ROLE OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:

EOSE Environmental Orientation In School Level

It is the scheme for spreading environmental

education through schools. Under the scheme, 3 model agencies are there for funding voluntary agencies that spread environmental education. The three model agencies are:1.
CEE Centre For Environmental Education established in 1984 for developing programmes and materials for developing environmental awareness among people.

2.

Utharakhand Sevanidhi Almora: - They work in the hilly area of Almora and provide assistance, training and monetary help to various small organizations located in the 12 hill districts of Utharakhand. They create environmental awareness and give people confidence in their abilities to solve problems and to find solutions. They also assist NGOs in the region and act as a resource centre for environmental education to train school teachers and NGOs.

3.

CPR - Environmental Education Centre based in Chennai. It was appointed in 1993 and this centre has a network of 400 NGOs in AP, TN, Orissa, Karnataka and Pondicherry. It also has programmes for Nilgiri biosphere reserve and Andaman And Nicobar Islands.

NEERI Nagpur: - National Environmental Engineering Research Institute.

It has branches all over India. It is involved in monitoring and analysing the quality of air and water in India.

CSC New Delhi: - Centre For Science And Environment.

It is responsible for creating environmental awareness among the people.

WII Wildlife Institute Of India, Dehradun: It imparts training on conservation and management of wildlife.

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

UNEP: - United Nations Environment Programme.

Through its programme Earth Watch, it monitors global environment and carries out programmes related with issues of the environment such as climate change, ozone depletion etc.

UNDP: - United Nations Development Programme.

It is related to sustainable development which involves financial help, training, assistance, education, employment etc. so that poor people can also enjoy the fruits of development.

IUCN: - International Union For Conservation Of Nature And Natural Resources.

It is concerned with conservation of nature, wildlife and natural resources. Formulation of acts, laws, policies etc. related with conservation of nature and natural resources.

WWF: - World Wildlife Fund.

They provide monetary help to various organizations concerned with conservation of wildlife (in situ and ex situ).

UNCED: - United Nations Conference On Environmental Development

formed in 1992.

NGO Non Governmental Organizations

They pursue some sort of public interest or public good rather than individual or commercial interests. Their works are not profit based and hence they cannot be hindered by any short term financial objectives and they enjoy a high degree of public trust which achieves the useful aim to reach the goal of sustainable development.

ROLE OF NGOs:
They act as a major link between the government and the people and carry out jobs at the grass route level. They are recognized by the government and they can interfere with the matters involving environment. They can educate the community and can make them aware of the bad effects of developmental activities and draw attention of international bodies about the issues of global concern.

They can launch programmes that aid the upliftment of socially deprived people. They can procure funds for important conservational projects. They can assist other organizations in environmental conservation.

Examples of NOGs: 1.

Desholi Gram Swarjya Mandal

set up at Gopeshwar in Charnoli district of UP in

1964. They encourage forest conservation and use of forest products for self-employment. It encourages volunteers to build up embankments in Kashmir area and plant trees in order to reduce soil erosion.

2.

Friends Of Doon:
They work in the doon valley area. They check for deforestation. Check illegal mining of limestone. Work as a platform for voicing peoples grievances. Preserves the environment of doon, its forests, wildlife and its valleys. Provides envt education. Carry out afforestation. Encourages use of renewable resources.

3. Ladakh Eco-development Board:

Set up in 1983. Working in Ladakh area to promote ecological conservation and sustainable development that is harmonious with traditional cultures of that area. Encourages the use of renewable forms of energy. Promote organic farming and making of handicrafts. They have contributed to the ban of plastics in that area.

Q. What is Green Building?

Ans: It is a building that strictly follows the green concept of not over building or recycling existing building so as to maximise energy efficiency and creating a healthy indoor envt. Use of renewable forms of energy for heating, cooling, electricity generation and provision for rain water harvesting.

Q. What is Brown Agenda?

Ans: It deals with problems related to environmental pollution, chemical and biochemical investigations. Technological development for waste minimisation, waste recycling, resource recovery, efficient treatment and other environmental studies related with pollution.

CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL CHALLENGE: 1. 2. 3.
Change in attitude, lifestyle and consumption pattern which cause depletion of resources and pollution. Population Explosion Reducing the population is a major challenge for sustainable development. Poverty and unemployment This leads to migration where people are compelled to move to different areas in search of jobs and better living conditions. Eradicating poverty and providing employment to all is a challenge to sustainable development.

4.

Illiteracy Improving education and social awareness helps in bringing massive changes in the social attitude. Thus providing proper education to all is another challenge for sustainable development.

5. 6. 7.

