Software Engineering (SE) is a profession dedicated to designing, implementing, and modifying software so that it is of high quality, affordable, maintainable,

and fast to build. It is a "systematic approach to the analysis, design, assessment, implementation, test, maintenance and reengineering of software, that is, the application of engineering to software." [1] The term software engineering first appeared in the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference, and was meant to provoke thought regarding the perceived "software crisis" at the time.[2][3] The IEEE Computer Society's Software Engineering Body of Knowledge defines "software engineering" as the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.[4] It is the application of Engineering to software because it integrates significant mathematics, computer science and practices whose origins are in Engineering.[5]

Software Engineering is an approach to developing software that attempts to treat it as a formal process more like traditional engineering than the craft that many programmers believe it is. We talk of crafting an application, refining and polishing it, as if it were a wooden sculpture, not a series of logic instructions. The problem here is that you cannot engineer art. Programming falls somewhere between an art and a science.

Software Engineering
Software engineering (SE) is concerned with developing and maintaining software systems that behave reliably and efficiently, are affordable to develop and maintain, and satisfy all the requirements that customers have defined for them. It is important because of the impact of large, expensive software systems and the role of software in safety-critical applications. It integrates significant mathematics, computer science and practices whose origins are in engineering. Students can find software engineering in two contexts: computer science programs offering one or more software engineering courses as elements of the CS curriculum, and in separate software engineering programs. Degree programs in computer science and in software engineering tend to have many courses in common; however, as of Spring 2006 there are few SE programs at the bachelors level. Software engineering focuses on software development and goes beyond programming to include such things as eliciting customers requirements, and designing and testing software. SE students learn how to assess customer needs and develop usable software that meets those needs. Both computer science and software engineering curricula typically require a foundation in programming fundamentals and basic computer science theory. They diverge in their focus beyond these core elements. Computer science programs tend to keep the core small and then expect students to choose among more advanced courses (such as systems, networking, database, artificial intelligence, theory, etc.). In contrast, SE programs generally expect students to focus on a range of topics that are essential to the SE agenda (problem modeling and analysis, software design, software verification and validation, software quality, software process, software management, etc.). While both CS and SE programs typically require students to experience team project activity, SE programs tend to involve the students in significantly more of it, as effective team processes are essential to effective SE practices. In addition, a key requirement specified by the SE curriculum guidelines is that SE students should learn how to build software that is genuinely useful and usable by the customer and satisfies all the requirements defined for it. Most people who now function in the U.S. as serious software engineers have degrees in computer science, not in software engineering. In large part this is because computer degrees have been widely available for more than 30 years and software engineering degrees have not. Positions that require development of large software systems often list Software Engineer as the position title. Graduates of computer science, computer engineering, and software engineering programs are good candidates for those positions, with the

amount of software engineering study in the programs determining the suitability of that graduate for such a position. Most IT professionals who have computing degrees come from CS or IS programs. It is far too soon for someone who wants to work as a software engineer or as an information technology practitioner to be afraid that they wont have a chance if they dont graduate from a degree program in one of the new disciplines. In general, a CS degree from a respected program is the most flexible of degrees and can open doors into the professional worlds of CS, SE, IT, and sometimes CE. A degree from a respected IS program allows entry to both IS and IT careers. Media attention to outsourcing, offshoring, and job migration has caused many to be concerned about the future of computing-related careers. It is beyond the scope of this web site to address these issues. The report of the British Computer Society addresses these issues as they impact the U.K. The Globalization Report of the ACM Job Migration Task Force reflects an international perspective, not just a U.S-centric one.

RBI credit policy: Home, auto loans to become more expensive, say bankers
PTI Jun 16, 2011, 06.51pm IST Tags:
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RBI| Monetary policy review

MUMBAI: The Reserve Bank's decision to hike key policy rates by 25 basis points will make auto, home and other loans more expensive, as lenders will have choice but to pass on the additional cost to consumers. The rate hike is expected to be passed on to consumers, said ICICI Bank Managing Director Chanda Kochhar. "The RBI steps are on expected lines as inflation still remains stubborn and poses a serious threat to growth," Union Bank of India Chairman M V Nair told PTI here.

