Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

STUDY OF TIDAL POWER UTILIZATION POTENCY IN COMMUNITY-BASED MARITIME TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Aryo Harris Pana Adilantip1, Rizal Adam Zulkarnaen2 1 Oceanography, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia 2 Electrical Power Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia
ABSTRACT: Indonesia is an archipelago which has the longest coastline in the world with all its wealth and natural beauty contained there. This condition should be used as a support for the national economy especially in the field of marine tourism. However, this condition has not been optimized. Many coastal areas which have tourism potency is still not properly managed and empowered. Potential areas are generally still lack access of good infrastructure, especially electricity access which is still not been fulfilled, so it requires the solution of the problems. This problem is generally referred into the electrification ratio that continuesly to be pursued for the equitable distribution of Indonesia power supply availability. In solving these problems, the most effective solution in the development of tourism is the provision of renewable electricity generation infrastructure that utilizes the ocean tides that called Tidal Power Plant Technology (TPP). TPP has a lot of added value, so this technology should be used and managed properly. In this paper the authors take a case study at Makassar Strait region, where the coasts in this area actually have a lot of potencies but not fully utilized due to limited infrastructure. The study covers the analysis of marine tourism potency, data processing and data analysis of the physical conditions of the sea that cover currents, tides, and coastal morphology, and the study of the most appropriate tidal power technology. Based on tides data obtained from Department of Oceanography ITB in 2008, the data processing in the field of oceanographic study using admiralty methods show that the physical conditions in the tidal area is ideal for the TPP development. Further study of energy conversion. The combined study produce the required electrical capacity data. With these data correlate, then created the grand design of implementation strategies utilized of its utilization. To supply the electricity needs of people in one village, designed micro scale power plants with an average capacity of 20 kilowatt. Electric power capacity can fulfill the electricity needs for tourism facilities owned by local society, such as a simple lodging, public toilets, mosque, food stalls, and others. In addition to lighting, electricity can be used to pump clean water. Utilization is very helpful for local community activities for the necessities of life. To that end, the extension system needs to be made use of the system with programs that build self employment as an entepreneurship program.

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

Using an integrated system of coastal empowerment particularly in the tourism sector, TPPs construction is expected to support the local community economy independently and sustainably which indirectly affect the Indonesia economic development. Keywords: Renewable Energy, Tidal, Coastal Tourism, Sustainable Development NOMENCLATURE Symbol H or h g e.g. A Description [Units] Water specific weight [kN/m3] Water Level [m] Density [kg/ m3] Turbine Efficiency Earth's gravity [9,8 m/ s2] DAM-sectional area [m2] Volume [m3] Energy [Joule]
P Q

Power [Watt] Water flow [m3/sec]

1.

INTRODUCTION As a country that has diverse marine potential, Indonesia is allowed to develop its maritime tourism potential to be the best in the world. This potential can be optimized to support the economy of this country. However, in reality, the existing potential is still far from satisfactory. Usually the potential areas are located in remote islands and coastalinland. With these conditions, it is possible if the area has limited infrastructure because it is difficult to reach. An area that has not developed its tourism potential can be indicated by the presence of tourist facilities were minimal access of electricity. Electric Power resources is the main infrastructure in supporting economic 2

activity especially in tourism potential regions. As a result, these areas do not get benefit from the economic potential. Therefore, electrical power provision should be a source to areas like this because it is one of infrastructure that must be completed in order for the economy of a region can be improved By exploiting the potential of Tidal Power Plant (TPP), expected this infrastructure can be a trigger for developing the economy of coastal communities with all its potential for marine tourism and sustainable independently. 2. BASIC THEORY Increase or decrease the position of waters surface or ocean level caused gravitational forces of the moon and sun. In one day, it can happen once highest level and once ebb tide (diurnal), also can occur two times highest level and two times ebb tide (semidiurnal), and also occurs between the diurnal and semidiurnal mixed (mixed tide). These types can occur depending on the geographic location of a tidal area of the earth. This indicates that each region has different of tidal characteristics. Tidal survey is part of a hydrographic survey. To obtain tidal data from a location directly, conducted

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

surveys to determine the tidal parameters (ebb-tidal). Tidal survey instruments commonly used include: Tide gauge Tidal board : Elevation of tidal gauges. : Tidal gauges in the form of a direct meter planted in a spot survey

Current Meter : Tools to measure the speed of tidal currents. In execution of the survey is usually done in a month. The first step in conducting the survey is to determine the point. After the observation point is specified, then tidal boards planted at that point. Tidal elevation observations conducted every half hour. These observations continued for 24 hours and is performed repeatedly up to a month. From the processed survey data, in one day, can be determined whether the location of the survey is a type semidiurnal tidal, diurnal, or mixed tide (e.g. Fig. 1). Determination of tidal type is obtained by plotting the results of observational data in a single day on the graph. The graph is a function of time to the elevation of tidal changes. After one month of survey, observation data can be processed to determine when the range of days where there was spring tide and neap tide. From these data is also an observer can determine the average elevation of tidal (Mean Tide Level) which is the average difference between the ups and downs. Other parameters can also be specified in the survey.