Poor sanitation and unhygienic practices Maintaining good sanitation and hygienic conditions is a challenge for sustainable development. Maintaining good health and providing nutrition to all is a major challenge. Inequalities between rich and poor, caste disparities etc. stands in the way of sustainable development and maintaining equity among rich and poor, different castes and gender is a challenge for sustainable development.

POLITICAL CHALLENGE
1. 2. 3. 4.
Govt backing appropriate policies so that helpful technologies, programmes and practices that helps in sust devpt. Govt taking unpopular decisions. Reluctance in challenging influential and rich govt. Lack of strong political will and leadership to identify the national territories and to seriously address to the policies and institutional problems or issues that stand in the way of sustainable devpt.

5.

No guarantee that the nation will implement the given set of policies as their policies will redistribute of limit resource and resource areas.

6. 7.

Women tribal people and other deprived communities are not involved in planning and decision making process. Inability of the Govt to identify the root causes of peoples problems and even if identified, ignoring it.

ECONOMIC CHALLENGE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Low per capita income. Lack of funds and finance. Lack of co-operation between nation through trade and liberalization. Lack of stability in the global economy or uncertainty in global economy, Inappropriate trade policies. Depressed commodity rates. Barriers that restrict access to international market and inappropriate export policies without subsidies which inflict big loss on efficient producers in developed and developing nations.

8. 9.

Unpredictable harthals and strikes. Exploitation of resources like energy for satisfying short term goals ,thus much have to be done to find out attractive sources of energy in a cleaner way.

SUPPORT BASE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE WILL: -

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Political bodies draft envt responsible for laws and policies and implement them effectively at local national regional and international level. Main emphasis to be given to conservation of flora and fauna. Forests and other envt resources must be protected and should be promoted. Implementing wildlife and forestry programmes and bring about regeneration of degraded areas. Envt organizations and other envt development programmes must be given health and support by regulatory measures and legislation. Govt should set envt standards in their own nations while respecting those of others and it should monitor the working of various developmental projects hat reinforce sustainable development.

7. 8.

Exchange of information and spreading information through ENVIS and other centres. EIA implementations and surveillance techniques.

9.

Developed and developing nations should help and co-operate with one another towards the unified effort in enhancing a sustainable way of living in a world that is rushing towards environmental degradation.

10. Providing training and education to carry out sustainable development.

APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY:-

1. 2.

It is an eco-friendly technology which takes care of environment and is suited to local environment as it makes use of local resources. This technology has been instructed by the government to serve as aid in sustainable industrialization, sustainable agriculture, lower the levels of pollution and correct use of energy and resources.

3.

CLEAN INDIA, an NGO describes appropriate technology as the one which serves the goal of sustainable development that springs from indigenous practices in response to local needs and possibilities.

4. It is considered as indicators of clean, green and sustainable production. 5. It consists of new manufacturing processes that involve: Zero pollution Explain. Zero health hazard to workers Explain. Zero waste production Explain. Efficient use of resources Explain.

6. 7. 8.

It involves making new products or modifying existing ones, so as to reduce the environmental cost of production, eliminate toxic raw materials and use less energy. It is a relevant, educative and co-operative and people oriented device that prevent bureaucratic interference to the minimum. It prevents marginalization of poor communities and promotes their empowerment.

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND REVISION MECHANISM:-

1. 2. 3.

Developmental plans should be reviewed under prevailing condition. The revision should come about in education, administrative, technologies and indeed development itself. To carry out CR and R mechanism, responsible agency should have a thorough understanding of various processes by which environmental problems and needs can be solved.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Alternate development strategies and any other information and assistance related to plan formulation. The evaluation should be thoroughly reviewed in a comprehensive manner. The mechanism of revision of policies and technologies should be humane and renewable keeping in mind the welfare of the poor. CR and R mechanism is important to maintain momentum, keep the strategy on track and to give early warning to unforeseen difficulties. Sufficient analysis of various alternatives, their cost and benefit and impact on environment should accompany the proposed action through agency review process. There should be review and revision of policies meant for reducing pollution.(Explain) For conservation of forests and wildlife. Conservation of resources. Development of eco-friendly technology.

13. Spreading of information (ENVIS) and monitoring it through EIA. 14. Assisting environmental organizations. 15. Providing training and education.

DYNAMIC AND FLEXIBLE POLICIES:-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

The policies should be framed in such a way that it caters to the needs of the future, because advancement in science and technology is leading to environment problems. Flexible policies that take into consideration, local and national conditions should be drafted. Policies that are eco-friendly to deal with challenges of sustainable development. Flexible policies and measures that take into account the root cause of environmental degradation. While framing policies, stress should be given to the 3Rs. Policies should be redefined, keeping in mind conservation of environment and satisfaction of needs. Policy makers should have a global outlook, event when they deal with local environmental problems. There should be change in incentives distribution that would foster grass route adoption of sustainable technologies. Policies that promote conservation of forest and wildlife etc. Policies meant to provide education and training programmes for the needy. Policies for spreading information and surveillance technologies. Tax policies, land reform policies,credit policies, commodity and housing policies all have that much effect in the current condition of the environment.

