Ch.

6 Chemical Composition and Stoichiometry

The Mole Concept [6.2, 6.3] Conversions between g mol atoms [6.3, 6.4, 6.5] Mass Percent [6.6, 6.7] Empirical and Molecular Formula [6.8, 6.9]

Bring your calculators! This chapter covers the meat of chemical calculations!

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The Mole Concept

In the lab, balances measure amounts of chemicals in grams, but reactions happen on the atomic scale. How do we reconcile between these units? The MOLE!!!! Definition: the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C. Abbreviation: mol Avogadros Number 6.022142 x 1023 things = 1 mole What are the things? Atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, pennies, chickens.

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The Mole Concept

In your lifetime, you may own 400 shoes. How many moles of shoes is that?
1 mole = 6.022142 x 10 23 shoes 1 mole 400 shoes x = 7 x10-22 moles of shoes 6.022142 x 10 23 shoes

During a reaction, 0.563 mol of oxygen gas react. How many molecules react? Atoms?
0.563 mol O2 x 3.39 x 10 23 6.0221 x 10 23 molecules = 3.39 x 10 23 molecules 1 mol 2 atoms molecules x = 6.78 x 10 23 atoms 1 molecule
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Problems
How atoms of carbon are in 0.750 moles MSG: NaC5H8NO4?
Step 1: Do you have the formula? The formula provides a ratio of atoms in a molecule Step 2: Start with the number of moles, use NA to convert to molecules Step 3: Use the formula to convert molecules to atoms
6.022 x 1023 molecules 5 atoms C x = 2.26 x 1024 atoms C 1 mole 1 molecule MSG

0.750 moles MSG x

Step 2

Step 3

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Problems
How many atoms of oxygen are in 1.500 moles of aluminum sulfate?

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Molar Masses
Conveniently, 1 amu = 1 g/mol. The atomic masses found on the periodic table are now the number of grams of the element in one mole. The same relation can be made for formula weights as well.
Problem: Determine the molar masses for the following pure substances. Mo Cu2SO4 N2 C6H12O6

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Using Molar Masses

The mole is the SI unit for amount, and allows us to do comparisons. But there are no balances that weigh in moles! We will use the molar masses to convert between moles and grams. A reaction requires 0.475 mol of Magnesium turnings. How much magnesium, in g, is that?
Step 1: Do you have a formula? Step 2: Determine the molar mass. Step 3: Use the molar mass to convert g mol

0.475 mol x

24.305 g = 11.5 g 1 mol

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Using Molar Masses

How many atoms of sodium are in 13.0 g of sodium metal?

For an experiment that I am performing, I need to add 12.5 mmol of iron (II) sulfate. How many grams must I weigh out?

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Practice Problems
What is the mass of 4.91 x 1021 platinum atoms?

How many atoms of copper are in a 133 kg pure copper statue?

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Practice Problems
Determine the number of sulfur atoms in 1.59 mmol of carbon disulfide.

Determine the number of H atoms are in 9.88 mol of NH3.

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Mole-to-Mole Comparisons
All chemical comparisons must be made in moles!
Example: You begin a reaction with 12.3 g of Na3PO4. How many grams of sodium ions are in the reaction? Path: g Na3PO4 mol Na3PO4 mol Na atoms Na Dont forget to make sure you have a formula, and determine molar masses!
1 mol Na 3 PO 4 163.94 g 3 mol Na 6.022 x 1023 atoms Na x = 1.36 x 1023 atoms Na 1 mol Na 3 PO 4 1 mol

12.3 g Na 3 PO 4 x

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Mole-to-Mole Comparisons
A reaction requires 10.0 g of iron atoms. How many grams of iron (II) hydroxide are required to complete the reaction?

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Mass Percent
Another way to represent amounts of atoms in a compound is through the mass percent.
Mass % X = mass of X in the whole x 100 % mass of the whole

Problem: Determine the mass percent of oxygen in FeSO4. Use that value to determine the grams of oxygen in 98.75 g of FeSO4.

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Determining Empirical Formula

The primary use of mass percents is in the experimental determination of emprical formula.
Problem: The pre-hormone androstenedione (commonly called andro) has been in the sports news in recent years owing to its arguable contribution to the breaking of the homerun record. The product has a composition that is 79.68% carbon (C), 9.15% hydrogen (H), and 11.17% oxygen by weight. What is the empirical formula for this compound?

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Practice Problems
Determine the empirical formula for acetominophen, the active ingredient in Tylenol, from the elemental analysis. C 63.56%, H 6.00%, N 9.27%, O 21.17%

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Practice Problems
Determine the empirical formula for glucose. C 40.00%, H 6.72%, O 53.29%

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Empirical vs Molecular Formula

When we determined the formula in the previous problem, it was not the actual formula for glucose, but rather the empirical formula.

Empirical Formula: The lowest, whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule. Molecular Formula: The actual ratio of atoms in a molecule.
Example: Glucose has an empirical formula of CH2O. It has a molar mass of 180.2 amu. What is the molecular formula?

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Practice Problem
Adipic acid is used in the commercial manufacture of Nylon. The composition of the acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O by mass. The molecular weight is 146 amu. What is the molecular formula for Adipic Acid?

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