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Kompetensi dasar : Kemampuan menyajikan dan menafsirkan data dalam bentuk tabel dan diagram; menghitung dan menafsirkan ukuran pemusatan, ukuran letak dan ukuran penyebaran data.

A. Statistics.
Statistics is the art of solving problems and answering questions by collecting and analysing data. Statistic are used by government, businesses and sports organizations so that they can make informed decisions when they are providing services such as health, transport and commerce or developing new tactics. They also interested in using statistics as a means of analyzing the effect of certain changes that may have been made, or in predicting what may happen in the future. There are two kinds of statistics : a. Descriptive Statistics : procedures used to organize and present data in a convenient, useable and communicable form. b. Inferential Statistics : procedures employed to arrive at broader generalizations or inferences sample data to populations. Statistic is a number describing a sample characteristic. Results from the manipulation of sample data according to certain specified procedures. The next discussion we will learn about the descriptive statistics. Populations and sample a. Populations : a complete set of actual or potential observations b. Sample : a subset of the population selected according to some scheme. Data is characteristics or numbers are collected by observations. There are two groups of data : a. Quantitative data consists of : - Discrete data ( data cacahan) - Continue data ( data ukuran ) b. Qualitative data consists of : - Nominal data - Ordinal data

B. Descriptive Statistics
Measures of central tendency are known as the mean , median and mode. 1. Mean ( rataan ) The mean is the average of all observations in a set of data a. Ungrouped data ( data tunggal )
sum of all scores number of score

Mean

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Symbolically this is written :

n

x
x=
i =1

x = mean ( rataan) xi = nth score (data ke n)

x
i =1

= the sum of all scores

n = number of score

2. Median The median is the middle value of any set of data arranged in numerical order (all of scores have been placed in order of size from smallest to largest ). In the set of n n+ 1 th score. The median is : numbers, the median is located at the 2 a. The middle score for an odd number of scores arranged in numerical order b. The average of the two middle scores for an even number of scores arranged in numerical order.
3. Mode ( Modus ) The mode is the score which occurs most often in a set of data

Example 1 : For the data set 6, 2 , 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5 find the : a. mean b. median c. mode Solution :
a. x =

n 6 + 2 + 4 + 3+ 4 + 5+ 4 + 5 = 8 33 = 8 = 4,125

b. Arrange the data in numerical order 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 n+ 1 Use to know the locate of the median. 2 8 +1 = 2 = 4, 5
The median as the 4,5th score : that is, between the 4th and 5th 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 4+4 = Me = 2 =4 c. Mode ( Mo ) 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 Mo = 4

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A five number summary which includes the lowest values of the set, the lower quartile , the median, the upper quartile, and the highest value of the set; that is Xmin, Q1, Me, Q3 , Xmax. Pay attention the diagram below :

Xmin

Q1

Me

Q3

Xmax

Xmin : the lowest score Xmax : the highest score Q1 : the lower quartile ( the 25th percentile) Me : the median : the upper quartile ( the 75th percentile) Q3 - Locate and calculate Q1, the median of the lower half of the data - Locate and calculate Q3, the median of the upper half of the data. Measures of spread 1. Range ( Jangkauan ) It is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest values in the set of data.

R = Xmax Xmin
1. Interquartile range ( Jangkauan antar kuartil / Hamparan )

H = Q3 Q1

Example 2 : For the data set 4, 5, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 Find : a. Range b. Interquartile range Solution : 4 5 5 6 9 10 12 14 15

Q1

Me

Q3

a. R = Xmax Xmin = 15 4 = 11 b. Q3 = 12 + 14 2 = 13 Q1 = 5+5 2 = 5

H = Q3 Q1 = 13 5 = 8
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Exercise 1.1
1. Find Xmin, Q1, Me, Q3 , and Xmax for each of the following sets of data a. 4, 3, 9, 12, 8, 17, 2, 16 b. 49.5, 13.7, 12.3, 36.5, 89.4, 27.8, 53.4, 66.8, 21.21 c. 19, 25, 72, 44, 68, 24, 51, 59, 36 d. 70, 68, 71, 68, 66, 73, 65, 74, 65, 64, 78, 79, 61, 81, 60, 97, 44, 64, 83, 56 2. Find the mean, median, and mode of the following sets of data a. 41, 52, 66, 86, 91, 65, 86, 88, 41, 62, 42, 59, 72, 99, 53, 69, 87, 93, 64, 44, 64, 42, 92, 54, 78, 86, 92, 100, 79, 47. b. 48, 476, 91, 43, 39, 119, 33, 139, 493, 398, 547, 128, 708, 61, 25, 55, 16, 55, 30, 34,56, 51, 39, 134, 21, 26, 24. c. 85, 52, 47, 35, 39, 62, 83, 52, 75, 95, 72, 65, 80, 78, 76, 56, 68, 85, 92, 43 3. Find the range and interquartile range of the sets of data from number 2.

