PROJECT TOPIC MAINTENANCE PRACTICESS AND IT EFFECT ON PRODUCTION INDUSTRY CASE STUDY TEMA OIL REFINERY For decade,

industrial and organizations concentrated most of their attention upon product production, generally ignoring the maintenance function, as a necessary evil. During the recent years there has been a gradual attitude change in how general corporate managers view the maintenance function. These have come about as maintenance department ( MD) has become a major cost center within those organizations. Today with general operating costs rising at the rate of 10 percent each year, there is the potential for the realization of significant savings in the MD that deserves scrutiny. By implementing certain of the advanced management practices outlined here greater savings can be made. RELIABILITY CENTERED MAINTANANCE PRACTICE (Case Study on Heat Exchanger) Most industry practices preventive maintenance, because they lack the understanding of Reliability centered maintenance. The objective of this case study is to investigate the applicability of RCM in maintenance practice for process plant equipment. The used of heat exchanger at a process plant is use.

Finding the remaining life of the exchanger base on the risk ranking and the next life and the next time of inspection. The heat exchanger 12 E 204 is an equipment use at the RFCC plant. The exchanger has five parts, channel, shell, shell cover and tubes. The components influence the function of the exchange, since the exchanger is fabricated from steel and exposed to corrosive .corrosion has been identify as the main cause which could lead to functional failures of the exchanger. (Fouling) Fouling in heat exchanger The ability of the exchanger to function properly depend on four components, the medium of fluid , the corrosion rate, due to the following wetH2S, Amonia chloride. rust and sand. Using ultrasonic testing machine, the corrosion rate (CR) and the remaining thickness of the exchanger are calculated as: Ti = Thickness in m, measured at initial installation TA = Actual thickness in m, measured at the time of inspection TR = required thickness in mm, computed by design formula before corrosion allowance and manufacturing tolerance are added.

TP = Thickness in mm, measured during previous inspection.

The two most basic and fundamental types of steam turbines are the impulse turbine and the impulse reaction turbine.

The Impulse Turbine:

The impulse turbine consists of a set of stationary blades followed by a set of rotor blades which rotate to produce the rotary power. The high pressure steam flows through the fixed blades, which are nothing but nozzles, and undergo a decrease in pressure energy, which is converted to kinetic energy to give the steam high velocity levels. This high velocity steam strikes the moving blades or rotor and causes them to rotate. The fixed blades do not completely convert all the pressure energy of the steam to kinetic energy, hence there is some residual pressure energy associated with the steam on exit. Therefore the efficiency of this turbine is very limited as compared to the next turbine we are going to review- the reaction turbine or impulse reaction turbine.

The Reaction Turbine:

The reaction turbine is a turbine that makes use of both the impulse and the reaction of the steam to produce the rotary effect on the rotors. The moving blades or the rotors here are also nozzle shaped (They are aerodynamically designed for this) and hence there is a drop in pressure while moving through the rotor as well. Therefore in this turbine the pressure drops occur not only in the fixed blades, but a further pressure drop occurs in the rotor stage as well. This is the reason why this turbine is more efficient as the exit pressure of the steam is lesser, and the conversion is more. The velocity drop between the fixed blades and moving blades is almost zero, and the main velocity drop occurs only in the rotor stage.
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Fouling of Some Canadian Crude Oils M. Srinivasan , The University of British Columbia A. P. Watkinson, The University of British Columbia
ABSTRACT: A thermal fouling study was undertaken using three sour Canadian crude oils. Experiments were carried out in a re-circulation fouling loop, equipped with an annular (HTRI) electrically

heated probe. Fluids at pressures of about 1000-1340 kPa under a nitrogen atmosphere were re-circulated at a velocity of 0.75 m/s for periods of 48 hours, and the decline in heat transfer coefficient followed under conditions of constant heat flux. Bulk temperatures were varied over the range 200-285C, and initial surface temperatures from 300 to 380C. Heat fluxes were in the range of 265-485 kW/m2. M. Srinivasan and A. P. Watkinson, "Fouling of Some Canadian Crude Oils" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/26

