May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
Submission Title: Affordable OFDM for SUN Networks Date Submitted: 1 May 2009 Source: Steve Shearer, Independent Address: Pleasanton, CA, USA Voice: (408) 417 1137 , FAX: [], E-Mail: Shearer_inc @ yahoo.com Re: [802.15.4g] TG4g Call for Proposals, 2 February, 2009 Abstract: This Ab t t Thi presentation d i demonstrates that an OFDM system that is properly configured to the h h i l fi d h application at hand, can lead to a highly efficient, low complexity PHY suitable for Smart Utility Networks. It gives some insight to the simple methods that have been used to create the SUN OFDM PHY proposal that could be implemented on a low cost off-the-shelf microcontroller. Purpose: Technical Proposal to be discussed by IEEE 802.15 TG4g Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right d ti bj t t h i f d t t ft f th t d Th t ib t ( ) ( ) th i ht to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15.

Submission

Slide 1

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Affordable OFDM
a low cost multi carrier system for Smart Utility Networks Steve Shearer
May 2009 Supporter: Shusaku Shimada [Yokogawa Electric Co.]

Submission

Slide 2

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Introduction
TherearemanyconcernsabouttheinherentcomplexityofOFDMsystems TheseconcernsoftenarisefromanalysisofparticularOFDMsystemsthat arehighlyinappropriateforthisapplication g y pp p pp ThepurposeofthispresentationistodemonstratethatanOFDMsystem, thatisproperlyconfiguredtotheapplicationathand,canleadtoahighly e c e t, o co p e ty efficient,lowcomplexityPHY
Webelievethatthisproposalcanbeimplementedonanofftheshelf microcontrolleratverylowcost Orinsiliconusingonly10%moreSiareathananFSKsystem[1]

Thispresentationgivessomeinsighttothesimplemethodsthathavebeen usedtocreatetheSUNOFDMPHYproposal Andshowshowthisproposaliscompatiblewiththeexistingstandard andsomenewproposals Webelievethatthisproposaliselegantinitssimplicity,andisworthyof considerationasanoptionforthenewSmartUtilityNetworksPHY

[1]IEEE802.1509029300004g

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

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doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Contents
ProposalmeetstherequirementsofthePAR Multicarriersystems
Modulationmethods Channelcoding Reference transmitter diagram Referencetransmitterdiagram

Compatibility Datastructure
Preamble PHYHeader D t Datapayload l d

LowcostHardwareimplementation

Submission

Slide 4

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

RequirementsofthePAR Requirements of the PAR

Operationinanyoftheregionallyavailablelicenseexemptfrequencybands, suchas700MHzto1GHz,andthe2.4GHzband. Datarateofatleast40kbits persecondbutnotmorethan1000kbits per second CarrierGradeReliability Achievetheoptimalenergyefficientlinkmargingiventheenvironmental conditionsencounteredinSmartMeteringdeployments. Principallyoutdoorcommunications
highlyobstructed,highmultipathlocationswithinflexibleantennaorientation hi hl b t t d hi h lti th l ti ith i fl ibl t i t ti ApplicationsforWirelessSmartMeteringUtilityNetworkfurtherintensifytheneedfor maximumrange WirelessSmartMeteringUtilityNetworkrequirementof100%coverage abilitytoprovidelongrangepointtopointcircuitsavailableformeshing y p g g p p g

PHYframesizesuptoaminimumof1500octets Simultaneousoperationforatleast3colocatedorthogonalnetworks Connectivitytoatleastonethousanddirectneighborscharacteristicofdense Connectivity to at least one thousand direct neighbors characteristic of dense urbandeployment
Slide 5 Steve Shearer (Independent)

Submission

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doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

ThisProposalmeetsthePAR This Proposal meets the PAR

Itisapplicabletothe700,800,900MHzand2.4Ghzbands Supportsdataratesfrom360kbpsdownto22kbps
Enablesaccessingdifficulttogettonodes