Figure 1: Distribution of Tidal Phases (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/00/Tide_ty pe.gif)

Tidal parameters from the survey include: Mean Sea Level (MSL) is the average height of sea level. Mean High Water (MHW) is the datum from the average height of high tide. Mean Low Water (MLW) is the average height of the sea receded to datum. Mean Range of Tide (Mn) is the height difference between MHW and MLW datum. Mean Tide Level (MTL) is a tidal datum determined from the average elevation of MHW and MLW tidal datum. Tidal data is very useful in various fields such as transport and marine navigation, coastal development, construction of port facilities, and others. Tidal Power Plant concept uses the mechanical energy from tidal dynamics. Average tidal elevation 3

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

provides potential energy and kinetic energy of tidal current provided to rotate the turbine. The principle is the main requirement in the generation of electric energy (e.g. Fig. 2).

the same output. In order to get the output power as follows.

3. EXISTING CONDITION 3.1 GEOGRAPHICS Makassar Strait Indonesia is a maritime area that is very dynamic. This area is very large store of wealth. In addition to mineral and biological resources, coastal areas have a lot of potency that must save for marine tourism potential. Makassar Strait is located between two large Indonesian islands, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. In this study, taken in the study case district Pasangkayu North Mamuju regency, West Sulawesi. This District is located in the transportation routes, trans-Sulawesi (eg Fig 3).

Figure 2: TPP Power Concept

In TPP concept, the input power is obtained from the potential energy of water from a tidal range. Potential energy

Figure 3: West Sulawesi (Google Earth)

From the results obtained above the power input per unit time. Incoming power produces power that is not exactly

Sulawesi is the development of South Sulawesi province, was formed on October 5, 2004 under the Law UU No. 26 Tahun 2004. The total area of 16796.19 km. 969,914 ha of land allocated to the plantation, 4

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

and about 1,213,476 ha still forested, the rest is used for residential, industrial and others. This province in the east and south of the border with South Sulawesi Province, western border by the Makassar Strait, and northern borders by Central Sulawesi Province. Administratively the province is comprised of five (five) districts, namely Mamuju, Majene, Polewali, Mamasa, and Pasangkayu, with Mamuju as the provincial capital. Based on the National Economic and Social Survey 2005, the number of residents in this province as much as 996,843 inhabitants with a population growth rate of 2.83%. Pasangkayu is the capital of North Mamuju (eg Fig. 4) immediately adjacent to the District of Baras in the south, in the Northside District Bambalamotu, Makassar Strait to the west and Central Sulawesi Province in the East. Districts with an area of 649.34 km2 Pasangkayu. the Makmurjaya Village is the largest with an area of 89.39 km2 or approximately 18.77% of the total district. Tikke Village is the smallest village with an area of 12.55 km2 or 1.93%.

Figure 4: Pasangkayu (Google Earth)

Pasangkayu Beach is located in the tourist beaches around the estuary of the river Mamuju. Coast that bordering the Makassar strait is very beautiful but not optimally managed. Today the beach has become a local tourist destination in the local population. 3.2 SOSIO- ECONOMICS West Sulawesi province has the potential of vast natural resources and varied ranging from agriculture, forestry, marine and fisheries, animal farm until the plantation. This province has a rice field area of 11, 366 ha of technical irrigated, 2,813 hectares of semi-technical irrigated, 15,254 ha of simple non-technical irrigated area, and 26,012 ha of rainfed area, the total reached 29 433 km of irrigation channels. Total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of West Sulawesi province at constant prices in 2005 amounted to IDR 3.12 trillion. The largest contribution came from the agricultural sector is Rp.1.72 trillion or about 55.3%, of total GDP, followed by the services sector amounted to Rp.411.8 billion (13.2%) as well as trade, hotels and restaurants at Rp. 403.5 billion (12.9%). In particular the tourism sector Pasangkayu city, this sector havent yet become a regional economic mainstay. This can be indicated by management of local tourism which 5

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

shows the availability of infrastructure and facilities are inadequate. Tourism in Pasangkayu more focused on maritime tourism. Pasangkayu maritime tourism potential that actually has a variety of tours can be developed such as biotechnology, seaweed cultivation, marine park tourism, beach tourism, forest tourism, etc., that can be an attraction both locally and even overseas visitors. Tourism potential should be utilized properly. The constraints of infrastructure and facilities should be provided the maximum among transport, electricity access, accommodations, public facilities, and human resources. 4. TECHNOLOGY ANALISYS AND APPLICATION 4.1. TIDAL DATA PROCESSING AND PREDICTION Tidal Observations made 29 days Dept. Oceanography on 4th August to 1st September 2008, at the coordinates 1.415321 south latitude, 119.300612 east longitude in the plot in the graph (eg Fig 5).