View the Preheat Train Crude Distillation Fouling Propensity Evaluation by the Ebert and Panchal Model article M. Bories , TOTAL CERT (403 KB) T. Patureaux, TOTAL CERT Search this Tell a conference colleagu : e Get The Ebert and Panchal fouling model was used to assess the fouling tendency of the exchangers of industrial crude an Acrobat distillation unit (CDU) preheat train. The ranking obtained through a monitoring and processing of the performances of the Reader different exchangers matched quite well the predictions of the Ebert and Panchal fouling model. In the meantime, a first Go mitigation solution consisted in periodically cleaning heat exchangers and installing TURBOTAL Advanced the fouling monitoring of the equipped exchangers, the beneficial action of the TURBOTAL Search clear. Notificatio n of New M. Bories and T. Patureaux, "Preheat Train Crude Distillation Fouling Propensity Evaluation by the Ebert and Panchal Content Model" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans MllerABSTRACT: Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/27 Notify me of new articles in my area of interest. Join the ECI email announcem ent list.

Retrofitting Crude Oil Refinery Heat Exchanger Networks to Minimise Fouling While Maximising Heat Recovery B. L. Yeap, University of Cambridge D. I. Wilson, University of Cambridge G. T. Polley, Pinchtechnology.com S. J. Pugh, ESDU International Plc
ABSTRACT: The use of fouling factors in heat exchanger design and the lack of appreciation of fouling in traditional pinch approach has often resulted badly designed crude preheat networks that are expensive to maintain. The development of thermal and pressure drop models for crude oil fouling has

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allowed its effects to be quantified, so that techno-economic analyses can be performed and various design options compared. Application of these fouling models is carried out on two levels: on the assessment of adding extra area to individual exchangers, and the design of a complete network using the Modified Temperature Field Plot. Application to a refinery case study showed that both at the exchanger and network levels, designing for maximum heat recovery using traditional pinch approach results in the least efficient heat recovery over a time period when fouling occurs. B. L. Yeap, D. I. Wilson, G. T. Polley, and S. J. Pugh, "Retrofitting Crude Oil Refinery Heat Exchanger Networks to Minimise Fouling While Maximising Heat Recovery" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/28

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Analysis and Steps to Mitigate Heat Exchanger Fouling in an Aromatics Plant Shinji Isogai , Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Mitsutaka Nakamura, Mitsubishi Chemical Co.
ABSTRACT: A heat exchanger, upstream a distillation tower for the separation of BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) from crude benzene in an aromatics plant, experiences heavy fouling. The fouling mechanism and countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate it, were investigated. An Alcor Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS)was used for the fouling rate measurement. The main mechanism is a combination of precipitation fouling and chemical reaction fouling. Effects, such as temperature, vapor ratio (vapor mole fraction of the fluid), heater materials, surface roughness and the addition of some different types of chemicals were studied. From the experiments, some countermeasures for this fouling were proposed. A decrease in the vapor liquid ratio and a continuous supply of the more effective antifoulant chemical (dispersant) successfully reduced fouling in the plant.

Fouling Characteristics of a Light Australian Crude Oil Zaid S. Saleh, The University of New South Wales R. Sheikholeslami, The University of New South Wales A. P. Watkinson, The University of British Columbia
ABSTRACT: Australian crude oils, which generally contain little asphaltenes, nevertheless give rise to fouling in refinery pre-heat trains. In this research, fouling of a series of such crude oils and their blends is being assessed. The present work focuses on thermal fouling resulting from heating Gippsland crude oil at moderate temperatures. The oil is maintained under nitrogen at a pressure of 379 kPa, and recirculated at bulk temperatures of 80-120C through an electrically heated annular probe at velocities in the range 0.25 to 0.65 m/s with surface temperatures from 180-260C. Experiments are run for periods up to 90 hours at constant heat flux. Fouling is detected by the increase of wall temperature of the probe. The oil is characterized by its filterable solids content, density and viscosity both before and after the fouling run. The trends in fouling rates are compared to predictions of the threshold-fouling model proposed by Ebert and Panchal (1995). Data on deposit composition are presented, and the fouling mechanism discussed.