He also said the bank will pass on the rate increase to customers "as credit growth has so far been robust this quarter". However, he refused to specify how soon the base rate hike would be effected. The RBI has raised the short-term lending (repo) rate by 25 basis points to 7.50 per cent and the short-term borrowing (reverse repo) rate will move up by a similar margin to 6.5 per cent. Subsequently, the interest rate under the Marginal Standing Facility, an additional borrowing window, has gone up to 8.5 per cent from the earlier level of 8.25 per cent. "It will (25 basis point hike) put pressure on the short-term deposit rates and subsequently on the lending rate," said Indian Overseas Bank Chairman Director M Narendra.

However, the rate hike by banks may not be immediate, as credit offtake has started moderating, he said. Echoing a similar view, IndusInd Bank Executive Vice-President Moses Harding said the rate hike will push the shorter end of the rate curve with higher inversion into the longer end. Bank of Baroda Executive Director R K Bakshi, too, said the RBI move was expected, as inflation has become a serious threat to growth. Bakshi also hinted at the possibility of a base rate hike by his bank, saying though no automatic hike will be effected, the bank will act according to the liquidity condition, which he termed as comfortable as of now. According to Punjab & Sind Bank Executive Director P K Anand, there will not be any kneejerk reaction from the banks, as the rate hike was on expected lines. IDBI Bank Executive Director R K Bansal said the market was expecting the hike and this may not result in banks increasing rates immediately. In the last one-and-a-half months, several banks have revised lending and deposit rates following the annual policy announcement last month. Monetary transmission has been quite strong, with 45 scheduled commercial banks raising their base rates by 25-100 basis points after the May 3 policy.
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Do You Understand your Credit Policy? Have you often found yourself baffled with esoteric terms used in your credit policy? These are the words like cash reserve ratio (CRR), reverse repo rates, increased provisioning etc. Not all loan takers are able to understand the impact of such policy measures on the rate at which they get their housing loan. The articled sheds considerable light on the mechanism by which the monetary policies drafted by the central bank impact you. Recently, the Reserve Bank of India has laid new provisions regarding home loan interest rates in its newly drafted credit policy, which talks about an increase in CRR. Encouraged by the same, most banks began increasing the prime lending rate (PLR) on loans of one type or another. A hike in PLR affects rates on loans. Let's see what the measures mean for the loan buyer:

Guide2homeloan Articles Home Loan Articles Home Insurance Articles

Hike in CRR and its impact CRR is an acronym used for cash reserve ratio, which is the percentage of bank reserves to deposits and notes with the RBI as stipulated by the section 42(1) of the RBI Act 1934. An increase in CRR limits liquidity by bringing a decrease in number of resources for banks to lend out of every rupee deposit they accept. RBI hikes the CRR with an aim to siphon out the excess liquidity in the banking system. However, the question remains whether an increase in CRR be translated into a rate hike or not? As per the general perception, a smaller pool of money is usually chased by the same number of loan borrowers, which increases interest rates. But banking analysts opine contrary to the belief and believe that a hike in CRR may not necessarily push up interest rates immediately. Even banks prefer to invest more with the RBI as reserves; the banking system may witness surplus liquidity for a short period. For that reason, banks don't have the choice to add to interest rates unless the demand for credit shoots up to an extent that all the money is lent out. Repo & Reverse Repo Rates The reverse repo rate is the return banks earn on excess funds invested with the central bank against Government securities. These rates set the floor and ceiling for risk-free overnight borrowing and lending. Indian Home Loans given have to be done by increasing the risk premium which largely depends on the borrower's credit rating. Such rates hold importance as they set the direction for other lending rates. A hike in the reverse repo rate translates into a high cost of borrowing for common loan buyers. If banks are earning good percentage by lending risk free to RBI, they can certainly increase their profit percent by lending to others.

Credit Policy
What is credit policy ? Credit is temporary capital and the objective of credit is to lend with the purpose of increasing profits and sales. A sound credit policy in business is the blue print to managing by measurement and benchmark The question then arises is 'What is a Credit Policy and how does one write a Credit Policy for their specific nature of business operations? Writing an effective Credit Policy begins with an understanding of the financial exposure that you or your business can endure and the amount of your working capital that you would be willing to risk, or call it 'invest' in your customers. 1.With the information-age revolution, knowledge-based activities are becoming increasingly important for existence. 2.Hence, enhancing skill-sets and knowledge is an intangible component of a credit policy. 3.I am of the firm belief that 'what gets measured gets managed'. Therefore as a matter of policy one should manage

by measuring results. 4.As a guideline you can write your policy in the following sections.

