.
young people cannot understand old people. It was the only thing he
could do.
Han var den enda frdnvarandc. He was the only person absent. Han insdg det fordelafctiga He saw the advantage of the
i
Det nya
offer.
What
true,
is
new about
is
it
is
not
and what
true about
icke nytt.
De ndrvarande
Den okande
~bdka.
peti-
is
most
difficult.
kom
icke
till-
116. N. S. The word one which often replaces a Noun after an Adjective in English, has no equivalent in Swedish.
Den
dd'r
bollen
ar inte Ira;
Han
That ball is not good; you shall have a new one. He was the only one who
could do
it.
och tvd
Vi maste ta hand
om
de snid.
We
of
the
little ones.
Den
Onde.
117.
Notice
the
use
of
the
Han Han
liar
egen
bil.
liar tvd
egna barn.
He He
has got a car of his own. has got two children of his own.
118.
The Comparative
g.
is
often used in an
absolute
of
sense,
e.
en
sto'rre
penning summa
a largish
sum
money;
en yngre herre a youngish gentleman; battre folk gentlepeople; en langre tid a goodish while, etc.
Inflection of Participles
I.
The Past
Participle.
119.
a)
A.
Indefinite Declension.
Past Participles ending in -ad (1st Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -d into -. The plural is formed by adding -c (not -a/) to the
non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
A.
Hunted
b)
Past Participles ending in -d (2nd Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -d into -. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
En
Ett
hojd
ho'jt
Ion.
A
An
arvode.
Hojda
c)
loner.
Raised
Past Participles ending in -t (2nd Conjugation). The neuter singular remains unchanged. The plural is formed by adding ~a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
A A
d)
Past Participles ending in -dd (3rd Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -dd into -tt. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neuter sing.
Ex.:
En
An An
inhabited island.
Bebodda
93
e)
Past Participles ending in -en (4th Conjugation). The neuter singular is formed by changing -n into -t. The plural is formed by adding -a to the non-neuter sing.,
and the
-e
before -n
is
dropped.
Ex.:
En
stulen Idocka.
A A
stolen watch.
stolen umbrella.
Stolen watches.
termination
in
/;.
In
the
plural
the
-a
is
used for
all
the
-ad
(1st Conjugation).
The
definite
Past Participles ending in -ad (1st Conjugation) a) lake the termination -e in the definite declension.
Ex.:
Jtararna.
b) All the other Past Participles take the termination -a in the definite declension.
Den jagade
Jtaren.
Det jagade
lejonet.
De jagade
Den hojda lonen. Det liojda arvodet. De liojda Den mcirkta nasduken. Det markta lalcanet De markta nasdukarna. Den bebodda on. Dtt bebodda landet. De bebodda oarna. Den stulnci Jclockan. Det stulnct paraEx.:
lonerna.
plyet.
De
stulna Jclockorna.
Genitive.
121. C.
~s in
the
Ex.:
94
II.
The Present
Participle.
1
is
Ex.:
roaring lion.
ministers.
De ndrvarande
minist-
The present
When
Ex.:
used as a
Noun,
an-
in the genitive.
De narvarandes namn
tecknades.
The names
of those present
The Numerals.
123.
1.
Cardinal numbers.
neuter:
ctt
Ordinal numbers.
(den, det) forsta
en,
tvcl
2.
andra
tredje
3.
tre
4.
5.
6.
'7.
fyra
fern
fjdrde
femte
sjdttc
sex
SJU dtta
xjiuulr
8.
9.
dttonde
nio
tio
niondc
tiondc
'V/'/r
10.
11.
civ a
12.
tolv
tolftc
13.
14.
tretton
trcttondc
fjorton
fjortonde
15. 16.
femton
sexton
femtonde
sextonde
95
17.
adertonde
nittonde
tjugonde
tjugofdrsta
tjugoandra
tjugotredje
tjugofjdrde
tjugofemte
tjugosjdtte
tjugosjunde
tjugodttonde
tjugonionde
trettionde
trettioforsta, etc.
fyr(a)tionde
femtionde
sextionde
sjuttionde dttionde
nittionde
(ett)
hundrade
hundraforsta tusende
tusenforsta
(ett)
(ett)
(ett) (ett)
tusenandra,
.tusen
etc.
ett
sexhundra
sjuttiofem
1,000,000.
0.
sjuttiofcmte
en miljon
noil
Note
1.
Den
in the masculine:
Note 2. remain unchanged in the plural: ire hundra, fyra tusen. Note 3. En miljon is a Noun of the 3rd Declension. Plural: tvd
and den andra sometimes end in -e Karl I (den forste), Karl II (den andre). Ett hundra and ett tusen are really Nouns. They
forsta
miljoner,
etc.
96
124.
The Numerals
1
in Dates.
13th, 1897.
tiosjn).
Ar 1066
In
1066
quered.
England was
con-
Stockholm
april
den
19
(nittondc)
1922 (nittonhundra-
tjugotvd).
Han
He
125.
The Numerals
dina cttor
as Nouus.
tell
Jag
I cannot
your sevens.
"When used as
are
treated
as
Nouns the numerals 110 add an -a and nouns of the 1st Declension: eh ctta, tvda,
en
sjua, dtta, nia, tia. nolla. Definite form:
etc.
trea, fyra,
femma, sexa,
called
The
figure
as a
Noun
is
The
eighties of realism.
Han
levdepd 1700-talet
(sjut-
He
tonhundratalet).
Hundratals
dodade.
manniskor
blero
Hundreds
led.
The The
factories
employ
thou-
sands of workers.
council of ten. ens
att
De
Det
tios rdd.
ar
inte,
fel,
ivd
It takes
rel.
trcita.
Den ena
ar nio.
d'r
andra
One
is
years
old, the
other
nine.
97
126.
l
Fractional Numbers.
/2,
en halv;
5
/2,
tvd halva;
4
/8
V8
en trcdjedel;
/3 >
dclar;
lar;
3
/e,
fern sjattedelar;
fy ra dttondelar;
/9 >
/ 21 >
t re
tjugoendelar.
to
The Fractional Numbers are formed by adding -del ("part") the Ordinal Numbers. If the Ordinal Number ends in -de,
is
the -de
dropped before
126
a.
and sjimdedel).
Tvd och
ett
En En
Jcvart.
A A
Tvd dussin
Tre tjog
(ett
dussin) Imivar
(ett tjog)
dgg.
Dussintals Jcnivar.
Tjogtals dgg.
Five miles and a half. Two dozen knives. Three score of eggs. Dozens of knives.
Scores of eggs.
Pronouns.
127.
Personal Pronouns.
Singular
1st
Person
I
diiy
2nd Person
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
jag
Ack.
ni
thou,
you
&
mig me
han
hans
he
his
Nom.
Gen. Dat. &Ack.
7
hon
hennes henne
she
den
dess
it
her
its
it
honom
him
her
den
it
its
it
222444.
98
Plural
1st
Person
2nd Person
3rd Person
Norn.
vi
we
ni
you
Gen.
Dat.
& Ack.
1.
oss us
Instead
e(d)er you
of
the
The
genitives
missing genitives of jag, du, ni, min, din, er, vdr are used. hans, hennes, dess, deras are in-
declinable.
3. Han, lion and de are the only words in the Swedlanguage that have special objective case-forms (honom,
hennc, dem).
128.
Du
is
of the family (like French "tu" and German "du"). Ni is not yet generally accepted as a form of address like "you" in English, but it is gradually coming into use. It
is
in-
feriors.
you know
name
of the individual
addressed,
definite
Verb
considered more polite to use the title (in the form) or name with the third person of the as if speaking of the person instead of to him.
it is
Talar ni svensJca?
Spelar ni schack?
Ni
Jean Me komma dit i lev all. Har profcssornvariti London? Have you Har generalkonsuln sett tid- Have you
Do you speak Swedish? Do you play chess? You cannot get there to-night.
been in London?
seen to-day's paper?
to
ningen for
dag?
the theatre
nyligen?
Would you
kopp
Mrs. Andersson?
Fetter sson en tand-
Har
herr
129.
When
singular
addressing one person, ni is used with the In the spoken language (and
99
often in the written) the singular forms of the Verb are also used with ni when addressing several persons.
-130.
The pronoun
is
now
only used in elevated style (in the Bible, in poetry, etc.). It is followed by a special form of the Verb ending in -en:
dren,
hatfen, etc.
Ye
are,
Ye
had.
131.
In formal correspondence Ni
Den
refers to a noun of
common
is
gender.
It is on
Var dr bokcn?
:
the book?
bordd.
the table.
refers to a noun of neuter gender.
Det
pa
9
Var dr Uackliornet?
bordcL
It is
In colloquial speech the enclitic (affixed) forms 133. ? en, n are often used instead of honom, den; 'na instead of henne? 'et,Jt instead of det.
'
Ja($y stfen
intr.
ileri)
him
(or
it).
I put
it there.
Har du setfna?
Vill
Har
Have ycu seen her? If you want it, take it. Have you thought it over?
134.
Det corresponds to English it, there, he, she, In some cases it h as no equivalent in English.
r
1.
Det
it,
that.
-
Vad dr det?
aeroplan.
Det
dr
i
ett
What
is
that?
It is
an aerois it
dag?
What
plane. sort
of weather
It is
Det
snoar.
to-day?
snowing.
100
Det
Det
det.
2.
dr svdrt
It is difficult to
ish.
speak Sweddid
it.
It
was not
who
Det
= there.
Once upon a time there was
a boy.
Det
Det Det
finns
500 backer
biblio-
li-
teket.
brary.
inget postkontor
i
Det
There was
Is
no post-office in
Ar det
ndgot
fel
med
det?
Det
3.
ringer.
Det =
dr
Vem
den ddr damen? Det dr en sldkting till mig. Vilka dro de ddr herrarna?
-
Who
is
that lady?
She
is
relative of mine.
Who
Det dr
svenskar.
so.
4.
Det =
Jag
dr somnig.
Det
och det
-
dr
lia
am
sleepy.
- -
So
am
I.
jag ocksd.
Han
Ar
har egen
bil,
He
Is
vi ocksd.
and
-
own
doktorn inne?
Ja3 jag
the
in?
Yes, I
tror det.
think
Jag sade honom det. Sade han det? Jag hoppas (tror, formodar)
det.
5.
so?
hope
(believe,
suppose)
so.
Det
har ju
Jntr?
Han
rest till
without an equivalent in English. Frankrike, He has gone to France, hasn't he? Yes, he has. Ja,detltarlian.
101
Han
men
He
I
is
am
jag gora. Han frdgade hennc, om hon var ond, ocli hon sade, att lion var det. Hur mycket tir klockan?
He
asked her if she was angry, and she said she was.
What
Det
Vem
vet
jag Me.
dti
time know.
is
it?
I don't
Varfor frdgar
talade
det?
for dig?
Why
Who
be
omitted
do you ask?
told you?
after
om det
N.B.
Det must
not
the
Auxiliary
Verbs
or after
135.
Impersonal Construction.
Phrases like "I am glad", "I am sorry", etc., are often rendered by an impersonal construction in Swedish.
Det var
att
du
inte
am
am
Det var
Hur gar
glad he
are
is
better.
How
Det gick mycket Ira for honom. Det forvdnar mig, att han inte
gjorde det. Det var kallt
i
vattnet.
door.
102
Reflexive Pronoun.
S
13ti.
Sig.
in
Sig
It
which
it
occurs.
used when the subject is in the third person (singular or pluand the object is the same person as the subject. ral)
is
Han
De
sag sig
i i
spegeln.