Comparison of Crude Oil Fouling Using Two Different Probes A. P. Watkinson , The University of British Columbia
ABSTRACT: A variety of different fouling rigs, each with its own advantages and disadvantages is available to assess crude oil fouling. In this research, fouling of three crude oils are compared, using two electrically heated annular probes with strikingly different modes of operation. The Hot Liquid Process Simulator (HLPS) was operated in singlepass mode, under creeping flow conditions for time durations of a few hours at constant surface temperature. The Portable Fouling Research Unit (PFRU) was operated at velocities a factor of 250 higher, and

followed the fouling process over two or more days at constant heat flux, using recirculation of the crude oil. It was of interest to determine whether the two devices led to the same relative ranking of extent or rate of fouling, and exhibited similar responses to changes in surface temperature. Two conventional light crude oils, and a synthetic crude oil derived from heavy oil were tested at average surface temperatures in the range 225-380C, and bulk temperatures roughly 100C lower. With the low velocity probe, typical fouling resistances after four hours were over an order of magnitude higher than for the high velocity probe after 48 hours. Fouling rates were two orders of magnitude greater in the low velocity unit. Some differences in relative ranking of the fouling potentials for the three oils were noted. A. P. Watkinson , "Comparison of Crude Oil Fouling Using Two Different Probes" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/32

Measurement and Modeling for the Mitigation of Organic Crystallization Fouling Shinji Isogai, Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Mitsutaka Nakamura, Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Hirofumi Inokuchi, Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Hiroaki Kimura, Mitsubishi Chemical Co. Yoshio Koga, Mitsubishi Chemical Co.
ABSTRACT: One of the aromatic compound plants in Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation has a heavy crystallization fouling problem. In order to solve this problem, using a low power gamma ray sensor, we found the location of heaviest fouling and measured the fouling growth rate. We also made a crystallization fouling laboratory test unit (simulator) to study the effects of some factors, such as temperature, liquid velocity, surface roughness and liquid composition. Fouling rates of the industrial plant cooler and the laboratory fouling test unit were modeled using a combination of Kern-

Seaton and Reitzer models. However, the parameters of the plant and test unit did not agree with each other, perhaps because of scale up problems. We also measured the melting process (removal) of the fouling with the test unit. The heat flux necessary to melt the foulant was measured and used for the actual plant melting system. In the industrial plant, a steam trace melting system was installed at the position of heaviest fouling, and the plant now runs better than before. Shinji Isogai, Mitsutaka Nakamura, Hirofumi Inokuchi, Hiroaki Kimura, and Yoshio Koga, "Measurement and Modeling for the Mitigation of Organic Crystallization Fouling" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/33

Development of a Data-Based Method for Performance Monitoring of Heat Exchangers A. Sawyer, University of Tennessee A. E. Ruggles, University of Tennessee B. R. Upadhyaya, University of Tennessee E. Eryurek, Emerson Process Management K. Kavaklioglu, Emerson Process Management J. Miller, Emerson Process Management
ABSTRACT: A multivariate analysis method is developed for processing measurements, and for detecting and isolating faults and monitoring performance degradation in heat exchanger control loops. A heat exchanger inside a typical temperature to flow cascade loop is considered. This system includes a constant speed pump with flow control valves, pressure and temperature measurement. A proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is used to maintain a temperature set point for the exit flow on one side of the exchanger. A thermal-fluid model for the components in the system is developed. A Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) rulebase is formulated from results of simulations performed using these models. Measurements from an installed laboratory heat exchanger control loop are also used. Faults simulated and induced on the physical heat exchanger loop include tube

fouling, sensor drift, fluid leakage, unresponsive valves, plugged process lines, and controller errors. The rule base allows the identification of faults in a heat exchanger control loop given suitable process measurements. A. Sawyer, A. E. Ruggles, B. R. Upadhyaya, E. Eryurek, K. Kavaklioglu, and J. Miller, "Development of a Data-Based Method for Performance Monitoring of Heat Exchangers" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans MllerSteinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/34