The contents of each section can be written to best fit the nature of your franchise: 1. The set-up of credit function. 2. Objectives of the credit function 3. Obtaining Information on new customers. 4. Process of assessing the information to arrive at line of credit and credit terms that will be offered. 5. Monitoring your investment in your customers 6. Defining past-due and bad debts 7. Targets, benchmarks and deadlines for the credit function 8. Analyzing the changing needs of your markets/customers.

5.Credit Management is an art and not a science. It is definitely an 'indefinite'. 6.But as a credit adage goes "get the calculations right in a calculated risk" and remember that 'A sale is not complete till the money is collected.

Credit policy Indecent exposure

1.People taking loans on high rates of interest and proving to be deliquescent customers. 2.As happened during Russias financial crisis of August 1998.,,...

25 Jan 2011 Rbi Credit Policy.Doc

25 Jan 2011 RBI Credit Policy REPO and reverse REPo rose by 0.25% In line with street expectations.CRR remained unchange at 6% Today's move clearly shows that the RBI has relaunched its attack on inflation given the persistance of inflationary pressures. Third Quarter Review of Monetary Policy 2010-11 [pic] By Dr. D. Subbarao Governor,RBI Introduction : 1.There have been significant changes in the macroeconomic environment since the Second Quarter Review issued on November 2, 2010. Globally, the recovery in the advanced economies appears to be consolidating and expectations of

growth during 2011, particularly in the US, are generally being revised upwards. However, inflationary tendencies are clearly visible. Though still subdued in the advanced economies, inflationary pressures in emerging market economies (EMEs), which were already strong, have intensified due to sharp increases in food, energy and commodity prices. 2. The Indian economy has reverted to its pre-crisis growth trajectory, with growth in the first half of 2010-11 estimated at 8.9 per cent. Recent data on agricultural output and service sector indicators suggest that the growth momentum continued in the third quarter. The robustness of growth is also reflected in corporate sales, tax revenues and bank credit, notwithstanding some moderation in the index of industrial production (IIP). 3. Inflation is clearly the dominant concern. Even as the rate itself remains uncomfortably high, the reversal in the direction of inflation is striking. After some moderation between August and November 2010, inflation rose again in December 2010 on the back of sharp increase in the prices of primary food articles and the recent spurt in global oil prices. Non-food manufacturing inflation has remained sticky, reflecting both buoyant demand conditions and rising costs. 4. Against this backdrop, this statement sets out the Reserve Banks assessment of the current macroeconomic situation and...

Credit Policy
dGoogle Motors classifies its customers into 4 risk categories, 1 to 4. It extends restricted credit to category 1, 2 and 3 and no credit to category 4. Due to this, the company is forgoing sales in category 4. The present credit norms are 2/15, net 45. Its credit sales are 200 million and the ACP is 30 days. Its variable cost to sales ratio is 0.8 and the cost of capital is 12% the proportion of credit sales on which customers take discount is 30%. The tax rate is 40%. In order to increase sales, Google Motors wants to relax its credit policy and has hired you, a consultant in the receivables management division of a large advisory firm . The finance manager has put forth 3 ways of increasing sales. Whatwould you advise the company. Option 1: Adopt a more liberal credit policy for category 4, and grant a 20 day credit period. This will increase credit sales in this category by 50 million but about 10% of these will result in bad debts, the rest will pay in 20 days. Option 2: Increase the credit period of categories 1-3 to 50 days. This will increase credit sales in these categories by 30 million and the ACP will go up to 40 days but the bad debt proportion on the extra sales will be 5%. Option 3: Offer a new credit norm to category 1-3: 3/15, net 45. This is expected to increase credit sales by 50 million, bring down the ACP to 25 days and the proportion of discount sales will be 50%.

Recommendation/suggestions Customers are demanding access to sophisticated products and services through multiple channels like the telephone, Internet, cellular phones and the ATM. increased their computerization base by adding Any Branch Banking, Telebanking and ATM interface wherever required. This has facilitated the banks to provide efficient and effective customer services and has resulted in economizing on the costs per transaction Urban Cooperative banks have also computerized major loan accounts, the investment operations, and clearing systems have also been computerized at the head office levels. However still there are gaps in technology up gradation in the Cooperative banks.