He saw
glass,
himself in the
sago sig
spegeln.
glass. in the
Hon
Han
De
He
pulled him after him. They had not got any money
about them.
Note.
are used.
If the object
is
another person than the subject the (honom, henne, den, det, dem)
Han
sag
honom
There
spegeln.
He saw him
(another person)
in the glass.
137.
are
first
and
The ordinary objective forms persons. er, oss, er) are used also in a reflexive sense.
second
I enjoy myself.
(mig, dig,
.
,
Du
Ni
Han Hon
'
herself.
The
We
You
att
enjoy yourselves.
one-
roa sig.
Singular
M., F.
&
C.
N.
min
mitt
104
DM nus
140.
fir
storrc
an vdrt.
Your
ours.
house
is
larger
than
in
expressions
Notice the peculiar use of the Possessive Adjectives like the following: din idiot you idiot, din
tlnmma dsna silly ass, jag, min dumsnut, trodde vad han sadc ape that I was, I believed what he said.
141.
The English
in Swedish.
elever.
construction
is
not used
En
av mina
av mina vdnner.
Some
Who
is
that
young man?
He
a relation of ours.
old acquaintance of yours.
En gammal
142.
bckant
till
dig
(er).
An
Jag kunde inte for mitt liv gripa, vad han menade.
Dei kommer att Hi min Dina gelikar.
For the
not
life
of
me
I could
dod.
The
likes of you.
143.
Singular
M., F.
&
N.
sitt
sin
144.
It
sina
XJH corresponds
to the reflexive
personal pronoun sic/. which it occurs (not The subject may be one
in
Sin can only be used the object (not the subject). qualify 145. When English "his", "her", "its", "their" are not used
/.
.
reflexively,
when they do
105
clause
in
personal pronouns:
which they occur, they correspond to the genitives hans, hcnnes, dess, deras.
of the
Han
He saw
his (own)
father
in
the street.
Hans
ut.
(not
sin!)
far
gicJc
out.
Han
Han Han
sag
hans
far
pa
gatan.
He saw
ut.
He saw
out.
ut.
(own) father go
hans
far gicJc
He saw
out.
ut.
Hon
ut.
sag, att
hennes
far gicJc
She saw
out.
that
her (own
or
Hennes Hennes
Hon
lade
table.
book on
Hon
lade
hennes
bole
pd
bor-
det.
Deras
dro
i
They
have
not
seen
for
their
(own)
years.
for-
parents
several
aldrig sett
deras
De ha
forlorat sitt
enda barn.
They have
Han
bor hos en av
sina
van-
He
is
ner.
of his.
henne
Jag
to
hennes,
Hennes mor
Hon
Her mother
She has
is
dead.
henne.
The Swedish form er (Eder) corresponds to "you", and "yours" in English. "your"
Det var
roligt att Iraffa er.
am
Ni har glomt er hatt. You have forgotten your hat. Jag liar tagit er, och han har I have taken yours, and he
tag-it
min.
148.
A
:
mig occurs
in
following
Det var
mig
en
dum
en!
"What a
149.
tive.
Personal Pronoun
may
be qualified by an Adjec-
Thank
you,
my
dear!
Poor you!
like
cases
the
following,
is
implied
to
in
a possessive adjective
stoppade hdnderna
English.
fie-
Han
He
korna.
kets.
Han
He put
They
lost their
memories.
leg.
is
151.
107
Jag
ber
om
ursakt.
(Or: for-
Idtf)
Han
Jag
har dndrat
sig.
He
I
152.
M., F. & C. den that denna (-e) this den ddr that den heir this
det that detta this det ddr that det heir this
Note 1. Den, det, de, are also used as the Definite Article of the 'Adjective. As Demonstrative Pronouns they have stronger stress. 2. The form denne (instead of denna) is often, used ,-, Note
in the masculine.
Note
3.
Den har
in
nerally used
153. like
and den ddr are the forms geconversation (instead of denna and den).
when used
substantively, are inflected
Den,
det, de,
the
when
personal pronoun den, det, de. Denna, detta, dessa, used substantively, take an -s in the genitive.
(ddr) gossen dr inte sa dum, som lian ser ut. Det svaret tycker jag om. De barnen ha aldrig gdtt .i
skola.
;
Den
That boy
is
not so stupid as
he looks.
I like that answer.
Denna
JJetta
, i
vissie
jag forut.
Idngre Jcomna
children have never been to school. This statement is not correct: This I knew before. These pupils are more advanced than the others. This picture is prettier than
Those
that.
108
JJet
ddr
That
det hdr.
De hdr
154.
skorna
tiro
inte sd
so strong
starka som
de ddr.
a
demonstrative
After
definite article,
except after denna (detta, dcssa): den gossen, den hdr gossen (but: denna gosse); detta trad); det tradet, det ddr tradet (but: de hdr gossarna (but: dessa gossar).
155.
Densamma
and samma.
Plural
M., F.
&
C.
Neuter
densamma
detsamma
desamma
samma
Note samme.
1.
samma
samma
densamme,
156.
is
Noun.
It
in the genitive.
Samma
used as a is used
as an Adjective.
Han
Det
ar alltid
densamme.
alldeles
He
is
gor
mig
samma.
Jag
skall gor a det
med
han
det-
I will do it at once.
samma. I detsamma
raren
fick
se Id-
At
that very
moment he saw
in.
komma i dorren. De kommo pa samma gang. Han var klddd i samma gamla
kostym.
They arrived at the same time. He was wearing the same old
suit.
At
The same
detta fall.
case, too.
109
Note
form,
Jcostym,
1. After samma the Adjective takes the definite but the Noun the indefinite form: samma gamla
samma Idnga
2.
vcig.
Note
No
article
is
sdtt in the
same way.
157.
Sddan.
Dylik.
Plural
M., F.
(en)
Neuter
(ett)
sddant
sddana
dylika
I should
it.
(en)
(ett) dyliltt
Note
1.
Mt.
En
That
is
a line boat.
vilja ha.
like to
fern
sddana hdr!
liar
Ndgot dylikt
jag aldrig
These things will happen. In that case. Like master, like man. There are plenty of those. Give me five of these! I have never heard anything
like
it.
Han menade
likt.
meant something
"ww", "dd"
(och dylika)
liallas adverb.
"then",
verbs.
etc.,
Dylika
Note
metoder aro
Me
are
att
rekommendera.
2.
to be
En,
ett
after as in English: en
158.
dylik, not
Sddan
is also
used in exclamations:
Ett
sddant
En sddan
harlig utsikt!
What What
a child he
is!
a splendid view!
110
Denne
Han
saken,
fir
oskyldig.
om
icke
ge ndgra upplysningar.
do not want this one, give that one instead. This man is innocent. He asked his solicitor about but he (the latter) wasi it, not willing to give any inI
me
formation.
Note
1.
The
English
word
one
(in
this one>,
that
one)
is
not translated.
160.
verb
to
is
be
plural
the
(that, these, those) used as the subject of the with a following predicative noun in the singular or N. B. Always in translated by det heir (det ddr).
"This"
neuter
singular,
irrespective
of
the
gender
or
number
of
a'r
min
svagerska.
a'r
Vad ar det
161,
What
When
it is,
as a rule, translated
i
dag pa mordagar dag goncn this morning, day week, i dag endera dagen one of for dtta dagar sedan this day last w^eek,
by a prepositional phrase,
i
ar this year,
this
dtta
these days.
162.
jag mdste flytta. Just darfor. Det var pa dctsattet, han lyckades go'ra
det.
is
why
why.
I had to leave.
is is
it.
how he managed
where he
is
to
ar
det,
han
Jtar orcitt
i.
That
is
wrong.
Ill
Jag gjorde pd
(sd Mr). Stirra inte
pd
Do
Mr. So-and-so.
Vid den och den tiden. Pd den ocli den plat sen.
a time. a place.
that.
Sd
bad as
163.
When "myself", "himself", "ourselves", etc., are used as emphatic forms, as in: "I myself saw it", they correspond to the Swedish forms sjdlv, neuter sjdlvt,
plural sjdlva.
Han
He
did
it
himself.
it
sjdlva. overtrd'ffade siy sjdlv. Nej, tdnkte jag for mig sjdlv jag skall inte gora det. Det skadar bar a honom sjdlv
Let them do
themselves.
I
Han
He
only hurts
else.
him and
no one
Vi kunna gora det sjdlva. Jag Jean laga till mitt te sjdlv.
We
of
can do
it
ourselves.
tea.
I can
make my own
it herself.
Hon
skulle aldrig
ha tankt pd
det sjdlv.
Sjdlva
hung en.
164.
The King
himself.
Reciprocal Pronoun.
They helped each other. They carried one another's
burdens.
to
De De
hjdlpte
buro
"each other",
112
165.
Den,
tive,
etc.
referring
Den
tavla,
jag menar, ar
Me
den
ni tanker pa.
det storsta inflytanlians utveclding, var
liar gott orn
Den
det
picture I mean is not the one you are thinking of. The one of Gustavus Adolphus's
The
som hade
teachers
who had
the great-
pa
est influence
Even
of
the
man who
money may
is
in the
Det, som
guld.
not gold.
De
elever,
hemma, fa gora
Those pupils who wish to stay at home, may do so. Stockholm and Gothenburg are the towns that I know
best.
Jag har
lera.
den
dran
att gratu-
Allow me
to congratulate
you!
166. Plural nouns qualified by the Determinative Adjective do not take the definite article: de elever, som (not: de eleverna). Singular nouns fluctuate.
. .
167.
If used as a
Noun
dem,
under
the form
dem
in the dative
Han kdnde
som hade
He
did
not
even
illness.
recognise
those
lians sjukdom.
during his
113
at
dem, som
de
to
those
it.
in need of
Den
det,
and Determinative
Pronouns
(or Adjectives) are always stressed. (Den, det, de used as the Definite Article of the Adjective are always unstressed: den lilla flickan, de smd barnen, etc.)
169.
to
X. B.
No determinative pronoun
is
used
in
Swedish
Guldets
egenskaper
tiro
icke
The
170.
Relative Pronouns.
are:
som
vars
vad
171. Som is the' most common Relative Pronoun and almost the only one used in conversation. It may
used for all genders, singular and plural. in the genitive or after a Preposition.
be
It is
not used
Jag sag en
polis,
som
hade
som jag hade tappat. Han gav bort alia de locker, som lian hade kopt.
Tradet, som ni ser da'r borta, ar en palm.
8
222444.
which
had
He
The
is
Sivedish
you
a palm.
Grammar.
Bjorkhagen, Modern
114
has to be used in connection with a Preposition, the Preposition is placed at the end of the relative clause, never before som.
172.
If sow
don't
know
are speaking
Instead
of
the
They may
-s in
the genitive.
pd
att
hdngde for
175.
and
vad.
It
Valet,
on the result of
so often as in English.
are thinking
177.
Superlative,
After ingen, ndgon, sddan, samma, and after a som must be used (not vilken or vad). Som after
to
English "as".
has seen
it
once
ndgonsin glomma det. Jag har samma elcver, som jag hade forra dret. Jag Uopte den minsta, som
faint*.
bought
the
smallest
one
there was.
115
$ 178.
tive
Vilkeri," vilket,
vilka
Pronoun
epithet
refers to a
(adjective).
whole clause,
when
it is
used
as an
Han
He
Han kommer
mig,
nog
att
frdga
om jag vill folja med honom till Frankrike, i vilket fall jag tanker svara nej.
179.
allt.
him
I
to France, in
am
going
to
Vad
till
is
Uppskjut inte
morgondagen,
Do
what you vad du Jean gora i dag. Han lyckas i allt, vad han He succeeds
foretager sig.
undertakes.