The Early Stages of Deposition of Magnetite Particles onto Alloy-800 Heat Exchange Surfaces under Subcooled Boiling Conditions Norman Arbeau, University of New Brunswick William Cook , University of New Brunswick Derek Lister, University of New Brunswick
ABSTRACT: The data collected during experiments in water loops on the fouling of heat exchange surfaces with magnetite particles often display a dip in the deposit accumulation curve at about 10 20 hours into the experiment. Generally the dips are small enough to be considered part of the scatter and may not even be discernible in long runs with considerable amounts of deposit. We have examined this phenomenon in a series of short experiments lasting up to a maximum of 40 hours. The test section of the recirculating water loop used for the study contained a heat exchanger tube of Alloy-800. Synthetic magnetite colloids were suspended in the coolant, which was usually maintained at 60C or 90C, and their deposition onto the tube was monitored for different conditions of pH, flow rate and heat flux. For a pH where deposition should be dominated by transport processes, deposition curves all displayed a knee at about 5 10 hours, regardless of whether the tube was heated or not. The curve shape can be explained in terms of a layered growth of the deposit, the first layer conditioning the surface for the growth of subsequent layers. First-order

phenomenological coefficients in a simple model reproduce the curves quite well. Norman Arbeau, William Cook , and Derek Lister, "The Early Stages of Deposition of Magnetite Particles onto Alloy-800 Heat Exchange Surfaces under Subcooled Boiling Conditions" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans MllerSteinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/35

Fouling Enhancement under Flow Boiling at Elevated Steam Qualities S. J. Klimas, AECL J. M. Pietralik, AECL K. Fruzzetti , Electric Power Research Institute R. L. Tapping, AECL
ABSTRACT: Under laboratory conditions of flow boiling in water at 272285C (5.7 to 7.0 MPa), it has been observed that fouling rates by colloidal iron oxides ("crud") dramatically increase upon reaching a certain steam quality and mixture velocity. In loop tests, an increase in fouling rates by up to 3 orders of magnitude was repeatedly observed. This effect is called here heavy fouling under elevated steam quality (HFESQ). HFESQ is potentially very significant for once-through steam generators, and very large versions of recirculating nuclear steam generators, because it can lead to heavy fouling in the upper tube bundle. The mechanism of HFESQ is not certain, but its onset appears to be associated with significant droplet entrainment after the transition of flow to the annular pattern. The postulated connections between the flow pattern and the fouling mechanism will be discussed. This mechanism may also be the reason for an increased rate of flowaccelerated corrosion at high steam quality in piping and piping fittings. Experimental data will be shown suggesting that the onset of HFESQ is susceptible to the chemistry and size of the crud particles. This offers a route for possible mitigation of

the fouling problem. S. J. Klimas, J. M. Pietralik, K. Fruzzetti , and R. L. Tapping, "Fouling Enhancement under Flow Boiling at Elevated Steam Qualities" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan ger/36

Identification and Testing of Amines for Steam Generator Corrosion and Fouling Control S. J. Klimas, AECL K. Fruzzetti, Electric Power Research Institute C. W. Turner, AECL P. V. Balakrishnan, AECL G. L. Strati , AECL R. L. Tapping, AECL
ABSTRACT: AECL and EPRI have been evaluating candidate amines for control of corrosion and fouling in recirculating nuclear steam generators. To permit an unambiguous ranking of the suitability of the candidate amines, the characteristics of base strength, volatility, price, steam generator fouling, cost of associated condensate and blowdown polishing, toxicity and ecotoxicity have been summarized in a single numerical index. The majority of the data required for the calculation of the index is available in the literature. The effect of amine on steam generator fouling has been measured using a recirculating loop at AECL under flow boiling conditions. The loop results coupled with steam generator modelling indicate a significant reduction in steam generator fouling rates when optimized chemistry is used. The calculated reduction in the cost of steam generator fouling and corrosion control for several amines and amine mixtures is given. S. J. Klimas, K. Fruzzetti, C. W. Turner, P. V. Balakrishnan, G. L. Strati , and R. L. Tapping, "Identification and Testing of Amines for Steam Generator Corrosion and Fouling Control" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans MllerSteinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchan

ger/37

Overview of Actual Methods for Characterization of Ash Depostion Ch. Lpez, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology S. Unterberger, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology J. Maier, Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology K. R. G. Hein , Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology
ABSTRACT: Utility operation with frequent fuel switching is a common practice, forced by cheaper coal availability in the international market. Additionally, a substitution of coal by cheaper local secondary fuels, ranging from forest wood to sewage sludge and industrial or domestic residues, is gaining importance. Switching between different fuels, even if these do not differ much from the design coal, enhances operational problems arising from ash deposition. In order to prevent operational problems, through comprehension of the phenomena taking place within the furnace, appropriate sampling and characterization of the deposits are necessary. Methods commonly used for analysis of ash deposits and their characterization are summarized in this paper. The goals of the experimental work at the Institute of Process Engineering and Power Plant Technology (IVD) are then summarized. Finally, work on modeling the slagging and fouling phenomena or their characterization is presented. Ch. Lpez, S. Unterberger, J. Maier, and K. R. G. Hein , "Overview of Actual Methods for Characterization of Ash Depostion" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/38

Improvements and New Developments in Self-Cleaning Heat Transfer Leading to New Applications Dick G. Klaren, Klaren BV
ABSTRACT: Improvements in the design have made the fluidized bed heat exchanger better suitable for the revamp of existing vertical severely fouling heat exchangers in evaporators, crystallizers and reboilers into a self-cleaning configuration. Highly viscous non-Newtonian slurries used in mineral processing can benefit from the fluidized bed heat exchanger not only due to its self-cleaning performance, but also as a result of the shear-thinning action of the fluidized particles which dramatically lowers the viscosity of the slurry. New developments have created the possibility to design compact self-cleaning fluidized bed heat exchangers which can compete with plate and frame exchangers. Dick G. Klaren, "Improvements and New Developments in Self-Cleaning Heat Transfer Leading to New Applications " in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/39

The Practical Application and Innovation of Cleaning Technology for Heat Exchangers George E. Saxon Jr., Conco Systems Inc. Richard E. Putman, Conco Consulting Corp.
ABSTRACT: The fouling of heat exchangers not only has a negative impact on heat transfer efficiency but also may restrict the output or production capacity of the facility. Given the cooling medium and the process, heat exchangers may be lightly fouled with organic deposits or may be severely blocked from hardened process chemicals. The probability of success in cleaning the heat exchanger is dependent on the selection of the appropriate cleaning technology under the specific fouling conditions. Early identification of fouling characteristics and a fundamental knowledge of cleaning system capabilities are essential in determining the most effective cleaning technology and the frequency of cleaning required. Unique circumstances may require innovative solutions. State-of-the-art cleaning

technologies for shell and tube heat exchangers and air-cooled heat exchangers are introduced. The practical application and innovation of cleaning technology is discussed. Methods for effective removal of various deposit types are presented. George E. Saxon Jr. and Richard E. Putman, "The Practical Application and Innovation of Cleaning Technology for Heat Exchangers" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/40

Understanding and Quantifying Cleaning Processes Using Fluid Dynamic Gauging J. Y. M. Chew, University of Cambridge S. S. S. Cardoso, University of Cambridge W. R. Paterson, University of Cambridge D. I. Wilson, University of Cambridge
ABSTRACT: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to analyse the flow patterns generated by the fluid dynamic gauging (FDG) technique in order to allow that technology to give simultaneous measurements of fouling layer thickness and incipient strength (via breakage). Stress field predictions were generated by solving the governing Navier-Stokes equations for these quasi-laminar flows using the numerical solver FastflowTM and validated by comparison with experimental hydrostatic pressure data. Enhanced FDG was used to study the removal of a tomato paste soil, which had been characterised by Liu et al. (2002) using a micro-manipulation technique. Deposit strength measurements gave clear indication of increases on ageing via baking and are compared with those reported by Liu et al. J. Y. M. Chew, S. S. S. Cardoso, W. R. Paterson, and D. I. Wilson, "Understanding and Quantifying Cleaning Processes Using Fluid Dynamic Gauging" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/41