Achievesverygoodenergyefficientlinkmargin(Eb/N0)toachieveCarrier Gradereliabilitywithoutwastingpower Grade reliability without wasting power Designedforoutdoorenvironmentsbecauseitaddresses

Multipathbyusinglongsymboltimesandacyclicprefix Spatialnullsbyusingslowfrequencyhopping Fadingbyemployingchannelcodingforimprovedpacketerrorperformance Provideslongrangewherenecessary

Supportspacketsizesupto2047octetswithlowPERinoutdoor environments Isadjacentchannelfriendlytoallowcolocatedorthogonalnetworks Supportsconnectivitytomultipleneighbors ComplexityislowenoughthatimplementationcostsarecomparabletoFSK

Slide 6 Steve Shearer (Independent)

Submission

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

BasicParameters Basic Parameters

16ptFFT
12activecarriersgiving12or24bitspersymbol usingDBPSKorpi/4DQPSKpercarrier Carrierspacing=18.75kHz Signalingb/w=243.75kHz Channelspacing=300kHz Channel spacing = 300kHz

ChannelCodingderivedfrom rateK=5convolutional mothercode

Puncturingandfrequency diversity codingratesfrom2/3throughto 1/8 Softdecisiondecodingforhigher performance Minimumdatarateis22.5kbps Minimum data rate is 22.5 kbps

FFTrateis15ktransforms/s
OFDMSymboltime=66.66us Maximumdatarate=360kbps Maximum data rate = 360kbps Multipathtolerance>20usat360kbps

Slowpacketbypacketfrequencyhoppingto t gate spat a u s mitigatespatialnulls Complexityisthreeordersofmagnitude lowerthanWLAN

Data Rate (kbps) 360 240 180 120 90 45 22.5

Modulation pi/4 DQPSK pi/4 DQPSK pi/4 DQPSK DBPSK DBPSK DBPSK DBPSK

Code Rate uncoded 2/3 1/2 2/3 1/2 1/4 1/8

Submission

Slide 7

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

MulticarrierSystems Multicarrier Systems

Theavailablebandwidthissplitintomultiplecarriers
Eachcarrierisseparatelymodulated Mitigatesmultipath Offersinherentfrequencydiversity

Lengthensthesymboltimewithoutreducingthedatarate

Manysystemsusemulticarriermethodsconfiguredtotheapplication requirements
UWB1.5GHzb/w,WLAN20MHzb/w,TETRAPMR25kHzb/w Manyofthesearedesignedforlongbatterylife y g g y Addedadvantagethatthecarriersareorthogonal(OFDM) Complexityis(O)nlog2(n) Socomplexityisverylow (O)64 ManysimpleFIRfiltersrequiremore computationthanthisFFT 3000timeslesscomplexthanUWB

AnFFTisacomputationallyefficientwaytogenerateamulticarriersignal

Thisproposalusesa16pointFFTinab/wof~250kHz

System y UWB SUN # FFT Points 128 16 Complexity x Complexity Symbol rate y (O) Rate 896 3333333.33 2986.67 64 15000 0.96 Ratio 1 3111

Submission

Slide 8

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Howmanycarriers? How many carriers?

FFTtonetimeLowerboundbasedonmultipathof~10us
Coveredbycyclicprefix Tonelengthshouldbeabout5xcyclicprefix symbollength~10+50=60us Lowerboundtonetime=50us

SymboltimeUpperboundbasedon
Channelcoherencetimeatmaxfadingrateof80Hz
(~1400usforBPSK,~590usforQPSK,~104usfor64QAM) Upperbound590us
Limitcomplexityoffrequencycorrection Limit complexity of frequency correction LimitComplexityofFFT NoperformanceadvantageingoingaboveLowerbound

Chooseasshortaspossible

Channelspacingof300kHztoprovidemanycollisiondomainsforslow packetbypacketfrequencyhopping k tb k tf h i
Wellsuitedtothisapplication Use250kHzsignalingb/wtoallowadjacentchannel

(250kHz*50us=12)<Numberofcarriers<=Closest2 =16carriers (250kHz*50us = 12) < Number of carriers <= Closest 2n = 16 carriers

Submission

Slide 9

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

WhatkindofModulation? What kind of Modulation?

