CHAPTER 7 : ACID AND BASE SPM 2005, P2, Sec B. No. 8 T. 7.0 1.

Define strong acid and weak acid. 2. Define strong base and weak base. 3. Write 3 examples of strong acid, weak acid, strong alkali and weak alkali respectively.

1. Define the Arrhenius acid and alkali. 2. Define base. 3. Describe chemical properties of acids

Analysing characteristics and properties of acids and bases 7.1

Synthesising the concept of strong acids, weak acids, strong alkalis and weak alkalis 7.2

ACIDS AND BASES

7.4

7.3 Analysing Concentration of acids and alkalis

Analysing Neutralization

1. Define neutralization reaction. 2. Write ionic equation for neutralization reaction.

1. Define molarity 2. Describe methods for preparing standard solutions. 3. State relationship between the numbers of moles with molarity. 1

Substance produced hydrogen ion H+ when dissolved/ionise in water.

T. 7.1
Substance with opposite properties to acid and may react with acid to form salt and water.

E.g.:
Acid Base

Base that dissolved in water is called alkali dipanggil

Definition of alkali

Water dissociated acid to form H+ ion H2O H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-

E.g.: Define acid and base

The functions of water in determining properties of acid and alkali

CHARACTERISTIC AND PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

Water dissociated alkali to form OHH2O NaOH Na+ + OHNH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Uses of acids and alkalis Properties of acid and alkali

The difference between base and alkali

Examples

Examples

Examples

Acid 1. Sour 2. Electricity conductor 3. React with base to form salt and water. 4. React with metal to form salt and hydrogen gas. 5. React with carbonate to form salt, water and CO2

Alkali Bitter Electricity conductor React with acid to form salt and water. React with ammonium salt to form ammonia gas. React with halogen to form 2 types of salt.

Base Water insoluble metal Oxide or hydroxide.

Alkali Water soluble base forming OHion

Examples

T.7.2

H+ Cl-

H Cl- ClH+ - + Cl H H+

Cl-

H+ Cl-

H+ CH3COOH CH3COOCH3COOH CH3COOH H+ CH3COO- CH3COOH

Acid that partially ionise in water to produce H+

Acid that completely ionise in water to produce H+

Definition of strong acid

Strong acid and weak acid

Definition of weak acid

Relationship between pH and molarity of acids and alkalis

*T.7.2.1

STRONG ACIDS, WEAK ACIDS, STRONG ALKALIS AND WEAK ALKALIS

Definition of weak alkali

Strong alkalis and weak alkalis

Definition of strong alkali

Alkali that partially ionise in water to produce OH-

Alkali that completely ionise in water to produce OH-

Na+ Na+ OH- + OHNa OHOH OHNa+ Na+ Na+ OH-

OH- NH4+ NH4OH NH4OH NH4OH NH4OH OHNH4+ NH4OH

*T.7.2.1

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Neutral

10 11 12 13 14

Acidity increase

Basicity increase

The smaller pH value, the higher concentration of H+

The higher pH value, the lower concentration of H+

Scale pH

Relationship between pH and molarity of acids and alkalis

To determine pH of acids and alkali

Universal indicator

Explanation Acid or alkali

PH scale Molarities (M) 0.1 M 0.01 M 0.001M H2SO4 (Strong acid) 1.0 1.2 1.5 HCl (Strong acid) 1.0 2.0 3.0 CH3COOH (weak acid) 3.0 3.5 4.0 NaOH (strong alkali) 14.0 13.0 11.0 NH4OH (weak alkali) 11.0 10.5 10.0 4

T. 7.3 Solute mass (g) Concentration = Volume of solution (dm3) No. of mole of solute Molarity (M) = Volume of solution ( dm3) Or M = n/ (V/1000) or n = MV/1000 If V given in cm3 Molar mass X Molar mass

Concentration in g dm-3

Concentration in mole dm-3 (M)

The molarity of an acid decreased the pH value increase. The molarity of an alkali decreased, the pH value decreased

Concentration *7.3.1&2 Calculation exercise for concentration

CONCENTRATION OF ACIDS AND ALKALIS

Preparation of standard solution

Relationship between pH and molarity of acid and alkali

Preparation of a solution

Dilution Method

*T.7.3.1

Exercise 1 Volume and concentration of substance. 100 cm3 sulphuric acid 49.0 g dm-3 50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 2 mole copper(II) sulphate 1.5 mole dm-3 50 cm3 aluminium chloride 0.5 mol dm-3 150 cm3 sodium hydroxide 4.0 g dm-3 1.5 mole ammonium hydroxide 1.0 mole dm-3 250 cm3 potassium hydrogen sulphate 1.0 mol dm-3 25 cm3 copper nitrate 0.025 mole dm-3 Molarity (mol dm-3) 49/98 = 0.5 Concentration (g dm-3 ) 49.0 No. of. Mole (n = MV/1000) 0.5 x 100/1000 = 0.05 Volume (cm 3 ) 0.05 x 1000 0.5 Mass (g) 0.05 x 98

*T.7.3.2 Complete the table below. Exercise 2. [RAM.: H,1; S,32; O,16; Cl 35.5; Cu,64; Al,27; Na,23; N,14; K,39; Pb,207]

No.

