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Pigments and dyes both come under the classification of word colorant meaning A substance used for coloring. Further a colorant can be elaborated as any chemical that is colored or can become colored in a particular environment/under certain condition and can be applied/used to impart the property of color to an item. Pigments are colorant composed of particles that are in soluble in the application medium. They have no substantivity for the material on which they are applied. Since the particles are too large to penetrate in to the substrate, the pigments are there fore easily removed unless fixed with adhesive.
Pigment dyeing like pigment printing is a phenomenon in which insoluble Coloring matter called pigment, having no affinity with the substrate is applied on to fabric. The color is being fixed are being attached to the fabric by virtue of binding agents. The role binders hence becomes extremely important since the pigment Is some what sandwiched between the substrate and final layer of binder. This Explanation may be too simple, but certainly explain basic idea of pigment application.
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recipe (subjected to compatibility) and process on stenter thus saving a process. At that time only the light shades up to 2g/l were dyed successfully on stenter while a slight higher depth up to 3-4 g/l was achieved on thermosol dyeing machine a depth more than this produced inferior quality and cost ineffective product hence pigment dyeing was limited to light shades only .with the development of better pigments and binder, fabrics with high pigment depth can be successfully dyed, thus extending the limitation of pigment dyeing process
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CLASSIFICATION OF PIGMENTS
Pigments have been chemically classified into the following classes.
an important technical factor that influences the rate of reduction and is guarded as an industrial secret. Particles size was also found important when vat dyes were used to make pigments When methods were devised to reduce the particles size further, the only it gained commercial success to produced bright and tinctorially strong pigment.
The chemicals classes of vat colors from which suitable pigment have been developed are anthraquinones, perinones, perylenes and thioindigos. Many vat dyes have been tested and only few have met the stringent fastness standers. Seven of those found suitable in all respects all shown in following table
Common Name
Flavanthrone Antharone Orange Indathrone Blue Isoviolanthrone Violet Perinone Orange Perylene Maroon Anthrapyrimidine yellow
CI Vat
YellowYellow 1 Orange 3 Blue 4 Violet 1 Orange 7 Red 23 Yellow 20
CI Pigment
Yellow Red 168 Blue 60 violet 31 Orange 43 Red 179 Yellow 108
AZO PIGMENTS:
Azo pigments comprise by far the largest chemical class of compound from which pigments are made, reflecting the wide range of aromatic amines that can be diazotized and the numerous compound s to which the resulting diazo compound can be coupled, not all of course yielding pigments. The azoic pigments provide a wide range of hue from red to yellow, and orange to blue, in descending order of number
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of each hue. The classification of azo pigments is shown in the following figure;
Azo pigmints
Metal - Free
Metal - Containing
Water Insoluble
Water Soluble
Low Solubility
High Solubility
PHTHALOCYANINE PIGMENTS:
Phthalocynine was the first chromogenic type to be introduced I to the field of color, chemistry of organic compound concern with pigments. Copper phthalocynnine (CI Pigment Blue 15) is an example of the phthalocyanine pigments.
QUINACRIDONE PIGMENTS:
In 1935 the production of liar trans-quinacrodone was reported by Liebermann and was curiously looked at as a red vat colorant but not developed commercially. Their chemical structures are based on CI Pigment Violet 19
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ISOINDOLINE PIGMENTS:
Any new type of pigments, called irgazin was produced in 1964 by Giegy Company. The pigments obtained were yellow pigment (CI Pigment Yellow110) and the greenish yellow pigments (CI Pigment Yellow 109).
DIOXAZINE PIGMENTS:
Triphenodioxazine compound have been used to make brilliant blue direct and reactive dyes for cellulosic fiber, but only one pigment in this class CI Pigment Violet 23 is widely used.
FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS:
Fluorescent pigments are based on fluorescent dyes which are soluble In certain resins. A resin colored in this way is ground to a powder of small particle size and this fluorescent pigment is dispersed into various media in the same way as other pigments. The overall result is that the paints, printing inks and plastics into which fluorescent pigments have been incorporated have vivid bright colors which attract the eye. This property is very valuable for safety clothing worn by police, rescue workers and others working in hazardous situations. Their vehicles also become much more visible when parts of them are painted with special finishes containing these colorants. Other uses include advertising and plastic toys. The resins used to make fluorescent pigments are usually toluenesulphonamide- Melamine-formaldehyde matrices. The dyes used for this purpose include CI Disperse Yellow 11, Rhodamine 6G (CI Basic Red 1) and Rhodamine B (CI Basic Violet 10. Unfortunately, the fluorescent effect is not directly proportional to the concentration of colorant present, since there is considerable quenching
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if quite low concentrations are exceeded. The light fastness of the fluorescent pigments is also less than that of many other organic pigments, but can be improved by using over layers containing ultraviolet absorbers.
INORGANIC PIGMENTS:
Inorganic pigments have a very special place in the piment chemistry for several reasons; one is that there is no white inorganic pigment. White pigments are essential to provide opacity to the paints and printing inks used on metals, paper, wood, textile fabric and plastic films.