180.
som heist som whoever vem an whoever var och en som whoever vilken (vilket, vilka) som heist som
vein
ever
whoever, what-
whatever
sold their wares to
vem They
kdpa
ever
som
dem.
att
I
heist,
som
ville
Vem ni an ar,
vara har.
heist
Vem som
och
tola
som
(or:
[Var
are, you have no right to be here. Whoever hears him speak must admire him.
Whoever you
Vad du
sent
kom
inte for
till tdget.
do,
do not miss
116
181.
F.
&
C.
Neuter
Plural
(no plural)
vem who
vents whose
vad what
who,
vad for en
vad for
ett
what
what (kind of) (kind of) vilken who, what, vilket which vilkendera which vilketdera hurudan how, what hurudant
(kind of)
hurudana
-s
Note
in
1.
genitive: vems, vilkens, vilkets, vilkas, vilkendcras, The others are not used in the genitive. vilketderas.
the
Who Who
is
that
are those
man? men?
done?
the
du gjort?
vdrlden gjorde du
all
world
did
det for?
Vad for en bob vill ni ha? (or Vad vill ni ha for en bok?) Vaddr det ddrformdnniskor? What Vad dr det for slags karl? What
Vad for slag? Vad dr ni for ena?
(Coll.)
you do that for? What (kind of) book will you have?
people are those? sort of a fellow is he?
What? (Beg
pardon?)
(Plural). like best?
Who
Vilkenderatyckernibdstom?
are
Hurudant
veckan?
What was
last
the
weather like
week?
kind of hat was she
this?
Hurudan
Vems
What
wearing:
pcnna dr
det
hdr?
Vilken spdrvagn
I take?
J17
Note
2.
Vem
Vad
is
Noun
persons. Note 3.
is
Noun.
Note
tive.
4.
Noun
and as an Adjec-
1S2.
ject in
When the interrogative pronouns are used as the suba dependent question they are followed by som.
inte,
Jag
Vet
vet
vein
som
i
har
den
I don't
it.
gjort det.
ni,
vad som
vilka
finns
is
har Iddan?
Har
ni
liort,
came
he
forst?
first?
inte, vilka
I don't
han har
183.
bestdllt.
has ordered.)
is
Vilken
also used in
exclamations:
a splendid view! a blunder you
du har begdtt!
What What
have
made!
N. B.
184.
No
Hur
What
like?
does
his
father
look
Hur
dr det fatt?
(or:
Vad dr
What
Which
is
the matter?
is
which?
118
185.
Indefinite
The
M., F.
&
C.
man
en)
nag on
ingen
ndgot
intet
(coll.
ndgr
inget)
anybody)
somligt
inga somliga
annan
den
all
all
other, else
annat
the
andra (andre)
det
allt
andra
andra de andra
alia
other
a (one)
tndnget
manga
some-
ndgonting
thing
ingenting nothing
allting everything -
var
every, each
varje
every, each
var och en
varenda
ett
(ett)
vartenda
fa few
Hera
several
ndgondera
some
nag on av dem)
ingen av dem)
ndgotdera
intetdera
One has a right
self.
one, either
ingendera (=
no one, neither
Man
har
to defend one-
Ndgon
h rune.
hod'
om
det for
Somebody had
it.
119
varit har? har inte sett ndgon. Nej, jag Det var ndgra vanner till mig.
Har nag on
here?
ndgot (ndkvar
i
gonting)
Ar
det
day. there
any ink
-
left in
the
is
ink-stand?
No, there
none
thing.
left.
Something
is
Nothing came
of
it.
Nobody
has
ever
it.
seen
any-
thing like
ndgon annan
bok att
ar inte rent. Giv mig ett annat! Giv mig ndgonting annat! Jag har ingenting annat
att
other book
tumbler is not clean. Give me another. Give me something else. I have nothing else to offer
you.
bjuda pa.
d'ro rika,
d'ro fattiga.
Somliga mdnniskor
Some people
are poor.
andra
De andra
och badat.
gossarna ha gdtt
Hn annan
berdtta
(Vill ni ha
gang
shall jag
te
some
ndgra
sagor.
en kopp
till?
Would you
of tea?)
like
another cup
is
Allt dr
icke guld,
som glimmar.
not gold.
We
must
all die.
Once a week.
Trains leave every ten minutes.
Tag gd var
tionde minut.
Med fa
minuters mellanrum.
120
Varannan
dag.
dag.
Var
tredjc
Varje manniska
eri) liar
(or:
var och
liur svart
Everybody has
ties.
his peculiaridiffi-
sina cgendomliglietcr.
vet,
Var och en
det dr.
Han
He
I
know
Mdngen simile
vore
i
Many
ert stdlle.
Man
Han
De De
lean se slottet
Mrifrdn.
gav pojkarna
ett
var
sitt
He gave
each.
the boys
an apple
apple var).
hall.
sida av
(or:
om)
Kan jag fa lite mera te? May I have some more tea? Han lyckades pd ett eller He managed somehow or other. annat sdtt. Om ndyon skulle Imacka pd If anybody should knock at
the door, do not open it. dorren, sd oppna inte. Det gamla spelet om "JZnvar". The old play "Everyman". Note 1. When used as Nouns, nag on, ing en, annan, envar, and mdngen, take an -s in the genitive.
According
opinion.
to
some people's
as
Note
also
is
2.
The
an
-s
plurals
somliga, alia
when used
Nouns
take
in the genitive.
The
The
interrogative
into
(vilket,
vilka)
are
made
indefinite
som
heist.
vem
vad som
121
vilken
heist any, anyone (you like) som heist plural: vilka som, heist
neuter: vilket
som
Vem som
dot.
Anybody can
do
it.
Vad som heist duger. Anything will do. Han brukade titta in vid vil- He used to look time of the day. ken tidpd dagen som heist. Man Jean ta vilket tag som You can take any
heist.
in
at
any
train.
Ask anybody.
Think
of
like.
Tag vilken
som
heist av
of these books.
dessa backer.
Indefinite Pronouns.
Man.
Man
"one"
in
is
used a great deal more in Swedish than English. It is often used when English has
never can tell (or: there no knowing). You can get there by train. They say that he is ill.
is
Man
Man Man
Man
Man
You
Jean
Jcomma
dit
It is generally acknowledged,
that
pdstdr, att Jian ar myc-
He
is
Jcet rik.
Varfor
svarar
talar
du
inte,
nar
man
Why
till
dig?
122
188.
Var, tives.
erida
rarjc,
varenda and
rar och
en, var-
of all: allt,
alia may
be used as Nouns.
Det dr
Det ar ndgonting,som var och en(varenda en)borde veta. Det dr ndgonting, som alia
borde veta.
Han
Allt
liar
all anledning
att
vara
He
has
every
-
reason
to
be
nb'jd.
satisfied.
mojligt.
Ndr
vartfor en.
En
Pa
for
allt
At alia
hall.
then.
He
is
is
English "all"
often translated
by
hel.
All
the
refinement
of
the
French renaissance.
All the time.
Hcla
tiden.
189.
Ndgon
are
and Ingen.
Ndgon
only
in
and
ingen
123
Harm
vin kvar.
ndgra?
Jag
liar inte
Har
ni
ndgot ndgot?
Have you
left.
Have
you any?
Han
He
Note
icke
1.
"No"
(icke
often translated
by
ndgon
a
nag of).
in
2. Any (anybody, anything), when used in a question, negative or conditional phrase, corresponds to ndgon (ndgot, ndgra) in Swedish.
Note
Jag har
inte sett
ndgon.
Har
ni sett
ndgon?
ndgon.
Om
ni har sett
Note
3.
Any (anybody, anything), when used in an affirto vilken (vilket, vilka, vad)
som
heist
Jean
Any
boy can do
that.
Vad som
Note
4.
heist duger.
Anything
will do.
"some" (any) is used in a partitive sense the partitive article in French) it is, as a (corresponding rule, not translated. Sometimes the word lite is used in this
to
sense.
When
Far jag
saker?
May
I help
you
to
tables?
I have some,
some vegethank
coffee
you.
De hade
kaffe
med
sig
en
thermosflaska.
190.
"Few"
is
translated
"Little" is
translated
is
"Somewhat"
by fd, "a few" by ndgra. by foga, "a little" by lite. translated by ndgot or tamligen.
124
is
translated
by unge-
is
not translated.
Little or nothing.
over-
ndgot
is
somewhat
Han
levde for
onikring
ire-
He
lived
hundra dr sedan.
Jag orkar
De hunno
icke langre.
Fa
Jag
I could not eat any more. They did not get any further.
ha
sett det.
Few
have seen
it.
liar sett
ndgra stycken.
191.
Ndgonting gott something good, vi tycka om tennis bdda both of us are (we are both) fond of tennis, man kan saga bdda delarna (vilket som heist) you can say either, mdnget barn many a child, en for mycket one too many, myctva
ket folk
many
people.
192.
Annan.
to
Annan
other", and
"other", "an-
Jag
en annan
gang.
Den
enes
dod,
den andres
ut,
is
another's
brod.
Den ena
A ena
sidan.
e
gick
och
andra
125
Dei har
ndgon annan gjort. Somebody else has done it. Vad annat kunde ni vanta? What else could you expect?
193.
Notice the following expressions: who eJse could it be? harom the other day, ett eller annat something or other, pa dagen ett eller annat satt somehow or other.
Vem
The Verb.
A.
Auxiliary Verbs.
Att hava
to have.
194.
Present
Past
I have
jag har du har ni har han har lion har den har det har
vi Jia(va) 1
jag hade du hade ni hade han hade hon hade den hade
det hade vi hade
she had
ni ha(va) de ha(va)
ni hade de hade
Present Perfect
I
Past Perfect
have had jag hade haft I had had jag har haft have had du hade haft you had had du har haft you ni har haft you have had ni hade haft you had had han har haft he has had han hade haft he had had
1
is
12(5
lion
has had it has had vi ha(va) haft we have had ni ha(va) haft you have had fie ha(va) haft they have had
de hade
had had had had we had had you had had haft they had had
it
Future
jag shall
hava
(lid)
I shall
have
shall hava you will have ni shall hava you will have nan shall hava he will have hon shall hava she will have den shall hava it will have it will have det shall hava vi shola (or komma att) hava we
du
shall have
you
will have
(ha)
I should have
shulle hava you would have ni shulle hava you would have han shulle hava he would have hon shulle hava she would have den shulle hava it would have it would have det shulle hava we should have vi shulle hava ni shulle hava you would have de shulle hava they would have
du
Imperative
Infinitive
hav
have
att Jia) to
have
127?
Supine
Past Participle
haft had
havd
verb
had
omitted
in
As
If
I
to
Om
jag
Me
my
(hade)
hunnit
med
I should
tdgct.
196.
Att vara
Indicative.
to be.
Present
128
Future in the past jag skulle vara I should be vi skulle vara we should be
Imperative be
Infinitive
var
varande
att
vara
to be
varit
Supine been
Subjunctive.
Present
Past
I be
we be
I were
we were
197.
Vara
and bliva.
state == to be.
transition
= to
be, to
become, to
get.
It is dark.
lit en
little
Han
var ra'dd for sin far. He was afraid of Han blev radd, nar han horde He was (became)
visselpipan.
frightened
De komma
att
vara
borta hela
am
dem
igen.
i
Han
blev dodad
He was
When
dead.
129
Hcnncs mor
sjuJc.
liar
Idnge varit
ill.
for fa,
reracl,
vccltan
ock
lion
blivit
btittrc
Last week she was operated on, and since then she has become better and better
e\7 ery day.