Amount and molarity of chemicals. 100 cm3 sulphuric acid 2.0 mol dm-3 50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 25 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution 1.5 mol dm-3 50 cm3 aluminium chloride 0.5 mol dm-3 150 cm sodium hydroxide 0.1 mol dm-3 100 cm3 ammonium hydroxide 1.0 mol dm-3 250 cm3 potassium hydrogen sulphate 1.0 mol dm-3 25 cm3 copper(II) nitrate 0.025 mol dm-3
3

Formula

No. of moles (n=MV/1000) 2 x 100 1000 = 0.2

Mass

Formula No. mol of ion of ion H+ 2 x 0.2 = 0.4 1 x 0.2 = 0.2

Molarity ion 4.0 2.0

H2SO4

0.2 x 98 SO42H+

1.5 x 25 1000 =

SO42-

1.5 Na+

T. 7.4
1. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Equation: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O Ionic equation: H+ + OHH2O 2. Reaction between sulphuric acid and calcium hydroxide.

1. The reaction between acid and base to form salt and water. 2. The reaction between hydrogen ion (H+) from acid with hydroxide ion (OH-) from alkali to form salt and water.

Example Definition

To build ion equation

Calculation using formula: VaMa /VbMb = na/nb

NEUTRALIZATION

Application of neutralization in every day life 1.

Experiment: Titration method

2.

Neutralization between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide

Experiment description:

7.1

Definition of acid and alkali a. Acid : Chemical compound that DISSOLVES IN WATER to produce HYDROGEN IONS.
H2O
H2 O

HCl H2SO4

H + (aq) 2H+(aq)

+ Cl-(aq) + SO42-(aq)

CH3 COOH

CH3 COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

b. Alkali :

Chemical compound that DISSOLVES IN WATER to produce HYDROXIDE IONS. K+ (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + OH- (aq)

KOH (s) NaOH (s) 7.2

Properties of acid and alkali. a. Acid - Tastes sour and turns moist blue litmus to red. Chemical properties (i) Reaction with metals that are more electropositive than hydrogen in the electrochemical series produces salt and hydrogen gas :

Acid + Metal p Salt + Hydrogen Example: Zn + 2HCl Zn Cl2 +H2 Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2+ H2

Observation : Gas test :

(ii) Reaction with metallic carbonates produces salt, water and carbon dioxide Acid + Metallic Carbonate p Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide Example: CuCO3 + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Observation : Gas test : .. (iii) Reaction with bases produces salt and water Acid + Base/alkali Example: Salt + Water

ZnO + H2SO4 ZnSO4 +H2O

b.

Alkali - Tastes bitter,slippery and turns moist red litmus to blue. Chemical properties (i) Reaction with acids and alkalis / bases produces salt and water. Example : (ii) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Reaction with ammonium salts produces ammonia gas. Example: NH4+ + OH- NH3(g) + H2O

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Activity 1 A) WRITE CHEMICAL FORMULAE FOR THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS:

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Name of compound hydrochloric acid nitric acid sulphuric acid sodium oxide Potassium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Barium hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide hydroxonium ion hydroxide ion hydroxyl ion sodium carbonate calcium carbonate copper (II) carbonate

Chemical formula

No 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Name of compound magnesium oxide calcium oxide copper (II) oxide lead (II) oxide sodium nitrate Potassium sulphate sodium carbonate sodium chloride magnesium Zinc sodium Carbon dioxide Hydrogen gas water Magnesium nitrate

Chemical formula

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B) WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS : 1: Hydrochloric acid and zinc oxide :

2:

Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

3:

Hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon:

4:

Hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate:

5:

Sulphuric acid and zinc powder:

6:

Sulphuric acid and zinc oxide:

7:

Sulphuric acid and zinc carbonate:

8:

Nitric acid and copper(II)oxide:

9:

Nitric acid and sodium hydroxide:

10:

Nitric acid and aluminium powder:

11.