Biocide Dosing Strategies for Biofilm Control D. M. Grant , University of Birmingham T. R. Bott, University of Birmingham
ABSTRACT: In order to reduce environmental impact of biocide use for the control of biofilm formation in cooling water circuits, environmentally friendly biocides have been developed, but they are generally more expensive than the more traditional chemicals. It is imperative therefore, that the minimum quantity of biocide is employed, so that costs are kept to a minimum. To achieve this objective optimum dosing strategies are required. Using apilot plant in conjunction with a monoculture of Pseudomonas fluorecsens as the biofouling bacterium, tests were carried out using a proprietary biocide, to investigate the effects of dose concentration, duration and frequency of dosing and fluid mechanics on biofilm control. With four 15 minute applications per day, at a peak concentration of 16.8 mg/l, it was not possible to inhibit biofilm development. Control was effected however, by doubling the peak concentration using a short dosing period. Concentration, as would be expected, was shown to be a critical factor for control. A boicide concentration below that for growth inhibition, seemed to enhance biofilm formation! Increase frequency of dosing is only effective if the concentration employed is biofilm growth inhibiting. D. M. Grant and T. R. Bott, "Biocide Dosing Strategies for Biofilm Control" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/42

Fouling Mitigation Using Helixchanger Heat Exchangers Bashir I. Master, ABB Lummus Heat Transfer Krishnan S. Chunangad, ABB Lummus Heat Transfer Venkateswaran Pushpanathan, ABB Lummus Heat Transfer
ABSTRACT:

One of the major indeterminates in the design as well as operation of heat exchangers is the rate of fouling a select heat exchanger geometry would exhibit over the operation cycles. Gradual deterioration of heat exchanger performance due to the accumulation of fouling film on the heat transfer surface is often accounted for in the form of a fouling resistance, or commonly known as the fouling factor, while determining the heat transfer surface required for a specific heat duty. More often, the fouling mechanism responsible for the deterioration of heat exchanger performance is flow-velocity dependent. Maldistribution of flow, wakes and eddies caused by poor heat exchanger geometry can have detrimental effect on heat exchanger performance and reliability. Helixchanger heat exchangers have demonstrated significant improvements in the fouling behavior of heat exchangers in operation. In a Helixchanger heat exchanger, the quadrant shaped shellside baffle plates are arranged at an angle to the tube axis creating a helical flow pattern on the shellside. Uniform velocities and near plug flow conditions achieved in a Helixchanger heat exchanger, provide low fouling characteristics, offering longer heat exchanger run-lengths between scheduled cleaning of tube bundles. This article demonstrates the Helixchanger heat exchanger option in reducing the velocity-dependent fouling in heat exchangers. Bashir I. Master, Krishnan S. Chunangad, and Venkateswaran Pushpanathan, "Fouling Mitigation Using Helixchanger Heat Exchangers" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/43

An Effective CIP Procedure for Removing Dairy Protein Based Deposit A Laboratory Investigation Xiao Dong Chen, The University of Auckland Necati zkan, The University of Auckland Frank Qin, The University of Auckland

The purpose of a literature review

Your job when writing a literature review is to add value to all those papers you have read, where you explain how the many salient ideas of others (often gathered from many disparate sources) have led up to and have contributed to your research problem. Let me say that again: a good literature review adds value. It is not just a catalog of papers you have read. Here are some other things that literature reviews do. 1.

Show you know the literature there is far too much literature for you to be exhaustive, so you must be selective

2.

Gives your readers background to understand your work

this includes both readers who are specialists in your area, and readers who know nothing about it (e.g., external examiners). Its a delicate balancing act

3.

Gives a historical perspective shows how ideas arose and evolved over time Leads into the problem you wish to tackle in your thesis what others have done before within this context, what is being done now, what problems have been identified, what has not been worked on, how your own work builds / adds onto this

4.

5.

Describes related work illustrates other ideas related to your research idea i.e., how they are in common and how they are different

explains why your idea or perspective is new Gives a new view of the problem / solution space

6.