HUMANE APPROACH:-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Policies that help in eradicating poverty as poor people are suffering due to environment degradation. Education and environmental policies should be provided to poor and depressed ones. Allotting more resources to family planning for reducing population and also improve primary and secondary education. Environmental health such as providing proper sanitation, clean water, reduces pollution and development of eco-friendly policies etc should be addressed to at all levels. Policies that improve ecological and economic harmony and equity should be renewed and more humane approach instead of widening the gap of equity. Policies for conservation of forest and wildlife. Policies for spreading information. Policies for providing assistance and training.

EXAMPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

WIND ENERGY IN TAMIL NADU:-

1. 2. 3. 4.

TN ranks 1st in the field of wind energy genera by the installation of wind electric generators. 61% of the wind energy is from TN. It is now a viable and cost effective technology. Its 1st private sector farm was set up in TN in 1990.

5.

It investors who generate electricity for wind farms can sell the power to TNEB at a cost of Rs 3.20 or use it for captive consumption in industries, subjected to certain terms and conditions.

6.

Small windmills are installed in places where the wind speed is less than 18kmph and is used for lifting water from wells or for grinding grains.

DECCAN DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIETY IN AP:-

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

It is an NGO that promotes sustenance in rural communities and brought prosperity in AP. It has promoted farmer seed banks where seeds of indigenous variety, best suited to the ecological and economical condition are preserved. It has promoted cultivation of millets. Promoted microfinance through Grameen banks. Popularised rain water harvesting. Planted trees that can arrest soil erosion. It promoted community participation where they have taken a strategy to evolve a selfsufficient farm for a family of five persons to provide maximum food, fuel and fodder. Worked for empowerment of women. Encouraged green schools. It ensures autonomy over food production, seeds and natural resources. Created community grain fund for local storage and distribution. Created village medicinal commons where medicinal plants are grown. Formed consumer action groups to promote organic food. Created krishi vigyan Kendra to promote organic and environmental friendly agriculture. Organized campaigns to create awareness on biodiversity.

Q. Explain GrameenBank Model? Ans. It was undertaken in the rural areas with the following objectives:

To extend banking facilities to poor and women. To eliminate exploitation of money lenders. To create self-employment opportunities. To expand society and its investment policies. Money was lent collectively to a group of people who were jointly responsible for the repayment.

LITERACY IN KERALA:-

1. 2. 3. 4.

Kerala stands in the fore front of Indian states in the matter of education and literacy. According to the 1991 census, the literacy of Kerala is 94.6. Kottayam,in Kerala is the 1st district to have complete literacy rate in India. Literacy is very important for effective social and economic participation contributing to human development. Literacy increases job opportunities and access to higher education.

ORGANIC FARMING IN KERALA (ECO FARMING):-

1. 2. 3.

It is a method of agriculture that preserves the ecosystem and doesnt involve the use of harmful chemicals and fertilizers. It helps in improving the health of the community and environment and also the socio economic culture of the people in the area. Department of agriculture, Government of Kerala is now promoting the production of organic food by launching Jaiva Kerala after hundreds of farmers had learnt the bitter lessons of chemical farming and mono cropping practised as scientific agriculture.

4. 5.

Wayanad, Idukki, Mallapuram and Palghat have been declared as organic farming zones. It was started in Marrapanmoola village in Pullapallypanchayat of Wayanad district where small and medium farmers in the village owning less than 2 hectares of land have organized themselves and they now cultivate a mixed variety of crops including pepper, coffee, cardamom, coconut, aracanut, tubers etc.

6. 7. 8.

The main source of inspiration is the increased demand for organic food and the premium price obtainable in the external market in the future. Research stations, zonal sub-centres and regional labs with facilities for soil and produce residue analysis has been planned by the government under the Jaiva Kerala programme. Development of domestic market for organic food through a chain of supermarkets has been planned and farmers producing company have been found which help the farmers to manage their affairs by themselves.

BAREFOOT COLLEGE OF TILONIA, RAJASTHAN:-

1. 2. 3.

Otherwise called the SWRC Social Work and Research Centre was officially started in the village of Tilonia in Rajasthan on the 5th of February, 1972. It was the result of practical experience and hours of work in villages, weeks of meeting ordinary peasants, who want to live and work together in a village setting. It was not inspired by books or theories of academics, based in urban areas. 205 of Tiloniaworkers are illiterate with no formal educational qualifications.