198.
Present
1.
130
B.
Verbs with
199.
full
meaning.
Conjugations.
four Conjugations, distinguished
There are
In In
in
Swedish
by
In
200.
Supine.
The Supine is the form of the Verb used after the auxiliary verb (itt Jiavci to have, in compound tenses. Ex.: j'ag liar fcallat I have called jag hade Izallat I had called
The function
of
the
Supine corresponds
to
one function
201.
Past Participle.
is
never used
form
the
Present
is
The Swedish
Past
Participle
be'
used after the auxiliary verbs and 'to become') and as an Adjective.
I
an
mm
and
Itallad
am
called called
jag
l)lcv
Jtallfid I
was
Consequently there are two forms in Swedish (Supine and Past Part.) which correspond to the English Past Participle.
202.
Principal Parts.
are: Infinitive, Present,
131
203.
First Conjugation.
jay
jag ballade
I called
du
ni
han kallar
lion
I call etc.
den
del
vi kallade
we
called
ni\ kalla
de\
we
call etc.
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
I have called
ri ha(va) kallat
we have
called
Future
jag shall
(or
kommer
att)
Italia
I should
call
I shall call
att)
kalla
we
shall call
kalla
to call
Present Participle: kallande calling Past Participle: kallad called (den dr kallad, det ar
lat,
cle
Jeal-
aro kallade)
jag? do
Negative and interrogative forms: jag kallar ickc I call? kallade jag icke? did I not call? etc.
do not
call,
Jcallar
132
Examples:
Infinitive
Present
lea
Past
c Supine
.
Past
Participle
kalla
call
liar
ballade
kallat
kallad
dansad-
dansa
dance
Ixxlft
dansar
dansade
dansat
badar
Jioppar
telefoncrar
ladade
Jtoppad**
ladat
ladad
(over)hoppad
telefonerad
bathe
lioppa
hoppat
telefonerat
jump
tclefonera
telcfoncrade
telephone
The
204.
Second Conjugation.
-te.
The verbs
classes.
two
The verbs belonging to the first class take -de in the Past and -d in the Past Participle.
Present
jar/ bojer
I bend
Past
//
vi boja
we bend
M>jde bojde
we
bent bent
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
jag bar
133
Future
jay
ttJgall (or
kommer
I should
I shall
bend
(or
bend
att)
ri skola
komma
boja
vi skulle boja
we
should
we
shall bend
bend
Imperative: bb'j bend Infinitive: att boja to bend Present Participle: bb'jande bending Past Participle: bb'jd bent (den dr bojd, det dr
tiro
bojt,
de
bb'jda)
Supine: (jag
liar) bb'jt
bent
134
To the
does
not
first in
class
end
k9
p,
x,
is
drop-
ped
in the
j(t</
rot;
etc.
II.
Verbs belonging to the second class take -te Past and -t in the Past Participle.
Present
jftf/
in
the
Past
I
koper
buy
jay kopte
vi kopte
bought
vi
kopa
we buy
we bought
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
jay
liar kopt I have bought jftf/ hade kopt I had bought viha(va) kopt we have bought vi hade kdpt we had bought
Future
Future
buy
att) 7co^)ci
buy
vi skulle
kopa we
should
we
shall
buy
buy
Imperative:
Infinitive: att
Present
de
Past Participle: kopt bought (den tiro Iwptd) Supine: (jag liar) kopt bought
koj>t.
(let
iir
k<">/>t,
135
136
Present
Past
jay bor
vi bo
I dwell
we dwell
Present Perfect
I dwelt
we dwelt
Past Perfect
jag
Future
jag
we
tt'kall (or
kommer
att)
bo bo
jag
skit lie
bo
I should dwell
I shall dwell
vi skola
Present Participle: boende dwelling Past Participle: bodd 1 (neuter: bott, Supine: (jag har) bott dwelt
pi.
bodda)
Examples:
Infinitive
Present
bo
bor 2
137
Only
to the
Third Conjugation.
The
Infinitive
They
end
in
are, a.
206.
rule,
monosyllabic.
does not
Infinitive
Sing.
lieta
Present
Plur.
hcta
lieter
Past
hctte
Supine
lietat
be called
liunna
kan
lever
Jcunna
Imnde
levde
kunnat
levat
be able
leva
live
leva
veta
vet
veta
visste
vetat
know
vilja
mil
207.
vilja
mile
velat
be willing
Infinitive
Supine
bragt
bort
dolt 2
Past Part.
bragt
bring a
bringar
bragte
bring bora
bor
to
borde
dolde 2
ought
dolja
doljer
dold 2
conceal
ylddja
gldder
gladde
gjorde
lade
skilde
ylatt
gladden gora
do,
yor
lagger
skiljer
gjort
lagt
skilt
yjord
make
layd
skild
lagga
lay
sJcilja
separate
1
is
always
sHturjd
anoint
130
ga
go
le
gar
ler
yick
log
yinyo
loyo
gdtt
Ictt
gang en
(be)lcdd
smile
se
scr
say
stod
slog
sago
stodo
sloyo
sett
scdd
see std
star
stdtt
(over)stdnden
stand
sld
sldr
slayit
slayen
strike
209.
Fourth Conjugation.
-it*
Past Participle ends in -en. Conjugation the Past is not formed by a termination as in the other conjugations but by changing the root-vowel, e. g. binda, Past. sing, band, plural bundo.
The verbs
to the
Towel-change: (short)
-- a -- u.
Present
Past
liar bundit
hade
Future
jay shall
Jcommer
att)
binda
atf)
binda
vi skulle binda
we
should bind
140
Imperative: bind bind Infinitive: att binda to bind Present Participle: bindande binding Past Participle: (den a'r) bunden bound;
aro)
((let
bundna
bundit bound
Infinitive
141
Future
I shall bite
i'i
Future
in the past
I should bite
bita
we
Imperative: bit bite Infinitive: att bita to bite Present Participle: bitande biting
a'r)
biten
bitten; (det
a'r) bitet,
(de aro)
bitit bitten
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
jag
vi
7iai' fliigit I
/tft(ra)
flown
flown
flown
Future
in the past
jag shall
vi
komnter
att)
flyga
jag
kulle flyga
I should fly
att)
skola
(or
komma
fly go,
vi skulle flyga
we
shall fly
we should
fly
Imperative: flyg Infinitive: att flyga Present Participle: flygande Past Participle: (den ar) (bort)flugen, (det
dro) (lort)flugna
fir)
(bort)fluget, (d(
143
213.
Infinitive
IT.
144
Infinitive
srara
145
Infinitive
Present
Past
Sing.
Plnr.
Supine
Past Part.
far a
far
Infinitive Present
148
Infinitive Present
149
Infinitive
Present
vrider
Past
Sing. rred
at
Supine
Plur.
Past Part.
vrida
vredo
dto
vridit
widen
dten
twist
d'ta
Liter
atit
eat
Remarks on
The
Infinitive.
First Conjugation: ait tala, att Italia, att bada. Second Conjugation: att Itopci, att bdja, att soka.
Third Conjugation: att bo, att tro, att sy, att fa. Fourth Conjugation: att binda, att Jsomma, att bita.
The
Infinitive
ends in
-a
in the 1st,
another
vowel than
-a.
216.
The Present.
Singular.
First Conjugation: jag talar, jag kallar, jag badar. Second Conjugation: jag kb'per, jag bojer, jag sober.
Third Conjugation: jag bor, jag tror, jog syr, jag far. Fourth Conjugation: jag binder, jag Itommer, jag biter.
the
1st
Conjugation ends
of
of
of
150
Plural.
Second Conjugation: vi ko'pa, vi bdja, vi soka. Third Conjugation: vi bo, vi tro, vi sy, vi ga. Fourth Conjugation: vi binda, vi komma, vi bita.
The Present
tive.
plural has the same form as the InfiniException: vi tiro we are (Infinitive: vani).
217.
The
Past.
Singular.
First
Conjugation: jag talade, jag ballade, jag badttde. Second Conjugation: jag kb'pte, jag bojde, jag sokte. Third Conjugation: jag bodde, jag trodde, jag sydde. Fourth Conjugation: jag land, jag ~kom, jag let.
The Past singular of the 1st Conjugation ends in -ttde. The Past singular of the 2nd Conjugation ends in
-de or
~te.
The Past singular of the 3rd Conjugation ends in -dfle. The Past singular of the 4th Conjugation has no termination.
Plural.
Second Conjugation: vi kopte, vi bojde, vi sokte. Third Conjugation: vi bodde, vi trodde, vi syddc. Fourth Conjugation: vi bundo, vi kommo, vi beto.
as the singular. has of the 4th Conjugation ends in The Past plural
151
218.
The Imperative.
Italia, bada. Second Conjugation: kop, boj, sok. Third Conjugation: bo, tro, sy, gd. Fourth Conjugation: bind, Jcom, bit.
The Imperative
the
of the 1st
The Imperative of the 2nd and 4th Conjugations like the Infinitive minus -a.
219.
The Supine.
Second Conjugation: hopt, bojt, sokt. Third Conjugation: bo tt, trott, sytt, gait. Fourth Conjugation: bundit, kommit, bitit.
Supine of the .1st Conjugation Supine of the 2nd Conjugation Supine of the 3rd Conjugation Supine of the 4th Conjugation The Supine cannot be inflected.
ends in ends in
-at.
-t.
ends in ends in
-tt.
-it.
220.
The Past
Participle.
is inflected
The Past
like
Participle of all
Adjective.
the conjugations
is
an ordinary
the
and -a
in
The
definite
form
definite
In the First Conjugation, however, the plural and the form of the Past Participle take -e instead of -a.
M., F.
and
C.
Xeuter
Jcallat
leapt
Plural
First Conjugation:
Itallad
ki'>j>t
kallade
Itopta
Second Conjugation:
bojd
bojt
trott
hnjdft
trodd
trodda
bunchta
in
bnndcn
bnndct
Participle of the 1st Conjugation ends ad. The Past Participle of the 2nd Conjugation ends
t
The Past
in
or -d.
The Past
Participle of the 3rd Conjugation ends in -dd. The Past Participle of the 4th Conjugation ends in -en.
221.
The Present
Participle.
badaude.
Second Conjugation: Mpande, bojtuide, sokande. Third Conjugation: bocnde, troende, syende, gdende. Fourth Conjugation: bihdande, kommande, bitatide.
The Present
jugations ends in -ande. The Present Participle of the 3rd Conjugation ends
in
-cnde.
Subjunctive,
The special forms of the Subjunctive are gradually out of use in modern Swedish. Very few are retained falling in the spoken language. They all end in -1*. -l'li\. The Present Subjunctive is formed by replacing the
222.
-ft
of the Infinitive
by
-c
153
Infinitive
ait leva
vd Isign a
v a Isiyn e
vara Jcomma
224.
vare
komine
The
is
Conjugations
trodde.
Past Subjunctive of the First, Second and Third like the Past Indicative, c. g.: talade, Uopte,
% 225.
The
formed
by
Subjunctive of the Fourth Conjugation is replacing the -o of the plural Past Indicative
Past
by
-c.
vi
vi vi
vi
(ait se)
gdvo sago
voro
fingo
(att vara)
(att fa)
226.
Leve lionungen! Gud vare med dig! Vare d armed huru som
heist.
Rddde
Ske
din vilje!
Long live the King! God be with you! Be that as it may. Let him save himself who Thy will be done!
I
can!
bleve
wish
iner!
it
Om Om
Om
If I
If
sen genast.
take
skulle
tid-
mdncn fimnes,
finnas
If
the
there
moon
did
not
exist,
det
inte
nagot
would be no
tide.
vatten.