China Clay (CI Pigment White 19) Baytes (BaSO4; CI Pigment white 22) Zinc oxide (CI Pigment White 4) Zinc Sulphide (CI Pigment White 7) Antimony oxide (CI Pigment White 11)
But all of these pigments have been overshadowed by titanium dioxide (CI Pigment White 6)
Features of Pigments:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Pigment has excellent light and weathering fastness. By pigment the high curing is possible and has a good backing stability. It has high tintorial strength. Pigment yield bright and sharp color in printing. It provides excellent solvent resistance Pigments are easily dispersible.
Binder :
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Binders are 3-D. Film-forming organic chemical substances which are made up of long chain polymeric macro-molecules. The binder that are used in pigment printing, are addition co-polymers. For example, an artificial, i.e., synthetic binder, is manufactured from three molecules of butyl acryl ate, and only one single individual molecule of acrylo-nitrile. CH2 CH - CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
CO
CO
CO
CN
OC4H9 n
OC4H9
OC4H9
Binder Characteristics:
The binders used in pigment must fulfill these following requirements: - Simple in application. - It must form a colorless, uniform, and a flexible film. - It should posses a good share stability and chemical stability as well. - It must be chemically compatible with all the other chemicals. - It must adhere uniformly and firmly any textile fiber what so ever. - It must be supple. - It should impart a good color-fastness against light, dry and wet crocking (rubbing), washing, and dry cleaning solvents.
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The Mechanism of formation of 3-D, film of binder:The film form the dispersed binders, is formed in two stages. In first stage, during drying, water, white spirit, and surfactants are removed by absorption and evaporation. Then particles of the binder melt and form a jelly like layer of very tightly packed balls, having poor solubility and adhesive properties.
During the second stage, these tightly packed balls of the binder flow together along with each other to form a continuous 3-D, film which covers the pigment particles and fix (adheres) with the fibers.
During drying and curing of the printed fabric, the self cross-linking of the binder does take place as well.
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The Self Cross-linking reaction of binder:In order to improve the adhesion and cohesion, the molecules of the binder are provided with special reactive groups by the chemical manufacturers; these types of binders are technically termed as The self cross-linking binders . The specific functional reactive groups from cross-linking among the molecules of the binder through-by the formation of covalent chemical bonds. Further more, these reactive chemical groups, in addition, also form covalent bonds with textile fibrous substrate.
External Cross-linking AgentThe external cross-linking agent not only act as an adhesive agent between the textile fibrous substrate and binder, but also contributes in to the cross-linking of binders. These fixing agents improve both the wet crocking (wet rubbing) fastness and wash-fastness of the printed goods. They are used along-with the binder, especially for printing on any hydro-phobic textile fibers like such as polyester fiber and nylon fibers. These fixing agents react either with fiber, or with binder and form such cohesion that, the binders are firmly attached to the fibers. Because of high percentage of their polar functional groups, the external cross-linking agents their-selves produce inextensible rigid network after cross-linking reaction, which, infect, hardens the handle of printed fabric more than what the binders film does. So, only a little physical quantity is, therefore, used; or i.e. up to ten percent of the actual quantity of the binder being practically used.
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Pigment Dyeing:
The pigment dyeing process involves the following processes (from grey to finish goods) when applied by the continuous method:
G GREY
SINGEING
DESIZING
SCOURING
BLEACHING
STENTERING
DYEING
FINISHING
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The pigment dyeing process undergoes the similar pre-treatment process as in case of dyeing with any type of dye. The bleached fabric is normally used for the pigment dyeing.
RECIPE:
The general recipe for the pigment dyeing is as under: Printofix Pigment HBP Binder MTB Wetting agent (Hostapal HDN) Dispersing agent (Laycol RDN) X g/l 3 times of pigment quantity 3g/l 3g/l
RAW MATERIAL:
Fabric 100% Bleached Cotton
EQUIPMENT:
The following equipments were used for sampling the above mentioned recipe in the laboratory: Lab Padder Lab dryer
CONDITIONS:
The following conditions were maintained for sampling Pick up Padder pressure Speed Pre-drying temperature Pre-drying time
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160 c 3 min 30 c
PROCESS SEQUENCE:
Following steps are involved in pigment dyeing:
PADDING
PRE-DRYING
CURING
PADDING:
The fabric was padded with Printofix 3g/l, Hostapal HDN 3g/l Lycol RDN 3g/l and binder 12g/l at a temperature of 30 C to give the pick up of 70%.
DRYING:
The pigment padded fabric then dried at 120 C for 5 minutes.