Figure 5: Graph Tidal Elevation of Pasangkayu August 4th September 1st 2008

Through tidal data processing method admiralty, obtained an average tidal elevation (MTL) of 2.14 meters. Daily characteristics of this tidal semidiurnal type (eg Fig 6), in a single day occurred two and two tide ebb.

Figure 6: Tidal characteristic of Pasangkayu per day

Assuming that in the next 10 years of climate and geological conditions of the observation area is stable, then the change of MTL is not too significant. 4.2. POWERPLANT TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN Plant Design TPP type to be built to develop maritime tourism potential Pasangkayu Barrage or dam is a type of small scale. The size of the dam is the most suitable scale when applied in coastal morphology, coastal remote with a dynamic nature. Plant is built with a low head. Turbine is an important component for generating a turbine generator and propeller type turbines for power with low head propeller turbine 6

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

because the size is relatively small and light in weight. Location of TPP design are located in tributaries Mamuju that still be around the estuary of the river Mamuju (eg Fig 7).

Figure 7: Mamuju River Estuary

In this study, the design generator can be modeled with Microsoft Visio program (eg Fig 8).

Technical performance the difference of Sea level between the mean high water and mean low water has potential energy. Dam was built across the river estuary. Turbines installed in the tunnel dam. The flow of water from the sea to the dam at high tide can be in tamping previously at the dam. When the water receded, opening the door of dams needed to produce energy from a height level of the generator rotor rotation. From that principal, we can use equation of Tidal Power, Tidal Power, Based on data obtained from source files Oceanography, showing average tidal elevation of 2.14 m, the converted value as the head (height) which is processed like the following information: H = 2m, Q = 0.46 m3/sec, with single turbine effect Generator : with synchronous AC Average Volume to Mamuju river = 7 m3/sec Dam type : dimension long and high 3.28 m x 9.84 m Generator efficiency 80 % and mechanical efficiency 85 %.

Figure 8: TPP model

Power Capacity Design In implementation, two times the rising tide and tidal sea water each day with each of the six-hour prediction of power output can be calculated. So when the generator is working 12 hours per day at one entrance and one exit door of the dam. Given TPP planned development is small scale, the capacity is not too large dams. The capacity of the dam is designed for 10 turbines with a capacity of 2 KW turbine to obtain a total capacity of 20 KW.

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

Getting 2 KW, should use four poles generator with 1500 rpm. Turbine with specific 2.14 m of head Water discharge (Q) at 0.46 3 m /sec is the value assumptions, this is a consideration on the basis of average flow in the strait of Makassar from various sources. From the specification of power (see Table 1), can be represented in mathematical form with generator output, P = 2 kW Table 1: Plant specification Generator efficiency g = 0.8 Ng = 1500 Generator speed rpm Turbine head Hd = 2.14 m Mechanical efficiency m = 0.85 BP = 4.41 Saft Power kW Ns = 745 Specific speed rpm Turbine speed N = 844 rpm Turbine diameter D3 = 280 (Runner) mm Sum of blade Z=4 Hub Diameter d = 112 mm Guide vane angle = 75.46 Sum of turbine Zt= 10 Blade lenght d = 72 mm Investment Cost This development is assumed without service voluntarily, without support, and donations so we get a rough investment costs (see Table 2).

Table 2: TPP Investment Cost Harga No Faktor Biaya (Rp juta) Turbine, generator, dan main 1 component 2,010 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Electronics tools Excavation jobs Building tools Salary for workers Control room Design, Installastion dan supervision fee Total Investment cost 1,561.875 324 1,725 675 900 1,800 8,995.875

This project is not too complicated and easy to apply. Investment only once and will return only a few years around three to four years. TPP can save energy value amounted to 46,656 million KJ of energy per year which is equivalent to 17,000 liters of diesel fuel per year. Operating hour Earth's rotation causes tides. When the sun and the moon is located on one line, the force of gravity causes tides. When the position of 90 gravity pulling the water in different directions causes tides occur. Rotation period of the month is over one month (four weeks) and the earth's rotation period 8