Synthesis: combines together the literature in a way that adds something new i.e., the whole is greater than the sum of the parts birds eye view: as a reader of the literature, you now have a better perspective than any individual author may have had (particularly earlier authors who have not seen later work). You can now 'step back' and give a coherent overview of all that has happened

framework: fits all the pieces together into an organization that relates all the parts

How to start
1. Identify a few key papers (e.g., 7-10). You can do this by asking your supervisor, by sending email to knowledgeable people in the area 2. If you cannot do the above, try again. Surely there are some people who can point you to a few good places! 3. If you are really stuck and cannot find any primary sources, start doing on-line searches, go to the library, browse the abstracts of relevant proceedings and journals, etc. This is HARD. The problem is that you may find many fairly weak papers and waste time on them

instead of the strong ones. One way around this problem is to look at each paper's references; if you see ones that seem to recur, these are probably key papers in the area. Get those, and pay attention to what they cite. 4. When you have found the key papers, read them carefully. Then read them again. Then look at the references within those as ways to find the good prior art. 5. Then go on line (e.g., to the ACM Digital Library) and see what authors cite those key papers. The papers now become a 'forward citation' into the ideas that have built on them. Again, there may only be a few gems in the midst of many weak papers. 6. Print out those papers and keep them in a binder. Mark them up, use postits, highlighting pens, etc. You may see a great idea as you read a paper, and you should mark it. You really don't want to have to read that 30 page paper all over again 4 months later just because you cannot remember which page it is on! 7. Some people prefer to have their papers on line i.e., by copying from digital libraries or by scanning them. This is up to you --- I prefer pencil and postits myself as its really easy to do. Of course, the best solution is to have both, but that is a lot of work. 8. Whenever you go to a conference or meet a visitor who knows the area, ask them what papers they think are the most relevant to your idea. 9. Don't try to read everything. When you reach the point of diminishing returns i.e., you have to do a huge amount of reading to do anything new, its probably time to get going with your own work. 10. Read many literature reviews in other theses. Ask your supervisor for good examples. Don't be afraid to copy someone's literature style if its well done!

Types of Literature reviews

Annotated Bibliographies An annotated bibliography is typically a list of papers ordered by some means (perhaps alphabetically or by topic), where each paper is represented as a reference plus a summary paragraph.

Benefits: very useful way for you to track your own readings as you read them... it becomes an annotated index to your thoughts and ideas collected as you read papers

for others, ideally, an annotated bibliography brings together papers from different fields or publications;

this is especially valuable in new areas where the literature is scattered, or in areas that synthesis research from several other disciplines

they are also very valuable for others seeking papers who wish to scan a relevant list of papers and summaries on a topic

they are best when you sift out the chaff from the wheat i.e., if you include good papers and filter out the weaker ones.

Limitations: Annotated bibliographies do not add value to the individual work i.e., they do not try to assimilate the material or generalize from it

Current electronic bibliographies with good search capabilities can automatically produce something akin to an annotated bibliography, especially if they include abstracts

Because they are just a 'list', they require constant updating as new relevant papers come out

Bottom line: Great way to annotate the papers you read while gaining background in the area, but a poor way to do a literature review for a thesis

Organizing a literature review by project summaries One common way to do a literature review (especially in systems-oriented research) is by project. For example, each sub-section may describe / summarize a particular project in detail and give the most signicant references to it. Benefits:

lets you summarize / describe the most salient details about a project. you can collapse several papers into a single project summary you can describe the evolution of a project over time

you can omit repetitive / early papers that are covered by later more mature ones Limitations: its easy to get bogged down on project descriptions/details that have little to do with your main thesis interests; i.e., you may end up having to add much detail to set the context instead of concentrating on that part of the project/system that is of fundamental interest to you.

some ideas are common across many projects, and consequently you are forced to either repeat yourself, or introduce the idea in one project will only briefly mentioning it (or omitting it) in others

if there are many projects/systems related to your work, you may end up writing a very long exhaustive chapter to get complete coverage; this may actually take away from the impact of your review

Finally, there will always be a system you missed, or another one just being built around the corner. Does this mean you have to keep adding descriptions? If you omit one, does this leave you open to the challenge in your defense about "how come you ommitted System X" when (perhaps) you never heard of it or neglected to include it.