Passive Voice.
227.
The
the
Passive
is
forms
of
Verb.
-s.
If the
to the
-r,
active
-r is
the
dropped before
228.
1st Conjugation.
Present
Past
called
am
we
are called
Present Perfect
I have been
I had been
vi
been
called
vi skola (komma
att)
kallas
we
shall be called
(Past Participle:
229.
If the active
tions) the -e is
form ends in -er (second and fourth conjugagenerally dropped before -s, except in literary
and formal
style.
155
Ex.: det
clet
hors
(liores) it is
it is
heard; hidden;
spread.
it is
Infinitive
Present
att
hop as
bought
kdp(e)s
boj(e)s
pi.
kopas
bojas
tros
to be
tros
bind(e)s
bryt(e)s
bindas
brytas
bound
Past
Supine
k&pts
bojts
trotts
pi.
bands
brots
bundos
brotos
bundits
brutits
Yoice.
in colloquial
speech.
English.
231.
as a rule, be
of a passive sentence.
told so.
\Man
Itar
I have been 11
(It
det.)
jl
tvcl
tavlor.)
156
232.
When
there are
two Direct
a thing
avoid the
Jag
T Jan
fick lara
~
,
miq en mi dans.
o
(I
{
I
A
A
fick trc
frag or.
<*
[I
I
was taught a new dance. new dance was taught me. was asked three questions.
233. Verb followed by a Preposition cannot be turned into the Passive Voice, unless the Preposition forms part of a Separable Verb.
Man kommer
sakert
att
ta
He
is
of.
hand om lionom.
skrattade at hennc.
far intc undra pa det. har inte sett efter licnne
It
She was laughed at. must not be wondered at. She has not been properly
looked after.
ordentligt.
But: motet
locket
sicotrt
upp
poned;
sJtruvades
etc.
pd
was
screwed on,
234.
An
'remain', 'leave',
in
English passive infinitive after the verbs 'be', corresponds to an active infinitive in Swedish
Vad dr att gora? Det var att vanta. Vad dterstdr att </6ra? Utstallningen Idmnade dtskillint dvrigt
What
It
is to
to
be done?
was
What
deal
The exhibition
to
great
att onttka.
tttod
be desired.
Foljande
historia
att
The following
paper.
lasa
en StockJtolmtidni)t(/.
157
Where
is
bokcn?
Delta hus ar till salii.
(Note.
235.
This house
is to
be sold.)
'cause', 'command', 'order', 'direct', followed by an accusative and a passive infinitive are translated by Idta and an active infinitive in Swedish.
The verbs
Han
lat riva
liuset.
He had
Ordfdranden
mantrade.
lilt
upplasa pro-
tokollet over
foregdende sam-
The verb-forms
in
reciprocal action.
DC mottcs
pel bron.
They met on
Vi hjalptes at.
De foljdes at
Vi ses
Vill
till
stationen.
We
the
station.
om
fredag.
-s!)
du ftldss? (double
Will you
fight?
237.
active meaning.
Ndsslan branns.
Han
He
Do Do
is
The dog
not
not push!
238.
Deponent Verbs.
#-ibrms.
They
Jag Jean inte atidtts. Jag lioppas, aft lian kommer. Jag minus inte, vad lian sade.
I cannot breathe.
lyckas
succeed,
sick,
Iras
krakas be
synas appear,
Periphrastic Forms.
239.
verbs
verb.
The Passive Voice is also formed by the auxiliary bliva or vara and the Past Participle of the main
colloquial
In
much
as
possible.
{Han fir dlsltatl av alia. .... 77 (Han dfskaa av alia. liar IMvit void till riks'
He
is
loved by everybody.
He
riksdags-
Mem-
ber of Parliament.
It is difficult to give any simple rules as to the 240. use of the s-forms and the periphrastic forms. In order to know when to use the periphrastic forms it is
necessary
action
which
change
that
distinguish between (1.) Verbs that denote an is not continued indefinitely but implies a of a state or leads to a cessation, and (2.) Verbs
to
denote
continued
action without
reference
to
change
of state or to a cessation.
159
Verbs of the
tion,
first
category
of duration.
may
be called verbs
of transi-
Examples of verbs of transition: somna go to sleep, valma wake up, tanda light, Idgga lay, bliva become, flytta remove. Examples of verbs of duration: sova sleep, vaka keep awake,
brinna burn, ligga
lie,
vara
be,
241.
1.
A.
Transition.
Present: x-form
the rule.
Ljusen
lighted,
and
lijdlp-
The Supine
is
without distinction.
(Han tof/ft till fdnga. [Han blev to gen till fdnga. lades at sidan. blevo lagda at siPapperen dan. {Papperen
He was
taken prisoner.
aside.
N.B. Periphrastic forms with vara in the Present and the Past indicate completed action, the result of which still
remains or remained.
Himlen ar (var)
moln.
tdcM
av
The sky
clouds.
is
The sky
is
100
Stolen
var
Iftt/trd.
The
chair
was
(or:
had been)
mended.
3.
Present
Perfect
.s'-forms
and
peri-
Han
hade blivit
not varit!)
He had been
killed (shot).
skjuten.
fect
in the
Present Per-
now broken
(was)
still
taking place.
Han
7iar varit
forlovad
He
sju dr.
years.
242.
1.
B.
Present and Past: s-forms and periphrastic forms with vara denote proceeding action.
He
is
tarna.
\Ilan tir
\
fruktad
av undcr-
sdtarna.
He was
feared
by
his subjects.
N.B. Jilir fruktad denotes beg inning action in the future ("will be feared"), itlrr fruktad denotes beginning action in the past ( 'came to be feared").
%
161
2.
Present Perfect and Past Perfect: s-forms and periphrastic forms with vara and bliva are interchangeable.
243.
C.
1.
Skall, followed by
denotes Pre-
arrangement,
is
Wish
Ett
till
or
Demand.
One regiment
to
be sent to
South Africa.
2.
Promise, Assurance.
Han
3.
shall
bli(va) val
mot-
He
tagen.
#-form denote
Ne-
be
well
sent
shaken before
torde
Anmdlningar
till
sdndas
undertecknad.
4.
Mdste, bor, torde, followed by a periphrastic forn with bliva often denote Supposition or Probability.
Partiet
The consignment
Kindly
inom en vecka.
(Compare: Partiet torde av-
sdndas inom
vecka.
en
11
222444.
162
Present
The Present
in
the
is often used instead of the Future, especially case of Verbs of Motion and the verb bliva to be, to
become,
when a
sense of futurity
is
He will come to-morrow. Han komtner i morgon. The boat will leave next week. Eaten gar nasta vecka. Will you be back by five? ni tillbaka till klocKo miner
kan o? Det blir morkt om en
stund.
liten
It
will
be
dark in a
little
while.
of Present instead of Past in the following
When
juni 1888.
I
of
June, 1888.
245.
Past.
to
var
i
roligt,
att
du gick
du
inte
am
examen.
att
am
att
du
inte
It's
pa
dct,
medan han
of
var har.
163
246.
Present Perfect.
often
Swedish
Past,
Present
in
Perfect
sentences
dig del?
Who
taught you that? Did you sleep well last night? Did you ever see such a thing
before?
Har
ndgon varit
har,
medan
Did anyone
out?
call
while I was
am
ed
fardig.
are
ready.
247.
Future.
Swedish
You
er on.
inte
Dei hoininer
vdr
livstid.
att ske
It will not
happen
in our life-
time.
248.
The Future in the past is used as in English. Sometimes the Past Subjunctive, or the Past Perfect Subjunctive, is used instead of the Future in the past.
164
Jag skulle inte yora det, om jag vore som du. Ni skulle gora mig mycket forbunden genom att gora mig denna tjd'nst. Jag vore tacksam for svar sd snart som mojligt.
Det hade varit battre, om hade stannat hemma.
vi
should
you.
not do
it
if I
were
You would
by
I
should
reply
at
thankful for a
earliest con-
your
venience.
It
if
we had stayed
at home.
N.B.
in the second
]n English should is used in the first person, would and third persons. In Swedish ftJculle is used
249.
Continuous Form.
Swedish has no special Continuous Form. 'I am writing' rendered by jag skriver or jag hdller pd att skriva (lit. I keep on to write).
is
Jag har last hela dagen. En ny kyrka hdller pd att bygga*. Jag steall yd pa
teatern
i
A
I
kvall.
am
night.
(or
na'r
vad
It
oil
jag Icom
Skall, skulle.
250.
Shall
notion
of Intention
165
in
in
all
the
three persons and so corresponds to English "will" second and third persons. If no Intention is imthe
plied, shall.
Future
is
expressed by
hammer
att instead of
Skulle
indicates
Future in the
I
past.
Jag shall (kommer att) se till, ail han far tillbaka sina
pengar.
will
(shall)
see
to it that
utstdll-
The King
att oppna
i
Kungen
hommer
Han shall
kvall.
Han reser inte forrein i kvall. Han hommer inte att resa
for ran
kvall.
i
He
till
to-night.
kvall.
Han tanker
i
Jag
sjalv,
myyour
to
-- I will. parents.
Han
han
inte
shulle
att
He promised
not repeat
I
that
it.
he would
gora om
Jag hade foresatt mig, shulle gora det. Jag shulle just ga
du kom.
251.
jag
ut,
ndr
had made up my mind that I would do it. I was just going out when
you came.
Skall
is
also
used
or
to indicate
dependence on
another
ment,
person's
Will
on
Previous Arrange-
166
Shall jag
Du shall
window?
Thou
shalt not
is
kill.
What
be?
Vad shall jag gora? Vi shola traffas vid stationen. Kungen shulle vara ndrvarande.
What am
We
to be present.
lish
in Conditional Clauses
where Eng-
Jag
do
not
happen
he were to try.
As
a rule skulle
is
lish,
after
verbs
is
Opinion, a pity',
such as
'it
am
glad',
'it
regret', 'I
etc.
am
surprised',
'it
is strange',
is possible',
Det dr synd (jag beklagar), att han shall vara sd dum. Det dr synd, att han har
f/jort
dct.
Ar
han
iir en
tjuv?
N.13.
to',
'I
should be such a fool. is a pity that he should have done it. Is it possible that he should be a thief?
'I
shall',
'I
will',
'I
am going
to',
'I
am about
to',
on the point of, 'I am to', 'I am supposed all correspond to jay shall in Swedish.
am
II.
Vill, ville.
Vill is not used to indicate Future as in EngHan lish; it is only used to express a Wish or a Desire. vill corresponds to English 'he will', 'he wants to', 'he
254.
167
is
willing
to',
'he
wishes
to',
'he desires
to',
'he likes',
Vill ni folja
med
till
statio,
to the
att
han
skulle
vilja
Do you
I
go'ra d<t?
to do it?
ingenjor.
~bli
want
an engineer.
(pleases,
tii?
Han
Jag ville
255.
Me
besva'ra
honom.
I did not
want
to trouble him.
In English the verbs 'want' and 'like' are often by an Accusative with the Infinitive. This construction cannot be used in Swedish after vill. It must be
followed
translated
att*
Han
Jag
ville
He
I
did not
want me
to
know
veta det.
skulle inte vilja, att
it.
han
gjorde det.
256.
When
English
'will'
expresses Natural
Propensity
Habit, it is not translated by vill but by the Present of the main verb; 'would' is rendered by brukade (used to),
or
och
He would
gora ingenting. Pojkar aro nu en gang pojkar. Sedan brukade han ta av sig
rocken och borja. Han brukade skicka jungfrun efter
for
off his
50 ore
spik, etc.
coat and begin. He would send the girl out for sixpen'orth of nails, etc.
