Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
List and describe the three major regions that all cells have in common.
1
serve as channels, pumps, or receptors.
Membrane Proteins
Recognition Receptor
protein protein
extracellular
environment
lipid bilayer
cytoplasm
Describe and list the function(s) of the following membrane proteins: transport,
receptor, recognition, and adhesion.
Adhesion: These “stick together” like kind cells such as skin cells.
Cell size is necessarily limited because its volume increases with the
7. ___cube_______ but surface area increases only with the __square (of the
cell edge)________. [p. ]
8. Briefly describe the operating principles of light microscopes, phase-contrast
microscopes, scanning tunneling microscopes, transmission electron microscopes,
2
and scanning electron microscopes.
9. Briefly describe the cellular location and function of the organelles typical
of most eukaryotic cells: nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body,
various vesicles, mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton.
Golgi body: Golgi bodies also modify proteins, sort and ship
proteins, and play a role in the biology of lipids for secretion
3
or internal use. Located within the cytoplasm.
4
filaments, which anchor the DNA molecules and
keep them organized.
3. The outer surface is studded with ribosomes.
____Nucleoli______ are sites where the protein and RNA subunits of ribosomes
12.
are assembled. [pp. ]
5
C. Golgi Bodies
1. A Golgi body consists of flattened sacs--resembling
a stack of pancakes--whose edges break away as
secretory vesicles.
2. Here proteins and lipids undergo final processing,
sorting, and packaging.
D. A Variety of Vesicles
1. Lysosomes are vesicles that bud from Golgi bodies;
they carry powerful enzymes that can digest the
contents of other vesicles, worn-out cell parts, or
bacteria and foreign particles.
2. Peroxisomes are small vesicles that contain
enzymes using oxygen to degrade fatty acids and
6
amino acids, forming a harmful byproduct, hydrogen
peroxide, which is then converted to water.
Describe the function of exocytic vesicles; also describe the function of endocytic
vesicles.
Exocytic vesicles export materials out of cells via the cell membrane.
These vesicles actually fuse with the cell membrane to release the
material.
15
. Endocytic vesicles move “packaged goods” (various biochemicals)
through out the cytoplasm.
7
hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to water.
18
.
19 Describe the detailed structure of the chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis (include
. grana and stroma).
8
Give the general function of the following plant organelles: chloroplasts, chromoplasts,
amyloplasts, and the central vacuole.
22 List the three major structural elements of the cytoskeleton and give the general
. function of each.
9
microtubules used in chromosome movement
during cell division; others are permanent, such as
microfilaments operational in muscle
contraction. Intermediate filaments are also
permanent structures in some animal cells. They
provide structure for these cells.
10
Kinesin
http://fondazione-elba.org/nsito/abstract/37.htm
24
Amoeba proteus, a soft-bodied protistan, crawls on __pseudopods________. [p. ]
.
25 Both cilia and flagella have an internal microtubule arrangement called the "______9
. + 2_______" array. [p. ]
26 A centriole remains at the base of a completed microtubule-producing center where it
. is often called a _basal body_________ __________. [p. ]
27 Distinguish a primary cell wall from a secondary cell wall in leafy plants.
.
Primary cell wall: A thin, flexible plant cell wall of cellulose,
polysaccharides, and glycoproteins; allows growing cells to
divide or change shape.
11
Describe the location and function of plasmodesmata.
In plants tiny channels called plasmodesmata cross
28 the adjacent primary walls and connect the cytoplasm
. of adjacent cells.
12
30 Describe the structure of a generalized prokaryotic cell. Include the bacterial flagellum,
. nucleoid, pili, capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
13
List the two kingdoms of prokaryotic cells.
Archebacteria (Archea) and Eubacteria (Bacteria)
31
.
14