CURING:
The dried fabric is them cured at 160 C for 3 minutes. The pigment dyeing process can be done on thermosol dyeing or on stenter frame. Since stenter is also used as finishing machine, the required finishing chemical are added to the pigment dyeing (subjected to compatibility) and processed on stenter frame to save an additional finishing process. How ever
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stenter has its limitation and is only suitable for dyeing light shades. Medium light and medium shades are preferred to be dyed on thermosol. Thermosol machine us equipped with IR pre dryer that pre-dry the padded fabric. After predrying, drying is completed in one or two chamber while curing is done in the rest of the chambers. The dried pigment padded fabric is cured at 160 c for three minutes.
APPLICATION:
The pigment dyed fabric is used as a base fabric for printing on which colored ground is required or it serves the following end uses as home textile products
All other product where fastness requirements are not too stiff and product life is not more than five washes.
ADVANTAGES: Same shade and same depth of shade is obtained on both fibers
containing in the blend.
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Economical process.
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SUCTION DEVICE:
It is simple device which consist of two parts:
Suction Pump
It is used to produce suction. It is a simple laboratory size suction pump, which is easily available in the market.
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Circular Stainless Steel tube It is 20 cm long stainless steel tube with a slit of 2 mm width and 10 cm length, at one face of the tube. Diameter of tube is 2 cm. Suction is transferred to the cloth through this tube. Tube is installed after the padder.
RECIPE:
The general recipe for the pigment dyeing is as under: Printofix pigment HBP Binder MTB Wetting agent (Hostapal HDN) Dispersing agent (Lycol RDN) X g/l 3 times of pigment quantity 3g/l 3g/l
RAW MATERIAL:
Fabric 100% Bleached Cotton
EQUIPMENT:
The following equipments were used for sampling the above mentioned recipe in the laboratory: Lab Padder Lab dryer Suction pump
CONDITIONS:
The following conditions were maintained for sampling Pick up Padder pressure
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70% 5 bar
Speed Pre-drying temperature Pre-drying time Curing temperature Curing dwell time Padding temperature
PROCESS SEQUENCE:
The modified pigment dyeing process follows the following steps:
PADDING
SUCTION
DRYING
CURING
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PADDING:
The fabric was padded with Printofix Blue 3g/l, Hostapal HDN 3g/l Lycol RDN 3g/l and binder 12g/l at a temperature of 30 C to give the pick up of 70%.
SUCTION:
The pigment padded fabric was then subjected to suction. Suction is applied to only one side of the fabric.
DRYING:
The pigment padded fabric then dried at 120 C for 5 minutes.
CURING:
The dried fabric is them cured at 160 C for 3 minutes.
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PRACTICAL WORK:
APPLICATION OF PIGMENTS BY CONVENTIONAL METHOD:
100% Bleached Cotton fabric was padded with 3g/l of pigments in four different colors.
RECIPE:
The general recipe for the pigment dyeing is as under: Printofix Blue HBP Binder MTB Wetting agent (Hostapal HDN) Dispersing agent (Lycol RDN) 3g/l 9g/l 3g/l 3g/l
RAW MATERIAL:
Fabric 100% Bleached Cotton
EQUIPMENT:
The following equipments were used for sampling the above mentioned recipe in the laboratory: Lab Padder Lab dryer Crockmeter Grey scale
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CONDITIONS:
The following conditions were maintained for sampling Pick up Padder pressure Speed Pre-drying temperature Pre-drying time Curing temperature Curing dwell time Padding temperature 70% 5 bar 2.5m/min 120c 60 s 160 c 3 min 30 c
RESULTS :
There results are tabulated in the following table: Depth of all shades is 3g/l
SAMPLES
5 5 5 5
4 4/5 4
3/4 4 3/4
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RECIPE:
The general recipe for the pigment dyeing is as under: Pigment Red HBP Binder MTB Wetting agent (Hostapal HDN) Dispersing agent (Lycol RDN) 3g/l 9g/l 3g/l 3g/l
RAW MATERIAL:
Fabric 100% Bleached Cotton
EQUIPMENT:
The following equipments were used for sampling the above mentioned recipe in the laboratory: Lab Padder Lab dryer Suction pump Crockmeter Grey scale
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CONDITIONS:
The following conditions were maintained for sampling Pick up Padder pressure Speed Pre-drying temperature Pre-drying time Curing temperature Curing dwell time Padding temperature 70% 5 bar 2.5m/min 120c 60 s 160 c 3 min 30
RESULTS:
There results are tabulated in the following table:
SAMPLES
4/5
5 5 5 5
4 4 4
3/4
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Comparison Of Results:
RUBBING FASTNESS PROPERTIE:
Results show no improvement in rubbing fastness properties, after the application of suction or modified process.
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St 5 5 5 5
4/5
CONCLUSION:
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Compression of conventional and modified suction process of application of pigments on 100% bleached cotton fabric.
1) By adopting this modification suction process of pigments application rubbing and wash (wet & dry) fastness properties could not improved.
2) Dispersion of pigment dyes are very essential for better and level dyeing. we use dispersing agent ( lycol RDN).
3) In comparison with conventional process. The depth of the shade by modified suction on alternative side is increase as compare to the conventional process and the depths of the other side of the modified suction fabric are almost equal to the conventional process.
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