C. Presenting and Interpreting Data

Graphs and frequency table are often used to represent data. 1. Displaying data in frequency table Example 3 : a survey was conducted on the type of fuel used by 50 randomly selected vehicles. The variable of fuel type , is divided by four categories : unleaded, lead replacement, LPG, and Diesel. The data has been tallied and organised in the given frequency table. Table.1

2. Displying data in graph a. Bar Graph Bar graph is divided by two : a. Vertical column graph b. Horizontal bar chart Based on table.1, the data in vertical column graph and horizontal bar graph Pic.1 Pic. 2

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b. Line graph ( diagram garis ) Diagram garis biasanya digunakan untuk menyajikan data statistik yang diperoleh berdasarkan pengamatan dari waktu ke waktu. Contoh 4 : Fluktuasi nilai tukar rupiah terhadap dolar AS dari tanggal 18 februari 2008 sampai dengan tanggal 22 Februari Table 2

Penyelesaian :

c. Pie Chart Based on table 1 we can represent the percentage the data in pie chart . Example : 28 Unleaded = x 100 % = 56% 50 Or we can show the angle of the data. Example : 28 x 360 0 = 201,6 0 Unleaded = 50

d. Stem and Leaf Diagrams ( diagram batang daun ) For data that we want to understand how it looks without losing the individual data points, we use a stem and leaf diagram. To construct a stem and leaf diagram, we put the first digit or more (the stem) on the left and that digit's corresponding list (leaf) on the right. We can also have the high and low of the digit. If we want to compare two
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data sets we can draw the digits in the middle, the first set of leaves on the right, and the second set of leaves on the left. This is useful for comparing two data sets. A comparative stem and leaf diagram is often used. The middle represents the stems, and the left and right sides are the leaves of each of the two data sets. Example 5 : A computer retailer collected data on the number of computers sold during 20 consecutive Saturdays during the year. The results are as follows: 12, 14, 14, 17, 21, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 42, 42, 45, 46, 47, 49, 49, 56, 59, 62. We can put this data into a stem and leaf diagram as shown below. The first digit represents the stem and the second digit represents the leaf. The stem is written on the left hand side (once per value) and the leaf is written on the right hand side next to the corresponding stem. 1| 2 4 4 7 2| 1 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 9 3| 1 4 5 6 9 4| 0 2 2 5 6 7 9 9 5| 6 9 6| 2

Exercise 1.2
1. The following data is temperature of Budis body in ten days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nth day 0 Temp ( C) 35 36 37 36 37,5 38 37 38 a. Draw a line graph of data b. Which day that is the lowest temperature c. Which day that is the highest temperature 2. The data set below is the test scores for a Maths test for 20 students. 85 52 47 35 39 62 83 52 75 95 72 65 80 78 76 56 68 85 92 43 a. Sketch the bar diagram of the data above. b. What is the highest mark scored for the test ? c. What is the lowest mark scored for the test ? 3. The initial weights of students ( in kg ) in XI IPS class were : 9 38,5 10 37

Find a five number summary

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4.

D. Distribution Frequency Tables

1. Ungrouped data (data tunggal) For the set data :5, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 6, 4, 8, 6, 4, 6, 6, 7, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 6, 8, 7, 8, 7, 5, 4, 9, 10, 5, 6, 7, 6, 4, 5, 7, 7, 4, 8, 7, 6 . The data has been tallied and organized in the given frequency table. Table 3 Score 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tally
| |||| || |||| | |||| |||| |||| ||| |||| | | |