168
257.
1.
111.
es a
Wish
md
or
indtte when
it
express-
Md
(indtte) du
Huru ddrmed an
sig.
2.
md
May you
However
be happy.
that
forJidlla
may
be.
'May'
is
translated by
kan when
it
expresses a Polite
Demand.
Ni Uan gdrna gora det nu. Ni Jean gdrna saga at honom,
att
it
now.
I
that
jag
vill trdffa
Jwnom.
is
3.
'May', 'might'
when
it
expresses an Intention.
Han
gjorde
det,
se,
for
att
de
He
did
it
hur skicklig
how
clever he was.
the
help
bility.
Det Det
It
It
may
happen.
might happen.
do
it if
Han Ttanske
ber honom.
om
ni
He may
Ni Jtunde gora
Det dr
5.
er ilia.
kanske
'May'
is
inte sant.
translated
expresses Per-
mission.
Far
jag lesvdra
om
senapen.
May
trouble
you
for
the
mustard.
169
Far
-
Mr
du.
boken?
May
borrow
this
book?
far
Nej, det
far du
inte.
258.
IV.
in
'Must' corresponds to mdste, which form is used not only the Present but also in the Past and the Future,
to',
or 'shall
have
to'.
He must leave at once. He had to leave yesterday. He will have to leave next He
week. has been obliged to leave.
mast
resa.
is
N.B.
'Must not'
translated by
far
icJce,
when
it ex-
det.
You must
not do that.
V.
259.
Ldta.
in
Ldta
(2.)
is
used
two
different
senses:
(1.)
"to
allow" and
1.
"to cause".
Allow me to help you. Ldt mig hjdlpa dig. Ldt Jionom inte komma in. Do not let him come in. Han later inte overtala sig. He will not be persuaded. He suffered (permitted, allowHan lat overtala sig.
ed) himself to be persuaded.
Ldt
2.
inte
mig stora
er.
Do
not
let
me
interrupt you.
Ordforanden
koll.
Han
slavar.
170
Jag
shall
Idta gora en ny
roc-
am
kostym.
mend my
de-
coat.
Generalen
toren.
Hit
skjuta
deser-
Har jag
Idtit er vanta?
Have
I kept
you waiting?
Infinitive, Participle
and
Supine.
I.
The
is,
Infinitive.
as a rule, preceded
260.
The
Infinitive
by
att.
He made me
to die.
laugh.
att
261.
When
it is
till
the Infinitive
or
Purpose,
reste
ha'lsa
preceded by
staden
for
Han
att
in
for
He went up
town
to see
pa
sin dotter.
Han
reste till
Paris
till
for att
att gora
studera musik.
Tra anvandes
papper
av.
ett
Wood
He
I
Han
Jag
skrev
brevkort
for att
sjuk.
han var
borta
that he was
mig
for att
kept
away
so
as
not
to
disturb them.
The Infinitive is used without att: after the Auxiliary Verbs (skall, vill, kan, bor, far, mdtfte, etc.).
262.
I.
It
171
after the following Verbs: tdnka think, hoppas hope, tyckas seem, synas seem, brnka be in the habit of, behova need, onska wish, and a few others.
2.
Nar tanker
When
hoI
are
you leaving?
Han
vara
sant.
It does not
seem
to be true.
hoppa
simma.
over
He He He
tried
to
jump
over the
gate.
Han Idrde
Jag Idrde
sig
honom
sitnma.
en prome-
I taught
him (how)
to
to
swim.
Han brukade ta
used
nad fore frukosten. Vad vill ni veta? Skrivm askinen behover smorjas.
fore breakfast.
What
pa
dem.
i
them.
skriva
De,
tavlingen,
sina
namn pa
Those who want to take part in the match are asked to put their names on the list.
3. In the constructions Accusative with the Infinitive and Nominative with the Infinitive.
Ndgon hordes
vissla.
I heard
is
263. In the following cases an English Infinitive rendered by a full Subordinate Clause in Swedish:
1.
Det ar
genast.
att ni
gor
det
You had
better do
it
at once.
172
2. When English has an Accusative with the Infinitive after the verbs 'want', 'like', 'expect', 'wish', 'desire',
'require'.
Vad mil
t/or a?
ni,
att
han
shall
What do you want him to do? What would you like him to
do?
What
him
do
you wish
(desire)
to
to do?
England
gor
var man
followed by
han
for
him
han
am
Pa den
liyt,
att
vandarner rokte
smoke
cigar etter.
or
an Ordinal
Han
var
sista)
5.
He was
to
the
attempt
Jag var
honom.
was a
Ni
vore
dum,
oin ni trodde
vara sd
You would
lieve
it.
be
a fool to be-
dtt.
dum, How
could
he be so foolish
han trodde
det?
as to believe it? or
173
vad jag
inte,
skull
I do not
know what
not
to do.
Han
Han
visste
hur han He
it.
did
know how
to do
skulle bdra
var osaker
sig at.
pa om
till,
lian
He was
do
it
uncertain whether to
or not.
ndr ni
I will tell
you when
to stop.
Det
att
han He
is
not likely to do
sure to come.
it.
gb'r
Det ar
sakert,
att
han kom- He
is
mer.
264. The English Gerund Infinitive in Swedish.
is, as a rule,
rendered by an
till
att
It is
no use trying.
forsoka.
Han
kunde skratta.
inte
He
Has
regna?
it stopped raining? Don't put otf writing! I have the pleasure of sending
enclosed price-list.
I
Jag foredrar att resa med dngbdt framfor att dka med
tag.
prefer going
by steamer
train.
to
travelling
by
Han
Det
dr sysselsatt
brev.
med
vdrt
att
att
He
It
is
busy writing
letters.
skriva
dr
knappast
is
namnas.
Det dr omojligt att veta, vad som skulle kunna handa.
ing.
There
no
knowing what
might happen.
174
upp
tidigt.
When
Noun governed by
clause in Swedish.
by a
full
English
contracted
in Swedish.
sentences
are
by a
full clause
Att jag
mig.
fir
svag, ger
att
er in-
My
gen rattighet
forolampa
you no
Han
att
tog
bort knappcn,
utan
He removed
pojken sag
gillade
inte,
det.
Hon
att
unga
out the boy's seeing it. She did not approve of young
girls
being
idle.
jag
Idtit er vdnta.
hope you will excuse my having kept you waiting. The King was pleased with
the place owing to so secluded.
its
being
Dd han
och mig
On
and me
fir ma bli-
Eftersom Eder
vi
gdrna
266.
Your firm having been recommended to us, we should like to know etc.
often governed by a Prepo-
An
Infinitive
is
sition in Swedish.
Han
Jcet.
har
forstort
genom
Han
tdnka.
Lyckan
gott.
He
has
eyes
by
gjorde
utan
att
att
He
did
it
without thinking.
consists
in
bcstdr
gora
Happiness
doing
Hon
175
Efter att ha atit mid lag gick hon upp pa sitt rum.
267.
A
lita
Subordinate Clause
in Swedish.
often
governed by
Preposition
Kan
Ar
ar
jag
pa
Can
mer?
ni saber
ute.
pa
det.
not out.
Han
gick
utnn
oss
att
jag
He went
it.
without
my knowing
visste om
Han pdminde
var tid
att
om
att det
He reminded
ga hem.
av
us that it was time to go home. I congratulated him on the fact that he had got the first
prize in the competition.
tdvlingen.
Han
var overtygad
om
att
He was
rain.
convinced
it
would
268.
Infinitive.
komma
Infinitive is often used after the hora hear, befall a command, Idta let, tillata allow, see, make, cause, anse consider, and a few others.
I
1 Jog sag honom komma. J Jag sag, att han kom. Jag har hdrt henne sjunga. Han befallde dem att stanna.
Han
lat
mig
det,
fortsdtta.
He He
Det var
som
kom mig
That
I
consider
tent.
him
to
be compe-
(Passive
Voice:
rik.
Han anses He
is
considered to be rich.)
vara
176
N.B.
verbs
English Accusative with the Infinitive after expressing Will or Wish must be translated by an
An
aff-clause.
Jag
vill
Me,
att
han
skall
att vi
I do not
want him
to come.
komma.
Han simile gdrna vilja, stannade kvar.
He would
like us to stay on.
An English Accusative with the Infinitive after 269. verbs like "think", "know", "prove", "take", etc. must be translated
by an
aff-clause.
Jag
bevisade, att
han hade
var
ett
I proved
him
it
to
be wrong.
oratt.
Ron
trodde,
att det
She took
to be a joke.
skamt.
270.
The verbs
tro
mena
consider,
saga say, pdstd contend, fdrsdkra assure, and vanta wait, are often followed by a Reflexive Pronoun and an Infinitive.
Jag tyckte
sjunga.
mig
(Jag
tyckte, att
thought
singing.
heard somebody
He
said he
knew what
it
was.
det
var.
(Han
.
pdstod,
.
att
han visste, vad .) Jag vdntade miy inte att trciffa honom ddr.
meet him
177
II.
The Present
Participle.
English verb followed by a Present Participle corresponds to two coordinated verbs or a verb followed by an Infinitive or an Accusative with the Infinitive in Swedish.
271.
An
often
Han
brukar sitta
sent
uppe och He
is in
Idsa
om
ndtterna.
up
Han
He went on
I
talade).
Forldt,
jag
liar
latit er
am
vanta.
Jag horde honom sjunga.
272.
waiting.
I heard
him
singing.
komma
sno-
snow-
273. Contracted Sentences (Participial Constructions) should be avoided in Swedish and substituted by full sentences.
Han
slwev
ett
brevkort
och
sjuk.
He wrote
that he
Seeing that
post-card saying
ill.
Da
talade om,
omojligt,
att
han var
det
was
it
it
Jian sag, att gav han upp det. Sedan han hdllit detta tal, Idmnade han motet.
statio-
var
was impossible,
up.
he gave
Having
delivered
that
speech,
he
left the
Om Gad
later.
till-
and weather
per-
225444.
178
III.
The Past
Participle.
In Swedish the Past Participle is not used after auxiliary verb liava to form compound tenses (Present Perfect and Past Perfect). For this purpose the Supine is used. The Past Participle is used as an Epithet or a Predicative Adjective, mostly after the verbs vara, bliva, and is declined as an Adjective.
274.
the
for
was introduced
party.
is
to
him
at a
pa
en bj'udning.
Middagen iir server ad. En fallen kung. Jag vill inte fa min liatt och min kostym forstorda av
regnet.
Dinner
served.
fallen king.
I do not
want
to
have
my
hat
and
rain.
my
suit spoilt
by the
Pengarna
tiro
stulna.
liar
De
voro icke
vdntade.
blivit
Foreld'sningen
The money is stolen. They were not expected. The lecture has been postponed.
uppskjuten.
Jag kan go'ra mig forstddd. Ett brutet lofte.
Brevet dr skrivet. Fienderna blevo slagna.
I can
Den
The letter is written. The enemy were beaten. The so-called matriculation
examination.
Det overyivna
huset.
IV.
275.
to
The Supine.
only used after the auxiliary verb compound tenses (Present Perfect and Past It is indeclinable. After the auxiliary verbs vara Perfect). and bliva the Past Participle must be used instead of the
is
The Supine
hava
form
Supine.
179
Supine.
Past Participle.
brev.
ett
Brevet
Or skrivet.
The
letter is written.