Assumefadingratesbetween1Hzand80Hz(1.2km/hr,100km/hr@900MHz)
Sothechannelcanrotateduringthelengthofaburst Tolerablecoherencetime,definedas3dBBERloss,dependsonmodulationtypeand fadingrate:
At1Hz, At80Hz, ~100msforBPSK, ~1.3msforBPSK, ~8msfor64QAM ~0.1msfor64QAM

Assumelowestdatarateof20kbps,thenmaxpacketlengthbeforeexcessivechannel rotationdegradesperformanceis:
At1Hz, At80Hz 80 ~300octetsforPSK, ~4octetsforPSK, oc e s o S , ~20octetsfor64QAM ~0octetsfor64QAM 0 oc e s o 6 Q

Implication
Evenatthelowestfadingrates,onetimechannelequalizationatthebeginningofa burstveryquicklybecomesinvalid,andlimitsthetransmittedpacketlength,unless burst very quickly becomes invalid and limits the transmitted packet length unless adecisionfeedbackequalizerisused.

DifferentialPSKrequirescoherenceonlyforthelengthofthetonetime (50us)thereforethismodulationisrobustforallpracticalcoherencetimes (50us) therefore this modulation is robust for all practical coherence times withouttheneedforanequalizer
Slide 10 Steve Shearer (Independent)

Submission

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

WhyDifferentialPSK? Why Differential PSK?

Requirementforpacketsaslongas2047octets
Timeonthechannelatlowestdatarate>0.7seconds Highlyprobablethatevenslowfadingratecausesthechannelto Highl probable that e en slo fading rate ca ses the channel to rotatebytheendoftheburst Coherentdemodulationrequireschanneltrackingatmultiple frequenciesandthisaddsunwantedcomplexity DifferentialPSKisimmunetochannelphasechanges

Noequalizerisrequired No equalizer is required

Thereissomeperformancelosswhencomparedto coherentdemodulation
Butthislossissmall worstcase,afewdB OnecomplexmultiplyperPSKsymbolat15kHzrate Thedemodulatedsymbolisweightedbytheprevioussymbolwhich iseffectivelyachannelestimate Thismeansthattheresultmakesanoptimalsoftdecision AndsoftdecisionViterbidecodinggainsbackmanydBinPacket And soft decision Viterbi decoding gains back many dB in Packet ErrorRateperformance
Slide 11
10
0

Butcomplexityisverylow

Example showing improvement of Packet Error Rate for 1000 bit packets in a Multipath Fading channel

Andthereisasubtleadvantage... A d h i bl d
PER

10

-1

10

-2

uncoded soft hard 10

-3

10

15

20 SNR (dB)

25

30

35

Submission

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

MulticarrierModulation Multicarrier Modulation

ThisproposalmodulateseachcarrierusingdifferentialBPSKor/4DQPSK ThePSKsymbolsaremappedontothefrequencydomainasfollows:

Severalfrequenciesarenulledout
ThenulledDCcomponenthelpsintheimplementationofcheap,zeroIFreceivers
(doesnotexcludepassband receivers)

Thenulledfrequenciesatthebandedgessignificantlyeasefilteringcomplexityfor Th ll d f i t th b d d i ifi tl filt i l it f adjacentchannelperformance

A16pointInverseFFTproducesthetimedomainsamplesfortransmission

Submission

Slide 12

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

CyclicPrefix Cyclic Prefix

Acyclicprefixisaddedbycopyingsomeofthelastsamplesofthesymbol tothefront Protectsagainstmultipathbymakingthereceivedsignallooklikeit underwentacircularconvolutionwiththechannelimpulseresponse d t i l l ti ith th h li l

The delayed multipath components are contained in this prefix at the receiver and do not contaminate the demodulation process. t t i t th d d l ti So Multipath of 13.33us can be tolerated with zero degradation in performance

Submission

Slide 13

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Channelcoding Channel coding