Nitric acid and copper(II)carbonate:

12

12 :

Ethanoic acid and magnesium ribbon:

13:

Ethanoic acid and calcium carbonate:

14:

Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide:

15:

Ethanoic acid and sodium oxide:

7.3 Role of water in determining the properties of acid and alkali: a. Role of water in determining the properties of acids: i. Acids in the absence of water or in other solvents: - does not show acidic properties - acids remain in the form of molecules - no free mobile hydrogen ions - no acidic properties

Draw molecules of hydrochloric acid in the absence of water

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ii. In the presence of water : - Molecules in acids will ionise to produce hydrogen ions HCl(aq) H+ + Cl- The presence of hydrogen ions are the causes for the acidic properties shown.

Draw H+ and Cl- ions in water

b. Role of water in determining properties of alkali : i. In the presence of water , an alkali dissolves and ionises to produce hydroxide ions.
H2O

KOH

K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

ii. In the absence of water or in organic solvents, no free and mobile hydroxide ions are produced, so the alkaline properties are not shown.

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7.4

pH Concept a. pH is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity and alkalinity of an aqueous solution based on the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ . b. pH scale: 0-14: pH value : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

More acidic

Neutral

More alkaline

7.4

Acid and alkali strength a) The strength of acids and alkalis depends on the degree of ionisation or dissociation.

b) Strong acid : Acid which dissociates completely in water to produce hydrogen ions. HCl H + (aq) + Cl-(aq)

Weak acid : Acid which ionises / dissociates partially in water to produce hydrogen ions. CH3 COOH Example: 4 HCl molecules in water
H+ H+ Cl Cl+ H H+ Cl Cl-

CH3 COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

4 CH3 COOH molecules in water

CH3 COOH H+ CH3 COO-

CH3 COOH H+ CH3 COO-

All 4 molecules ionises to produce 4 Clions and 4 H+ ions

Only some CH3COOH molecules ionise while others ions remain as molecules.

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 Due to H+ concentration in hydrochloric acid is higher than in ethanoic acid, at the same concentration , the pH of the strong acid is lesser than the pH of the weak acid. c) Strong alkali : Alkali which ionises completely in water to produce hydroxide ions. KOH (aq) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

Weak alkali : Alkali which ionises partially in waterto produce hydroxide ions. NH4OH(aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

 At the same concentration, the pH value of a weak alkali is _______________than a strong alkali because the concentration of its hydroxide ions is _______________. This is because a weak alkali ionises ____________but a strong alkali ionises____________.

7.5 Acid and alkali concentration a. Concentration The measurement of substance dissolved in an amount of solvent. b. Two ways of measuring : i. Total mass in 1 dm3 solution = Mass of substance in gram Volume of solution in dm3 Unit : g dm-3 Number of moles in 1 dm3 solution = Number of moles of substance Volume of solution in dm3 Unit :mol dm Formula : n = MV 1000
-3

ii.

n = number of moles of substance M=Concentration in mol dm-3 (molarity) V= volume in cm3

Mol dm-3

g dm-3

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c. pH of substance solution depends on : i. ii. Degree of dissosiation (The strength of acid or alkali) Molarity (concentration in mol dm-3 )

d. Preparation of standard solution : Standard solution is a solution of a known concentration. Exp .. page.. e. Dilution of acid/alkali : M1 V1= M2 V2 -M1 Molarity before dilution -V1 Volume before dilution -M2 Molarity after dilution -V2 Volume after dilution

7. 7 Neutralisation : a. Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water. Example : HCl + NaOH 2HNO3 + MgO NaCl + H2O Mg (NO3)2 + H2O

b. At neutralisation point, all H+ ions from the acid are neutralized by OH- ions from the alkali or vice-versa . pH of the titration product is 7 (neutral). c. Titration process-A method to determine the degree of neutralisation between acid and alkali . i. ii. The volume of alkali is fixed , put in a conical flask and added a few drops of indicator. A solution of acid is dropped from a burette until the end -point is reached.

d. Two ways to determine the end point: i. Using an indicator ii. Using electric conductivity

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e. Steps in determining the degree of neutralisation: S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Write the balanced equation. Write the information from the question above the equation. Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information in relations to the number of moles of substances involved). Change the information to mole. Use the relationship between the number of moles of the substances in S3. OR MaVa = MbVb a a b Ma = acid concentration , Mb = alkali concentration

= coefficient of acid in the balanced equation = coefficient of alkali in the balanced equation

Activity 3 1. Concentration of solution :____________________________________________ 2. Molarity:__________________________________________________________ 3. Standard solution:___________________________________________________

Name 3 main indicators and state the colour changes in acid , neutral and alkali solutions

Indicator name Acid Litmus paper

Colour Neutral Alkali

Methyl orange

Phenolphthalein

Universal Indicator

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Preparation of standard solutions

M1xV1=M2xV2

M1 V1 M2 V2

: the molarity od the solution before water is added : the volume of the solution before water is added : the molarity of the solution after water is added : the volume of the solution after water is added

Calculate the volume of a concentrated solution needed to prepare each of the following dilute solutions: 1. 50 cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm -3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution from 2.0 mol dm -3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution.