Han horde ha stdngt dorren. Dorren horde vara stdngd. He ought to have shut the door. The door ought to be shut.
fa
He
Many
en.
en few.
Jag har inte sett till honom. I have seen nothing of him.
Han
De
He was
ner
De ha lagat
sina maskiner.
their
Itunde inte
fa
not
sina
masMtheir
lagade.
could
get
ma-
They
machines mended.
Vi
ha
inte
hart
talet.
gora siy
We
lofte.
De bruttia
loftena.
their pro-
Floderna
ha
The
rivers
De frusna
The
floderna.
frozen rivers.
aldrig
Jag har
men.
aldrig
varit
I have never
worn the
The
been worn.
Vi ha blivit overrasJtade.
sur-
We
prise.
Who
The shoes
180
276. In Subordinate Clauses the Supine is sometimes used without an auxiliary verb to form Present Perfect and Past Perfect.
Han
He answered
been asked.
before
he
had
suc-
ttllft'dgad.
De hade
kanske lyckats, om de
litet
forsvkt
tidigare.
they had
tried
little earlier.
(not fyllde)
sd.
tears.
The
Fly
Slappa iipp
pappersdrake.
(not
flygd) en
a kite.
in the stoves.
Man branner
ugnarna. Veden brinner.
278.
ved
kakel-
transitive
kdrnpa
verbs that are transitive in English are ine. g.: gd in i ett rum enter a room, emot ndgon fight somebody, gd in vid armen join the
in
Some
Swedish,
Reflexive Verbs.
279.
Some
verbs
e.
that
g.: avhdlla siy abstain, visa sig appear turn out), ndrma sig approach, fordndra sig change, (prove, bekltif/d Nig complain, forestdlla sig fancy, imagine, lara sig
reflexive in Swedish,
181
learn,
kdnna
att
han hade
rik-
It
Om
det
If
proves correct.
tigt.
De ha
fordndrat sig
over att
mycket.
Ni
Jean
forestdlla er vdr
for-
our
sur-
vdnirtg.
Han Idrde
mdnader.
sig franska pa
tre
ined en prdst.
inte riktigt
He
De rorde sig
inte.
They
En
stranger,
.ed out)
Spain.
Har du
Jag kan
gora
tin drat
inte
dig?
att
dtaga mig
det.
Compound
280.
Verbs.
of a
Verb + a
Prefix,
a Noun, an Adjective, an Adverb or a Preposition) are divided into Separable and Inseparable Verbs.
281.
um-,
und-, van-,
a-.
182
Ex.:
ariklaga
accuse,
dismiss, st-ammo, be
erkdnna
descended,
cooperate,
mittstaga sig
mistaken,
samarbeta
umgds
associate,
undkomma
dtaga sig undertake. Note 1. Most of these verbs are borrowed from the German. Note 2. The prefixes be-, ent- and for- are unstressed and the Verb has Tone I.
Ex.: befalla command, forstd understand. Verbs compounded with the other prefixes have Tone II with principal stress on the prefix.
Ex
Note
an falia attack, bispringa succour. A few verbs compounded with an- are separable. 3.
283.
Compare
282.
Compound Verbs
not
prefixes mentioned in
or.igenkdnna
or fiortka&ta
recognise
mcd
sonder
gd
till
slita
tola
om
183
Ex.:
frambringa produce, inverka (pa) influence, overgiva abandon, fortlygga prevent, emotse await, forbise
overlook,
etc.
In some Compound Verbs the inseparable form 283. has a different meaning from the separable form. Compare:
Vad star
pd?
the conversaliar?
tion.
gdr
inte
for
sig.
Hur star
det till?
How
Det
do you do?
gdr an.
What is happening here? Han tillstdr sitt fel He admits his fault. Det angdr oss inte.
It does not concern us.
It will do.
De gingo under.
They
Note
separable
284.
Hon undergicU
dndring.
en stor for-
perished.
1.
when used
The Present and Past Participles of ComVerbs are inseparable. Compare: pound Han blev utltord. Jag Uorde ut Jionom. He was turned out. I turned him out. De valde om honom. Han liar blivit omvald. He has been re-elected. They re-elected him. Det omtalade dokumentet. Tola inte oin det! The above-mentioned docuDo not mention it!
Vilka ord ha ni strukit
over?
you
Which
words
have
No words
crossed out?
184
De
blevo genast
igenkanda.
recognised
at
They
once.
were
for-
De
handlingarna.
in
Det sonderslagna
fonstrct.
The Adverb.
are formed from the by adding - (the Adverb being corresponding Adjectives like the neuter form of the Adjective). Compare:
285.
great
many Adverbs
En
vacker
villa.
A
belagen
beautiful villa.
villa
Villan var
vackert
The
was beautifully
sit-
uated.
En
En
De
careful person.
carefully done.
gjort.
trogen van.
foljde
faithful friend.
faith-
honom
trof/et.
286.
Hon
ar fortjiisande
sot.
She
is
awfully
(lit.
charming-
ly) pretty.
Det ar
rasande
svdrt.
It is frightfully difficult.
185
287.
be
divided into
heir,
nu now
da, sedan then sa so
hdrifrdn from here ddr ifran from there hdrav from this ddrav from that
hdruti, hdri in this
ddrom
of that
ddrigenom by that
2.
ddr, dit, (varest) where vari wherein, in which varav whereof, of which
lated
trans-
are!
how?
why?
whereto?
a Preposition, such as
of
var and
Indefinite
Adverbs are:
ndgonstddes somewhere
ingenstddes nowhere annorhinda otherwise
heist
anyhow
anywhere anywhere
heist
som
heist to
186
5.
Indefinite
e.
g.:
vill!
like!
is in
dr han.
vtigen.
Whereever he
is,
he
the
Indefinite Relative
Hur
Hur
det
an
gar.
Vare harmed
rik
heist.
sig,
The adverb ja yes, answers to a question expressed affirmatively; Jo yes, answers to a question
expressed negatively,
Vill ni
ha
ett tipple?
Jatack.
apple?
-
Vill
ni
inte ha
ett
nog inte.
also
Jo,
am
Yes, he will.
corresponds
det dr
Jo
to
English
is
"oh",
"why",
it is
Vad dr
det ddr?
Jo,
What
that?
Oh,
en skrivmaskin.
type-writer.
Comparison.
Adverbs derived from Adjectives form their Degrees of Comparison in the same way as the Adjectives.
290.
Ex.:
snabbt quickly
lf/f/t
snabbare
lagre
snabbast
lagst
lowly
187
291.
ofta often
fort
veil,
may
also be
compared:
oftast
fortare
bd'ttre
fortast
bast
vdrst
ilia
badly
willingly
varre
garna
hellre rather
heist preferably
ndra near
292.
narmare
narmast
one form when used in con-
a Verb of Motion (indicating Direction) and a different form when used in connection with a Verb of Rest.
nection with
J 1
ar ute.
far reste
My
He
yet.
Han
i
varit
a'r
borta sedan
inte
has been
away
is
since yes-
hemma
terday
yet.
and
not
to?
home
Vart
Var
han ar han?
hit!
heir.
rest?
Kom
Han
Jag ar
Stanna
am
here.
skulle.
have gone.
Rest
upp up
ner (ned) dit there
uppe
down
nere dar
fram forward
framtne
188
293. in
exact equivalents
nog, val, eller hur, gdrna, hellre, heist, ju, desto, visserligen, namligent kvar. ju The following examples show their use.
English,
.
g.:
Det
blir
nog
regn
morgon.
am
afraid
it
morrow.
Han
vet
Ni har
rest?
knows
it yet.
Han
Ni gdr
veil nied
pa
teatern
You
eller
hur?
the
you not?
Jag stannar lika ma.
gdrna
hem-
home.
stannar heist (hellre) hemma. Ju forr desto bdttre. Jag kan ju inte veta, vad han
Jag
think-
tanker pa.
can I?
Jag har ju
forr.
Han
jag,
He
but
I
yngre
younger.
val.
We
you
namligen
kvar
kvar
skolkam-
to school together,
all
Snon
ligger
hela som-
the sum-
maren.
Ar
det ndgot
flaskan?
189
294.
understand)
is
Det
visste
He
didn't
know
it,
of course.
also
The adverbs redan already, and forst first, are 295. used in the sense of "even" and "only" in expressions
som barn skrev han
i
Hedan
Even
els.
romaner.
morse.
Da
and sedan.
English "then" is translated by dd when it means "at that moment", or "in that case". English "then" is translated by sedan when it means
"after that", "subsequently".
Just
dd
fick
tjur.
Dd
En
dag
sJculle
balskogen efter mat. till sig alia killinglade hon arna och sade: 0m vargen
Dd
One day the goat was going out into the wood to get some food. Then she called
all the kids and said: "If the wolf comes, do not open the door, for then he will - "We will take eat you." answered the kids. -
kommer, sa oppna inte, for Vi dd ater han upp er. ska nog akta oss, svarade
killing arna.
Dd
i
brdkte
care",
skogen.
Vargen gick forst till en handelsman och kopte ett sty eke krita Sedan gick han en bag are och bad hotill
.
.
Then the goat bleated and went out into the wood. The wolf first went to a shopkeeper and bought a piece Then he went of chalk and asked him to a baker to put some dough on his
.
nom
stryka
lite
deg
pa
tas-
190
sen.
till
paw.
miller
nom
sen.
stro
lite
mjol
pa
tas-
Sedan
Then he went to a and asked him to sprinkle some flour on his paw. Then he went back and knocked at the door.
. .
.
Vad
skola vi gora,
om
vi
det reg-
What shall we do
Then we
if it
rains?
nar?
Da
stanna
hemma.
gick
Han drack en kopp te och sedan och lade sig. Och sedan dd?
N. B. Sedan and da See S 303 and 304.
He drank
And
may
then?
Conjunctions.
297.
are:
och and
innan before
. .
(lika)
.
. .
som
.
.
and
.
. .
liksom
som as well ... as eller neither nor varken utan (ocksd) not icke endast
saval
.
(icke sd)
som om as an than
as
only
icke
...
.
blott
.
.
.
only
dels
.
.
pa pa
det att that, in order that det att icke lest, so that -
dels partly
partly
not
an
...
an now
now
.
.
.
darfor
or
att\
>
J
eller or
emedan
because
men but
utan but
ty for
att
c?a,
eftersom | alldenstund]
cnar
as, since
dd
that
nd'r
when
att
if
ndrhelst whenever
om
while
r..
...
bara
...
>
as long as
191
(just) som,
det ait as
om
hur
som as
om, huruvida
Han Han
bo
a'r
fatfig
men
hederlig.
liar
mdste
He He
an hos den
an hos
poor but honest. has no home but is obliged to stay now with one
is
now with
latives.
another of his
re-
Men
a
is
utan
is
used after
negative phrase
For.
"Du kan
ten.
for
du ar en bra
you are
elf.
said the
is
In conversation for
300.
Min
ar
bror
ligger
dag.
inte
is in is
namligen
riktigt
bra.
Namligen, which
to "for" or
is
"because"
Sd.
Vdnta
lite,
sd
far ni se!
i
Wait
little
Om
ni
gar
dit
morgon, sd
trdffar ni honom.
192
Sd, corresponding
to
English "and",
etc.
is
Sd without any
English, often introduces a Prinsponding Conjunction Clause following a Conditional Clause. In both cases cipal sd may be left out.
302.
The translation of
"as".
is
Hon
dr
lika
snail
som
be-
She
er.
is
as good as she
as soon as
clev-
gdvad.
Kom sd snart
(som) ni kan! Vi gingo iinda till slottet. Silver dr inte sd dyrt som
och dog
Come
We
you can!
walked
is
Silver
not so valuable as
som
pro-
gold. He lived
tant.