Frequency 1 7 6 10 8 6 1 1

2. Grouped data (data bergolong / kelompok ) Given the data of matematics exam of 32 students 39, 47, 57, 43, 59, 55, 58, 51 45, 52, 44, 54, 48, 53, 47, 48 50, 63, 43, 36, 43, 51, 40, 54 41, 49, 60, 51, 44, 34, 40, 53 The steps to organize the data in frequency table are : a. Calculate the range of data R = Xmax Xmin = 63 34 = 29 b. Numbers of class Interval Use Sturges rule , numbers of class (C) = 1 + 3,3 log n, n = number of data = 1 + 3,3 log 32 C = 5, 9665
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Thus the number of class is 5 or 6 c. Length of class interval ( l ) R l = C 29 = 4, 83 ( 4 or 5 ) = 6 d. Distribution frequency table of grouped data Table 4 Each group is called a class The size of grouping is called the class interval. Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63 Tally ll llll ll llll ll llll lll llll lll Frequency 2 7 7 8 5 3

e. Based on distribution frequency table above 34, 39, 44, 49, 54, 59 may be called the lower boundary. 38, 43, 48, 53, 58, 63 may be called upper boundary The lower limit 2nd class interval : halfway between 38 and 39, then the lower limit of each class interval are 33.5, 38.5, 43.5, 48.5, 53.5, 58.5. The upper limit of each class interval are 38.5, 43.5, 48.5, 53.5, 58.5, 63.5.

3. Distribution cumulative frequency table Frequency tables may include other columns which show relative frequency and cumulative frequency. Relative frequency of an event is the frequency of that event expressed as a fraction ( or decimal equivalent ) of the total frequency. Cumulative frequency of an event is the accumulation ( sum ) of frequencies up to and including that event. Table 5 Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63

Frequency Freq. relative (%) 2 6,25 7 21,875 7 21,875 8 25 5 15,625 3 9,375

Freq.Cum 2 9 16 24 29 32

Freq.Cum 32 30 23 16 8 3

Relative frequency ( Fr )
Fr =

Freq n th class the number of data

x 100%

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4. Cumulative Frequency Graph (Polygon) A cumulative frequency graph ( polygon ) is used to represent cumulative frequencies. We plot the cumulative frequencies against the upper end points of each class interval. Example 6 : Draw a cumulative frequency for the steel rod data

5. Histogram Based on the steel rod data example 5 above , it can be represented diagrammatically by a histogram.

6. Frequency Polygon A frequency polygon is a line graph which, like the histogram, gives a good visual appreciatation the shape of the frequency distribution. Instead of drawing the bars, the midpoint of each bar is found and is used to represent the whole interval. These points are then joined by straight lines. The following diagram is the polygon frequency based on the steel rod data example 5 above .

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Exercise 1.3
1. Given the following data : 80 66 74 74 70 71 78 74 72 67 72 73 73 72 75 74 74 74 72 72 66 75 74 73 74 72 79 71 75 75 78 69 71 70 79 80 75 76 68 68 Represent the data into : a. Ungrouped Frequency Distribution tables b. Grouped Frequency Distribution tables using classes : 65 67 , 68 70 , 71 73 , 74 76, 77 79 , 80 82 . 2. Height (m) Frequency Represent the tables beside into freq 119 127 3 cumulative and relative tables, and then construct : 128 136 6 a. histogram 137 145 10 b. polygon 146 154 11 c. ogive 155 163 5 164 172 3 173 181 2 3. Given the following data :

a. b. c. d.

Organise the data into grouped data How many class interval that happened ? Mentioned the lower and upper limit of each class Mentioned the midpoint

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E. Summarising The Data

Measures of the middle of a Distribution There are three commonly used measures for the middle of a distribution; the mean, the mode, and the median. a. Ungrouped data in distribution frequency table. 1. Mean

x=

x1 f 1 + x 2 f 2 + x3 f 3 + ... + x n f n f 1 + f 2 + f 3 + ... + f n

x
or

fi
i

x=

i =1

f
i =1

2. Mode (s) 3. Q1, Me, and Q3

a. If n is an odd number of the data Q1 =

xn + 1
4

Me =

xn + 1
2

Q3 =

x 3( n + 1)
4

b. If n is an even number of the data Q1 =

xn + 2
4

Me =

xn + 1
2

Q3 =

x 3n + 2
4

Example 7. Score (xi) 4 5 6 7 8

Frequency (fi) 5 2 4 3 2

xi f i 20 10 24 21 16

Find : a. Mean b. Mode c. Q1, Me, and Q3

f
Solution :