Bottom line: A reasonable way to describe the current state of the art if its fairly new, but can quickly become overwhelming

Organizing a literature review by ideas A very good way to do a literature review is by reviewing ideas, and then bringing in various projects and citations relevant to that idea. Ideas are typically abstractions that you may have made after reading many papers / project descriptions, and so on. That is, they are the essence / core of what makes something work. Ideas may be presented either as a set of subsections of related ideas (where one will flow

from the next), or even better as a framework that shows the inter-relations between ideas as well as their structure. Benefits:

you can concentrate on only the ideas salient to your research

you can bring in other works / projects by showing how they relate to that idea i.e., so you do not have to go into depth on less relevant parts of those other projects. That is, you can emphasize key points of other systems rather than unnecessary detail. when you come across new projects / papers, you can examine how they relate to those ideas, and only include them if they add value

if you are asked in a defense about a particular system/project that you had not mentioned, you can relate it back to your idea i.e., to say that you have in fact reviewed the idea covered by the system, and then show how that fits into it.

Limitations: requires thinking! Unlike project summaries and annotated bibliographies, its up to you to distill the essence of what is important in your readings.

Bottom line: This is what you should strive for, as you are adding value by abstracting key concepts from the literature. But it does require some thinking! If you only bring out shallow ideas, your literature review will feel shallow as well.

Organizing a literature review by history Another nice way to do a literature review is as a historical perspective. This is useful if you wish to show the evolution of ideas over time. However, this only works if this evolution really does lead into your research problem. Thus you may have to consider carefully if this is the approach you should take as your main organizing principle.

Hong Xin, The University of Auckland Lin Lin, The University of Auckland
ABSTRACT: In this paper, examples of using an in-situ electrochemical cleaning technique are illustrated. It can be shown that while using the standard chemical for cleaning in the dairy industry, the application of the in-situ electrochemical method is very effective in removing the dairy protein based fouling deposits. Both the gel protocol developed earlier and the real fouling procedure have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the new method. Xiao Dong Chen, Necati zkan, Frank Qin, Hong Xin, and Lin Lin, "An Effective CIP Procedure for Removing Dairy Protein Based Deposit A Laboratory Investigation" in "Heat Exchanger Fouling and Cleaning: Fundamentals and Applications", Paul Watkinson, Hans Mller-Steinhagen, and M. Reza Malayeri Eds, ECI Symposium Series, Volume RP1 (2003). http://services.bepress.com/eci/heatexchanger/44

Writing a Literature Review

area of study. It is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued, and established about a topic, and it is usually organized mat. It is not an annotated bibliography, because it groups related works together and discusses trends and developments rather ates previous and current research in regard to how relevant and/or useful it is and how it relates to your own research.

mary, because you are organizing and presenting your sources in terms of their overall relationship to your own project.

n a field of study. By highlighting these arguments, the writer attempts to show what has been studied in the field, and also where should therefore also demonstrate to the reader why the writers research is useful, necessary, important, and valid.

hy and for whom you are writing your review. For example, a lot of literature reviews are written as a chapter for a thesis or ch is important and original. Highlighting the gap in knowledge which your research aims to fill is particularly important in this ning in the area of study. A literature review in a proposal will similarly try to convince the audience of the significance and iterature review for a course, your professor may want you to show that you understand what research has been done, giving you a n proving where the gaps in knowledge lie, but rather, that you know what the major areas of study and key ideas are.

ources and organize your literature review. Remember, the literature review organizes the previous research in the light of what you

What's been done in this topic area to date? What are the significant discoveries, key concepts, On which particular areas of the topic has previous research concentrated? Have there been Are there any gaps in the research? Are there areas that haven't been looked at closely yet, but Are there improved methodologies for researching this subject? What future directions should research in this subject take? How will your research build on or depart from current and previous research on the topic? What

hich are the important works?

d?

udience. In a thesis or dissertation, the review is usually a full chapter (at least 20 pages), but for an assignment it may only be a

wo common ways are chronologically and thematically.

our sources in order of their appearance (usually publication), highlighting the changes in research in the field and your specific methodology, historiographical papers, and other writing where time becomes an important element. For example, a literature ng of mental illness has changed through the centuries, by giving a series of examples of key developments and ending with current

es in terms of the themes or topics they cover. This method is often a stronger one organizationally, and it can help you resist the arch together, you will be able to demonstrate the types of topics that are important to your research. For example, if the topic of the rate sections on research involving the production of music, research on the dissemination of music, research on the interpretation

on of a literature review, it is important to discuss how the research relates to other studies (how is it similar or different, what other o your own work. This is what the review is for: dont leave this connection out!