PacketErrorRatedegradesaspacketlengthincreases
In a pseudo static non dispersive channel this Inapseudostatic,nondispersivechannel,this degradationcanbeminimal,evenforuncodedsystems

However,anymultipath,fading,orinterference,can g havedevastatingeffectsontheuncodedPER Channelcodingoffersvastimprovement,especially forlongpackets PagingsystemshaveusedBCHorGolay Paging systems have used BCH or Golay codessincethe1980s
Buttheyhavelimitedperformance
PER 10
-2

10

Example showing improvement of Packet Error Rate for 1000 bit packets in a Multipath Fading channel

Convolutionalcodesoffersignificantly g y betterperformance
Andwithmodernhardware,theyare easytoimplement

10

-1

uncoded soft hard 10

-3

10

15

20 SNR (dB)

25

30

35

Submission

Slide 14

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

ChoiceofConvolutionalCode Choice of Convolutional Code

CodingGaingenerallyincreaseswithcodeconstraintlengthK
Unfortunately decoder complexity increases exponentially with Unfortunately,decodercomplexityincreasesexponentiallywith constraintlength

TheSUNapplicationmustbalanceperformancewithcost Choosearate,K=5codeasa goodbalancebetweengain andcomplexity

16states 16 states G1,2 =[35,23],Dfree=7 Harddecisiongain=2.4dB Softdecisiongain~4.4dB(EbN0) ~7.4dB(SNR)
Complexity Vs Coding Gain for different codes 80 70 60 50 Co omplexity 40 30 20 10 K=3 0 K=4 fitted curve 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 Approximate Asymptotic Coding Gain for soft decisions 6 K=5 K=7 K=7

K=6

Decodercomplexityis 4000xlowerthanWLAN
Submission Slide 15

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

PuncturingforFlexibledatarates Puncturing for Flexible data rates

Puncturingisaprocessofremovingredundancytoincreasethecodingrate
Bitsareremovedbeforetransmission Andreplacedwithdummybitsonreception Usedinmanysystems Used in many systems

Thisisawellresearchedarea(Hagenauer etal.)

Easytoimplementusingarrayindexing operations Providesveryflexibledatarateswithno y computationaloverhead

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

FrequencySpreading Frequency Spreading

FrequencyspreadingisamethodofreplicatingDPSKsymbolsondifferent carriers
Itprotectsagainstfrequencyselectivefading It protects against frequency selective fading EnhancesSNRperformanceeveninAWGNchannels

Thediagramindicateshowthelefthalfofthespectrumisreplicatedusing conjugatedversionsofthePSKsymbols

DPSKsymbolscanbeoptimallyrecombinedatthereceiverwithlittle computationaloverhead
Onecomplexadditionpercarrier p p

ThesubtleadvantageofthismethodisthatconjugationenforcesHermitian symmetryandresultsinatimedomainsignalthatcontainsonlyreal components

Thisreducesradiocomplexityforsystemsthatimplementonlythelowerdataratesby eliminatingtheneedforaquadraturesignalpath
Slide 17 Steve Shearer (Independent)

Submission

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

FrequencyDespreading Frequency Despreading

Frequencydespreadingatthereceivercanbeaccomplished asfollows as follows Thismethodiselegantbecause
Itachieveschannelweighted(maximalratio)combining And is extremely simple Andisextremelysimple

Submission

Slide 18

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

ReferenceTransmitterDiagram Reference Transmitter Diagram

Summary of transmitter signal processing Summaryoftransmittersignalprocessing

Submission

Slide 19

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

SpectralProperties Spectral Properties

C Comparisonwithadjacentchanneland100kbpsMSKas i i h dj h l d 100kb MSK references

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Compatibility
ThebasicconceptofthisPHYisdirectlycompatiblewiththeCommon Platformapproach
ItdoesnotimposeanyfurtherrequirementsontheMAC Allowstheentireuppers/wstacktobereused

Usesthesame
SlowFrequencyhoppingapproach CRCgeneration S Scrambler bl

Thetimedomainwaveformleavingtheantennaisdifferentinnaturetothat ofFSKorDSSSsystems,butthisisinvisibletotheupperlayers of FSK or DSSS systems but this is invisible to the upper layers