Som (medan,
ddr, sag jag
*
As
man
floden.
(Efter)som
jag inte hade ndgra pengar, (sd) kunde jag inte kopa bdten.
As
had no money,
I could
As
= lika,
sd, bast,
som, eftersom.
303.
Distinguish between
the
(1)
da then, and
(2)
da when,
as.
the
2.
Then
it
doesn't matter.
Dd
Then they went home. When they went home, an accident happened. As I had no money, I could
not go.
resa.
198
Then
och
the
trad.
up into a tree. When the fox opened his mouth,. the cock flew up into a
tree.
>?
H04.
Sedan.
a (2)
Xwlaii
(;>)
may
be an
(1)
Adverb,
en
Conjunction
or
Preposition.
1.
Sedan
f/ick
han
till
Then he went
to a miller.
nijolnare.
2.
adtt.
Sedan
lute
/tort
After he had gone, they were not afraid any longer. Since he went away, we have had no news of him.
3.
I have known him since that 'leant honom sedan time. den tiden. Han reste till Amerika for He left for America three years
tre dr sedan*
ago.
N. B.
For the
distinction
between
dfi
296!
305.
Nar, dd.
r
Jay (jick ut, ndr (dd) hem I went out w hen he came in. kom in. Ndr and dd are interchangeable as temporal Conjunctions^ but ndr is more common in colloquial speech.
306.
Att.
The Conjunction
att
Hur
13
visste
Aaw,
How
did he
know
was here?
Mr?
222444.
194
-Jag sadc at oar dnm. ho HOW, aft IK in
<ttt
1 told
him he was
a fool.
Han
svor
sett
j><(
him
aldr'tg
He swore
hade
home
fornt.
her before.
(2)
Re-
Vent
Just
karleii?
}
Who
Was
I
is
that fellow?
Redan samitta
:2.
kviill.
3.
knackade? honow, att han Jag mdste (/or a det. Nit dd han har rest, kan
ni,
Var det
som
sadc
told
to
do
man
saken.
J)et var
int<'
</<"
nagot at
det oyonblick,
dd
de
engelska
katolikernas
som
i
Maria Stuart
Leith.
landsteg
Prepositions.
308.
The
principal
Prepositions are:
av
efter after
enlifjt
sedan ago
skull for
.
sake
hos at
*
msr
ibland, bland
among
to,
till
utom except
vid, bredvid beside
at to
over over
A few Prepositions are placed after the word they 309. govern in certain stereotyped phrases. Ex.: Oss emellan between ourselves, liela natten iyenom all
night.
When the word governed by the Preposition is at the beginning of the sentence, the Preposition should placed be placed at the end.
310.
Ex.:
Kor dr jay
is
Me
r add
for.
am
This
Ex.:
always the case after the Relative Pronoun soni. Popper et, soin jay The paper on which I am
skrivcr
311.
pd.
is
writing.
The Preposition
tanker ni j)d?
very
often
placed
after an
of?
Interrogative Pronoun.
Ex.:
Vad
What
are
you thinking
The prepositions till and i are used with the of the Noun in a few common phrases. genitive Ex. Till lands by land, till sjoss to sea, till bord# at table, i till fots on foot, onsdays last Wednesday, last Christmas, i vintras last winter.
312.
:
13f
222444.
196
313.
About.
Frag ad'c
lian cr
out dct?
er?
>.
about!
/to.s
Ago.
For
fern fir
sedan
este
htm
left
home.
hemifrdit.
At.
Klockan
fern.
At
five o'clock.
Mdncn
at night.
Han
Han
sag
stod
He He He He
She
was
is
standing
at
the
window.
iir
i skolan.
at school.
Jay sag
pa
teatcrn
(jar.
saw you at
yesterday.
is
the
theatre
Han
I
bor
pa
liar
Carlton.
He
ugaren
holm.
Vid vilkcn
tid va'ntar ni
honom.
him?
Han
He
197
At
He
1
By.
h'ont
och
sitt
vid (framfor)
Come and
sit
by the
fire!
brasan!
liestc ni over Goteborg? Ni kommer dit vid den har
tic! en
i
You
overmoryon.
till kloc-
Bid you go by Gothenburg? will be there by this time the day after to-morrow. I shall be back by 8 o'clock.
Jlan hatades
n't
av
folket.
ined
Man
i
am You
I
delta fall.
this case.
11 an far bctalt
per
timmc.
llan dr
He He
is
is
pro-
fession.
sjdlv.
Lav
er det
Mr
by heart
till!
For.
llan restc till Amerika
veckan.
i
forra
He
1
left for
America
last
week.
Jay har
inte
.
sett
honom
vara
pd
myckct ldny<
Han kommer
(pa)
ett
att
borta
He
away
for a
day
for
par dayar.
or two.
Han
hemma
(tin
He
198
Av
brist
pa
pengar.
rtffl
it
but
Han
He wept
intc
for joy.
skullc
ha drunknat, om
hja'lpt miff.
att
dag en
He
In.
pd
till
yatan. Gottland.
pa
met him
is
in the street.
Visby
of Gotland.
De anlande
)"/'
London
gar.
They arrived
day.
London
yesterin
bo
pd
landct
om somrarna.
We
live
in
the
country
summer.
Pd
f
morgonen,
pa
cftermidre-
In the morning,
noon.
in the after-
dagen.
Jag kommer
fjorton dar.
om m
shall
be
back in about a
fortnight.
Vad
What
Into.
is
that in Swedish?
Han ramladc
*jon.
water.
199
Of.
Are you
Jag
eu
sktille
inte
sal'.
dromma om>
I should not
dream
of such a
sadan
Itar
thing.
Han
Han
He
dverstc.
Jtar
mig
mina -He
has
robbed
me
of
my
pengar.
money.
stold.
Han
anklagades for
En
A
A
water.
The The
The University
He
is
an
I norm
holm.
Sverige.
In the north
Sweden.
to
Uppsala
is
situated
the
north of Stockholm.
To.
Shall ni resa till Sveriyc niista
sommar?
to
Sweden next
Han
He
vdnlig
mot
mig.
er
to me.
for hwr
hcrr
May
you
to
Mr.
Bergman.
Kan
jag
fa
tola
med
May I speak
Andersson?
r
"
\'\
vet a.
It is difficult to
know.
'200
Tio
mot
tog
en
(ett).
Ten
hatten
to one.
Han
for
inte
av
He
to
did
not
take
off'
his hat
mi<i.
me.
Examples
illustrating the
se of certain
Swedish
Prepositions.
Over
liyyrr
300
over
The town
above
is
situated MOO
havsytan.
sea-level.
Klockan dr over eh a.
Han
yiclv
liver yatan.
Han
Det
He crossed He walked
over win
horisont.
Under
Katten dr under bordet. Det dr tio grader under noil. Levnadskostnaderna voro mycket hoc/ a under kri(/et.
The
Ft
cat is
is
under the
table.
The
Under Under
tiden.
hans
regerint/.
Om
omkriny =
round, about,
us.
re-elected,
om
och
den
liar versen!
Om Om
Han
om
iy en.
morgnartnt.
tillbaka
Jag kommer
vecka.
rescr
om
en
I shall be
in a
week.
bort
en gdny out
He
goes
away
once a year.
m-et.
201
Komm-er ni
om
onsdag*
bit brod.
for a piece
Subject.
315.
316.
The Subject
The Subject
the following
cases
1.
In Interrogative
Sentences
is
not
an Interrogative Pronoun.
liar ni redan?
Heir hcin
2.
inte gait
anmi?
When
Noun
I/or
liar
tive
or a Predicative Adjective.
Vad
Den
i
ni om sondagarna?
boken
What
London.
London.
Nu
.
Now
spring
is
here.
to
skogen.
landct.
Om
1
somrarna bo vi pa
In
summer we
it
live
in
th'e
country.
c/dr
var det
iir
mycket
liallt.
/ dag
det varmt.
Yesterday To-day it
is
cold
202
I
'art tot/
kniven
viigen?
Nar
ffdr tdget'S
knife?
start?
Ont en timme
kommer
brev-
Imraren.
4.
In a Principal Clause
tappat
when When
lost
it is
preceded by a
wood-cutter
Subordinate Clause.
the
his
had
not
yxa,
visste
han Me,
If
inte
know what
axe, to do.
he
did
sju,
vantar jag
pa
5.
dig.
tion.
:Hur
>
frdgacle
"How
han.
Tack bra,
svarade hon.
(5.
is
omitted.
If I
Kommer han
jag tola
7.
hit,
sd shall
om
were you, I should not answer. If he comes here, I will tell him.
In Optative Clauses.
ditt rike!
Tillkomme
Leve konungen!
N.B.
The
Principal Clauses.
rules about inverted word- order refer chiefty to Subordinate Clauses have, as a rule,
has he done?
vad
don't
done.
han har
gjort.
203
II.
The Indirect Object, when used without 317. position, precedes the Direct Object.
G-iv
honottt den!
lovadc
att
sl-icka
Give
it
him!
to
Han
miy
He promised
send
it
me.
den.
III.
In Principal Clauses.
318.
after
In Principal Clauses the Adverb is placed the Verb (in compound tenses immediately after the
att
Auxiliary Verb).
Han rayrade
9*
rixliiji'n
He
He
wisely refused
to go.
hit.
him now.
Han rcser
Frankrike
alltid
till
sodra
He always
of
Han kom
mcd
det.
He
Ldmna
nom.
aldrig dorren
traffat
B.
In Subordinate Clauses.
In Subordinate Clauses the following Ad319. verbs are placed before the Verb (in compound tenses before the Auxiliary Verb): icke, inte,
rig,
alltid,
ofta,
xnart,
xallan,
ligen,
and a few
others.
./////
rissfr,
aft IKIII
hite Jtttdc
knew
there.
is
nirit d<h\
I hi
dr
rn
niclodi,
nom
tinni
It
a
.
tune
that
one often
in
hear.-2
f'drdit/ti
i
fid.
iiKistr
xtunim
licttnuo.
Han sade^atthansnartsknlle
/coin HI t{
tillbaktt.
out
han
if
Imdc
/commit.
uricjot,
medgar.
/i</<'it
ant at/-
was prob-
Jtfftft'
ably right.
Demonstrative Adverbs and Adverbs expressing 320. a (more or less) definite time are placed after the Verb.
Jay
cct.
/"(it
<iif
I
Icom-
know
he
Om
rcxc)'
d<i(/.
.SY/
If
leaves
to-day
Kriday.
*.
he will
incr Itan
frit-in
om
frcda;/.
ickc,
be there on
intc, ej,
o21.
The Adverbs
att
Utid.
and
(tldrn/
are
and the Infinitive. Other Adverbs placed between may either be placed between ait and the Infinitive, or
after the Infinitive (not before
Jfi(/
ittt).
honfoll
<l('t.
honom
fftt
Jute
to d<>
it.
f/OI'ff
Ha
it
if
or a
He promised never
again.
to
do
it
ont
fid,
order
att
f/enast
He was ordered
Always
to
to
leave the
country immediately.
forgive
is
better
than never
to forgive.
545883
sin
(1
>
Swedish-English Dictionary,
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by
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'
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\V.
K.
H:\i;LOfK.
S80 Pp.
tCronoi
; I
English-Swedish Dictionary,
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and E
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Editioi
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f>:
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75.
A.
K'.INT.
(vronor 2: 25.
dish'Eiigli^h
Synonym
AK/KLJCS.
Dictio'.:
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b>
A,
.Ki-onor
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