=16

f i = 91

x
a. x =
i =1 n i =1

fi =
i

91 = 5, 69 16

b. Mo = 4

c. n = 16 (even ) Q1 = x n + 2 = x16 + 2 = x 4,5

4 4

, x4 = 4 and x5 = 4

Q1 =

x 4 + x5 4 + 4 = =4 2 2 , x8 = 6 and x9 = 6

Me = x n + 1 = x16 + 1 = x8,5
2 2

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Me =

x8 + x 9 6 + 6 = =6 2 2

Q3 = x 3n + 2 = x 3.16 + 2 = x12,5 , x12 = 7 and x13 = 7

4 4

Q3 =

x12 + x13 7 + 7 = =7 2 2

b. Grouped data 1. Mean

x
x=
i =1 n i =1

fi
i

xi

: midpoint

The midpoint of a class interval is the average of its endpoints Example 8: Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63 Frequency 2 7 7 8 5 3 xi 36 41 46 51 56 61 = 32 xi fi 72 287 322 408 280 183

f
x
x=
i =1 n i =1 n i

x
or

f i = 1552

fi =
i

1552 = 48,5 32

d
x = xs +
i =1 n i =1

fi

, Take any xi as x s and calculate d i = xi x s

i

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Score
34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63

Frequency
2 7 7 8 5 3

xi 36 41 46 51 = xs 56 61

d i = xi x s -15 -10 -5 0 5 10

d i fi -30 -70 -35 0 25 30

f
d
x = xs +
i =1 n i =1 n i

= 32

d
80 = 48,5 32

f i = 80

fi = 51 +
i

2. Mode The class of mode is the class of highest frequency

d1 Mo = L + d + d l 1 2

L = d1 = d2 = l =

Lower limit modes class the difference freq of modes class and the class before modes class the difference freq of modes class and the class after modes class the length of class interval

Example 9 : Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63 Frequency 2 7 7 8 Mode 5 3

= 32

The locate of mode is in the 4th class interval d1 = 8 7 = 1 d2 = 8 5 = 3 l = 39 34 = 5 L = 49 0,5 = 48,5 d1 Mo = L + l d1 + d 2

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= 48,5 +

1 .5 1+ 3

= 48,5 + 1,25 = 49,75 3. Q1, Me = Q2, and Q3

i 4 n fk l Qi = Li + fQ i

Qi = ith quartile, i = 1,2, 3 Li = lower limit ith class quartile n = number of the data fk = cumulative freq before ith class quartile fQi = freq ith class quartile l = the length of class interval

Example 10 : Find Q1, Me = Q2, and Q3 Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63 Frequency 2 7 7 8 5 3 Freq.Cum 2 9 Q1 16 Me = Q2 24 Q3 29 32

= 32

1 n fk l Q1 = L1 + 4 fQ , 1
8 2 5 7

1 1 .n= . 32 = 8 (Q1 in the 2nd class intv) 4 4

= 38,5 +

= 38,5 + 4,28 = 42,47

Q2 = L2

2 n fk l + 4 fQ , 2

2 1 .n= . 32 = 16 (Q2 in the 3rd class intv) 4 4

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= 43,5 +

16 9 5 7

= 43,5 + 5 = 48,5

Q3 = L3

3 n fk l + 4 fQ , 2 24 16 5 8

3 3 .n= . 32 = 24 (Q3 in the 4th class intv) 4 4

= 48,5 +

= 48,5 + 5 = 53,5

4. Deciles
i 10 n f k l Di = Li + fD i

Di = ith decile, i = 1,2,3, ,9 Li = lower limit ith class decile n = number of the data fk = cumulative freq before ith class decile fDi = freq ith class decile l = the length of class interval

5. Percentiles

i n fk l Pi = Li + 100 f Pi

Pi = ith Percentile, i = 1,2, 3, , 99 Li = lower limit ith class percentile n = number of the data fk = cumulative freq before ith class percentile fQi = freq ith class percentile l = the length of class interval
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Exercise 1.4
Solve the following problems 1. Determine the mean of the following data a. 5, 7, 9, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1 b. Data 3 4 5 6 7 8 Frequency 4 5 7 8 12 3

9 1

2. The data set below is the test scores of Math test for 20 students 65 75 66 80 73 75 68 67 75 77 70 71 60 55 65 63 60 70 70 66 Determine the mean of the data above. 3. Find the mean of grouped data : a. The height(cm) Frequency 150 154 5 155 159 6 160 164 10 165 169 7 170 174 2 4. Determine the mean using xs = 57 The weight (kg) 50 52 53 55 56 58 59 61 62 64 Frequency 4 8 20 10 8

5. Determine the median of the following data : a. 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6, 4, 3, 6, 8 b. Data 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency 2 12 14 6 5 1 c. d. score Frequency 52 3 56 6 60 10 64 20 68 40 72 20 76 9 80 2