Submission

Slide 21

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

DataStructure Data Structure

P k Packetsaremadeupof: d f
Synchronizationsequenceusing100kbpsPSK PHYheadercodedformaximumrobustness Variablelengthdatapayloadcodedaccordingtodata rate

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

FrameSynchronization Frame Synchronization

Preambleusesa1010sequence
U d f bi i i Usedforbittimingandcoarsefrequencycorrection d f i

FollowedbytwoinvertedBarkerwordsandanoninvertedBarkerword
ThefirstBarkerwordcanbeusedtowakeuptheprocessor Thesecondandthirdareusedforfinefrequencyestimation Andsymbolclockcorrection

Modulationmethodis100kbpsPSK Thismethodallowsuseofacheap20ppmXtal forcarrierandsymbol timingtoreducecost timing to reduce cost

Submission Slide 23 Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

PHYHeader PHY Header

ThePHYheadercontains6fields
Ratefieldspecifiesthedatarateofthepayloadframe Lengthspecifiesthelengthofthepayload Length specifies the length of the payload Scramblingseed Messagetype HeaderChecksequence
16bitCRCtakenoverthedatafieldsonly Avoidserroneousdecodingofpayloadsandsavespowerconsumption Avoids erroneous decoding of payloads and saves power consumption

TailbitsforViterbidecoderflushing

Encodedatthelowestdatarateforrobustness
OnereferencesymbolprependedforDPSK y p p Totalof29symbols

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

DataUnit(PSDU) Data Unit (PSDU)

FramePayload
8to2047octets 8 to 0 octets

CRC
32bitIEEECRCforerrordetection

TailandPadbits
Usedtoclearencodermemory

Submission

Slide 25

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Implementation
Computationrequirementsofthisproposalarewell suitedtoimplementationonacheap30MIPS microcontroller Publisheddataindicatesthatthe16ptFFTcould completein21us
Approximately1/3ofthenecessary66usbetweenFFTs Theremaining2/3oftheprocessorcyclescanbeusedforthe remainingmodemfunctions

A dedicated silicon implementation could be achieved in 1.1x the Si area of an FSK solution [1]

ManyofthesemicrocontrollersalsocontainADCs, DACs,andotherhardwaresuitableforthisapplication
Thiswouldenableasinglechipbaseband/protocolstack implementation
Processing tim (us) me

Processing time for Complex FFT s FFT's on a low cost microcontroller

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 number of FFT points

this proposal

Complex Processor FFT points cycles 256 19055 Published 128 8485 data 64 3739 estimated 16 623 for SUN

Time (us) 635 282 124 21

Complexity (O) Ratio of using nlog2n cycles to (O) 2048 0.31 896 0.31 384 0.32 64 0.33

Submission

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Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

Conclusions
Wehaveshownhowseveralsignalprocessingconceptscanbeappropriately scaledtoprovidealowcomplexitySUNPHYlayer l d id l l i l
Robustdifferentialmodulationschemesofferingsoftdecisionoutputswithlowcomplexity Efficientmulticarriergeneration Alightweightchannelcodingschemeprovidinghighperformanceandflexibledatarates

Thisproposaloffersthefollowingadvantages:
PARcompliantandcosteffective Ampleabilitytoovercomemultipath,fading,spatialnullsandcochannelinterferenceeven atthemaximumdatarate at the maximum data rate Highspectralefficiency,lowadjacentchannelinterference Wellsuitedtosoftwaremodemimplementationforfasttimetomarket Dimensionedtocoverbothshortandlongrangelinks

Thisproposaloffersrobustperformancewithoutchangestothehigherlayersof theprotocolstackandwebelieveitwilloffer100%coverageinawellplanned system

Submission

Slide 27

Steve Shearer (Independent)

May 2009

doc.: IEEE 802.15- 15-09-0289-01-004g

ThankYou Thank You

Questions

Submission

Slide 28

Steve Shearer (Independent)