2.

100 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm -3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution from 1.0 mol dm -3 potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 solution.

3.

5.0 dm -3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 nitric acid, HNO3 from 18.0 mol dm -3 nitric acid, HNO3 .

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Concentration of acid and alkali ;

g dm -3 =

mass of solute (g) volume of solution (dm 3)

mol dm -3 =

number of mole of solute (g) volume of solution (dm3)

Answer all questions:

1.

Write a balance equation for the neutralization of each of the following. i. Nitric acid, HNO3 and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 solution

ii.

Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 solution

iii.

Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH solution.

iv.

Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 and ammonia, NH3 solution

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2.

Calculate the molarity for 10 g dm -3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. [ Relative atomic mass: H,1;O,16;Na,23]

3.

Calculate the concentration in g dm -3 for 0.5 mol dm -3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. [ Relative atomic mass: H,1;O,16;Na,23]

4.

Calculate the molarity of solution that is produced when 2.8 g of pottasium hydroxide ,KOH is dissolved in 100 cm3 of water. [ Relative atomic mass: H,1;O,16;Na,23]

5.

Calculate the molarity of a pottasium hydroxide solution,KOH, if 200 cm 3 of 2 mol dm -3 potassium hydroxide solution is added to 200 cm 3 of water.

6.

60 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution, 0.5 mol dm -3 is diluted with 30 cm 3 of water. Calculate the molarity of the solution produced.

21

7.

50 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl, 2 mol dm -3, reacted with excess zinc powder. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas released under room conditions. [ Molar volume: 24 dm 3 at room condition ]

8.

Calculate the molarity of 25 cm 3 of sulphuric acid, H2SO4 , which reacted completely with 1.2g magnesium. [Relative atomic mass:Mg,24]

9.

3.25g of zinc, Zn, reacted completely with hydrochloric acid, HCl, with molarity of 0.5 mol dm -3. Calculate the volume of acid used. [ Relative atomic mass: Zn,65]

10.

50 cm 3 of sulphuric acid, 0.5 mol dm -3 , reacts completely with 25 cm 3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution.

22

11.

If 25 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl, 0.05 mol dm-3, is neutralized completely by calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2 , 0.1 mol dm-3 , what is the volume of calcium hydroxide solution, Ca(OH)2, used ?

SPM QUESTIONS

Diagram 4.1 shows the preparation of the standard solution of NaOH, 0.2 mol dm -3 . [ SPM 2006, P2, Sec A. No 4(a) ]

DIAGRAM 4.1

23

(i)

After all the NaOH solution is poured into the volumetric flask, the beaker and the filter must be rinsed several times with distilled water. After each rinse, all of this water is transferred into the volumetric flask. Give one reason for doing this.

[ 1 mark ] (ii) What step should be taken to ensure that the meniscus level of the standard solution is exactly in line with the graduation mark on the volumetric flask ?

[ 1 mark ] (iii) A volumetric flask is more suitable to be used in the preparation of the standard solution rather than a beaker. Why ?

[ 1 mark ] (iv) Why is the volumetric flask stoppered after the standard solution is prepared ?

[ 1 mark ]

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Figure 1 shows the apparatus arrangement of an experiment in the laboratory to determine the end point of the reaction between nitric acid, 2 mol dm-3 with 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution.

Nitric acid

Potassium hydroxide solution + phenolphthalein indicator

Figure 1

The results of the experiment are shown in Table 2 Volume of nitric acid (cm 3) Final reading (cm3 ) Initial reading (cm3) Volume of nitric acid used (cm3) Table 2 a. Nitric acid is a monoprotic acid. What is meant by monoprotic acid ? Experiment 25.05 12.60

12.60 0.00

37.50 25.05

[ 1 mark ] b. Name the type of reaction occurred in this experiment.

[1 mark ] c. Write the balance chemical equation for the reaction between nitric acid and potassium hydroxide.

25

[ 3 marks ] d. What is the colour of the potassium hydroxide solution when added with a few drops of phenolphthalein?

[ 1 mark ]

e.

State the change on the colour of the solution in potassium hydroxide solution when the neutralization point is reached.

[ 1 mark ] f. (i) (ii) Complete the Table 2. Calculate the average volume of nitric acid used. [ 1 mark ]

[ 1 mark ] (iii) Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.

[ 1 mark ]

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