The weight (kg) 45 47 48 50 51 53 54 56 57 59 60 62 63 65

Freq 2 6 8 15 10 7 2

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Exercise 1.5
Solve the following problems 1. Determine the mode of the following data a. 2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8, 2, 6, 7, 5, 2, 1, 5 b. 8, 9, 5, 6, 8, 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 c. Data (cm) 3,1 3,4 4,2 4,9 5,1 5,5 6,5 Frequency 4 6 12 15 7 3 2 d. score 2 5 8 11 14 e. The height(cm) 119 127 128 136 137 145 146 154 155 163 164 172 173 181 Frequency 3 6 10 11 5 3 2 Frequency 2 6 10 4 3

2. Determine Q1, Q 2 , Q 3, and H of the following ungrouped data : a. 2, 5, 4, 6, 3, 4, 8 b. 4, 9, 12, 6, 3, 11, 7, 2 c. score Frequency 3 5 4 6 5 10 6 15 7 9 8 6 9 2 3. Determine Q1, Q 2 , Q 3, and H of the grouped data : a. b. The weight Data Frequency (kg) 41 45 3 50 52 46 50 6 53 55 51 55 10 56 58 56 60 12 59 61 61 65 5 62 64 66 70 4

Frequency 4 8 20 10 8

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F. The Absolut Deviation, Standard Deviation and Variance

a. Ungrouped data 1. The Absolut Deviation ( Simpangan absolute / simpangan rata-rata)

SR =
i =1

xi x n

2. The Standard Deviation ( Simpangan baku )

(x
n

S =

i =1

3. Variance ( ragam )

S2 =

(x
i =1

x )2 n

b. Grouped data 1. The Absolut Deviation ( Simpangan absolute / simpangan rata-rata) The absolute deviation is given by the formula

f
SR =
i =1

xi x n

2. The Standard Deviation ( Simpangan baku ) The standard deviation measures the deviation between scores and the mean, is a measure of the dispersal of the data. The differences between the scores and the mean squared, anf the average of these squares is then found.The standard deviation is the square root of this average.

(
n

f i xi x n 1

, ( n < 30 )

f (x
n i

S =

i =1

S =

i =1

, (n

30 )

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3. Variance ( ragam )

S2 =

i =1

f i ( xi x ) 2 n 1

, ( n < 30 )

S2 =

f
i =1

( xi x ) 2 n

, ( n 30 )

4. Quartile deviation ( Simpangan Kuartil / Qd ) 1 Qd = ( Q3 Q1 ) 2 Example 11 : a. For the data 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, then find SR, S, S2. Solution :

x =

3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 9 30 = =6 5 5

SR =
i =1

xi x =

36 + 4 6 + 6 6 + 8 6 + 9 6 5

n 3 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 3 10 = =2 = 5 5

S2 =

(x
i =1

x )2

n 9 + 4 + 0 + 4 +9 26 = = = 5,2 5 5

(3 6)2

+ (4 6) 2 + ( 6 6) 2 + (8 6) 2 + (9 6) 2 5

( x
n

S =

i =1

S2 =

5,2 = 2,28

Example 12: Find SR, S, S2, x = 48,5

Score 34 38 39 43 44 48 49 53 54 58 59 63

Frequency 2 7 7 8 5 3

xi

l xi x l ( xi x )2 12,5 7,5 2,5 2,5 7,5 12,5 156,25 56,25 6,25 6,25 56,25 156,25

f i l xi x l

f i ( xi x )2

36 41 46 51 56 61 = 32

25 52,5 17,5 20 37,5 37,5

312,5 393,75 43,75 50 281,25 468,75

xi x

f (x
i

=190

x) 2 = 1550
i

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f
a.
SR =
i =1

xi x n

c. S = =

S2
50 = 7,07

190 32

= 5,9375

b.

S2 =
=

f
i =1

( xi x ) 2 n

1550 = 50 31

Exercise 1.6
1. Determine SR of the following data a. 6, 8, 11, 3, 2 b. 2, 4, 6, 2, 1 2. Determine S and S2 of the following data a. 3, 11, 2, 8, 6 b. 4, 6, 5, 7, 3 3. Determine SR, S, and S2 of the following grouped data : a. Age Frequency 15 2 6 10 7 11 15 5 16 20 9 21 25 6 b. Data 41 45 46 50 51 55 56 60 61 65 66 70 Frequency 3 6 10 12 5 4

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