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

24 days. Rotation produces tidal cycle during the 12 hours 25 minutes. Operating hours per day = 12 hours 25 minutes Operating hours per month = 372 hours 30 minutes Operating hours = 4470 hours per year. Distribution The power distribution is consicered for the local communityowned tourism facilities (see Table 3). Table 3: Distribusi Listrik No. Infrastructure Daya (Watt) 1 Lodgings 4000 citizens 2 Street 1500 Lighting 3 Public 5500 Facilities (mosque, toilets, parking place, etc.) 4 Restaurant 3000 5 Recreational 3000 vehicle 6 Provision of 3000 clean water

maintenance. Short-term maintenance can be: 1. Checking whether dam is leakage or damage. 2. Checking whether the dam sluice malfunction. 3. Clean up garbage on the channel to prevent excessive buildup. 4. Checking voice of turbine and generator 5. Checking cable electronics system before starting up. While long-term maintenance checks on the corrosion of equipment because it is often exposed to salt water. This needs to be laminated with anti-corrosion materials such as painting. 4.3. STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY BASED In strategic planning of TPP utilization is the most important stage for development of this program focused and on target. Strategic planning must be realistic, action-oriented, and can be understood from all parties involved. The parties will be involved setting a goal and a success point for the application program utilization of TPP in the nautical tourism development at the planning location. In its planning, the involved parties in this program needs to consider the impact of short-term and long term on such 9

Maintenance Although in the construction and maintenance, it is assumed, without assuming that the population can continue this project themselves, there must be a control that should be noted that routine

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

development. So that in development later, the development will be right on target (see Appendix eg Fig. A). Multi-sectoral Integration Existing planning can not be directly applied spontaneously. In the journey is necessary to establish an organizational structure for utilization management of TPP. The management structure in a very functional role in realizing this project, such as: a) Coordinate and integrate the results of existing studies and plans. b) Involve the role of government, industry and society. c) Ensure the fulfillment of existing regulations. d) Create a mechanism to ensure that decision-making processes supported by various parties. e) Ensure that financial resources will support the implementation of the project. f) Ensuring that administrative purposes. Public Participation Community involvement in planning the utilization TPP is indispensable. Community support will have an impact on the sustainability of the utilization of this TPP forward. In addition, in accordance with the original purpose of creating an energy independent 10

quality people, local residents will be given counselings about the importance of TPP. After the TPPs construction, executive development team of TPP must involve communities directly in the management TPP. This program is expected to get much benefit the local community in a sustainable manner. TPP Development TPP development is a form of the real realization after going through the planning and decision making. In this development, community involvement is also expected to direct. Infrastructure Development Support In accordance with the TPP development initial targets for the development of nautical tourism, so that construction is on target and the supporting infrastructure should be built as part of community development. The infrastructure may be supporting facilities such as places of worship places, food stalls, and others. TPP Management Training to Local community TPP management training to the community aims to train independence of the community in terms of energy management.

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

4.4. SUPERVISION EVALUATION

AND

Monitoring/ Monitoring After executing the implementation of TPP in the development of maritime tourism potential of a region, have to control step by step both technical and nontechnical. Technical. Supervision of the inspection covers the condition of infrastructure in a sustainable TPP, have to ensure that the provision of electricity is fine. Supervision includes oversight of non-technical environment that may affect the generation work from both local communities and natural surroundings. Evaluation Evaluation aims to determine whether the realization of development TPP as planned or not. If it is not appropriate development plans and objectives, it is necessary improvements and action in the future. Furthermore, achievement points can be indicated suit proceeds with the original plan as discussed in previous chapters. So when the evaluation indicates the realization in accordance with the original plan, this condition can be called 'successful'. 5. CONCLUSION 11

In this paper, we have suggested some ideas about the use of Tidal Power Plant with the technology of the dam is intended to develop maritime tourism potential that has not been maximized. The solution is aimed at generating exploiting coastal areas that have potential for marine tourism but not yet maximized due to lack of infrastructure, particularly access to electricity. In its application, the amount adjusted for demographic TPP locals. Because directed to areas that are relatively less developed and less populated, hence the development of smallscale TPP is very possible to be applied. 6. REFERENCES [1]Bent Srensen. 2004. Renewable Energy (Its Physics, engineering, use, environmental impacts, economy and planning aspects. Roskilde University. Energy & Environment Group. [2]Paul R. Pinet (2003), Invitation to Oceanography, John and Barlett Publishers, London. [3]Steacy D. Hicks (2006), Understanding Tides, NOAA, National Ocean Service [4]Thorman, R. 1995. Suggested Framework for Preparing Regional Environmental Strategies (Draft Guidelines). Canberra: Australian Local Government Association, Canberra, Australia.

Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

[5]Unknown (2007), Kecamatan Pasangkayu dalam Angka, BPS Kab. Mamuju Utara.

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Renews 2010 Renewable Energy Conference, Berlin, Germany 12- 13 October 2010

APENDIX
Figure A: TPP Utilization Diagram

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