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Should The Armed Forces Be Employed To Fight The War Or Win The Peace? - A Look At The Militarys Involvement In Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief Operations
by MAJ Tay Kwang Leong
Abstract: This paper will first discuss the purpose of military force and how the conduct of Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief (HADR) operations can satisfy this purpose. It then examines the case for a military to have, within its repertoire of skills, Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief HADR capabilities. Lastly, this paper will explore the potential military involvement in disaster management, using the Disaster Management Continuum as a framework. Keywords: HADR, Peacekeeping Operations, OOTW

I. INTRODUCTION
In late 2009, United States President Barack Obama approved the allocation of defence spending for fiscal year 2010. Amongst other defence-related expenses and investments, the United States Department of Defence (DoD) will upgrade 353 Bradley Fighting Vehicles (USD $526 million), procure 6,600 Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (USD $6.3 billion), and 30 Lockhead Martin F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighters (USD$6.8 billion).1 On the political front, the general public of Taiwan voiced their concern over the Governments reluctance to procure equipment that can be used for humanitarian aid, this despite a significant increase of earthquakes in Taiwan over the last nine years.2 Both the United States and Taiwan, two different countries with different security concerns, are investing their defence expenditure on modernising their armed forces. Such investments are primarily aimed at sharpening ones military so as to enable it to carry out its proper mission, which is to inflict the maximum amount of death and destruction on the enemy, within the shortest possible period of time, and at minimum loss to itself.3
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However, in reality, inter-state conflicts are fast becoming an unlikely scenario, with more nations likely to wield other elements of national power to impose their political will on one another. The military these days, are more often than not, called upon to perform a multitude of operations, from Peace Keeping Operations, Peace Enforcement Operations, to Counter Insurgency Operations, and Combating Terrorism (refer to Figure 1).4 Increasingly, the military has also been tasked as the first on-scene responder during a natural calamity, such as the Asian Tsunami (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), and, more recently, the Haiti Earthquake (2010). The reason for this is that a military force, with its capability to rapidly mobilise

Deployment Of Engineering Team in Afghanistan

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features and deploy large number of men and equipment, can provide the much needed, first-level Humanitarian Assistance (HA) Disaster Relief (DR).

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If you create within the Department of Defence a primary mission to respond to these sorts of events (HADR), you are creating a huge additional burden. The focus begins to shift, and thats not good.
- Gen (Ret.) Bruce Lawlor, 1st Commanding General JTF Civil Support
However, the military has traditionally viewed HADR operations as someone elses job and that its responsibility resides solely in winning the war and not winning the peace.5 Even in the face of a

recession, the global military expenditure of nations around the world has not reduced. A BBC business report in 2009 stated that defence industry giants such as Boeing, the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company(EADS), Finmeccanica and Northrop Grumman are enjoying reliable and growing revenues from countries eager to increase their military might. It was reported that these revenues are set to increase to $1,527.6 billion by 2012: a astounding 34% increase from 2007.6 This demonstrates that, despite the bleak economic outlook, the desire of armed forces to win wars has not been curtailed. This desire is further reflected in a lack of emphasis in HADR operations at all levels of the military. This paper will first discuss the purpose of a military force and how the conduct of HADR operations can satisfy this purpose. It then examines the case for a military to have, within its repertoire of skills, Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief (HADR) capabilities. Lastly, this paper

Figure 1: Spectrum of Conflict.4

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features will explore the potential military involvement in disaster management, using the Disaster Management Continuum as a framework. Carl von Clausewitz

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II. PURPOSE OF A MILITARY FORCE

To address the question of whether the military should participate in and prepare itself for HADR operations, one must first examine the fundamental purpose and existence of a military force. It has been argued that the primary purpose and responsibility of a military is to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, and if necessary, wage a full conflict war: a confrontation where organised armies lock horns in sustained combat operations with the ultimate aim of defeating the adversary. Military institutions and war fighting doctrines have also traditionally emphasised and reinforced this bias that a real war is primarily a conventional one.8 Like-minded activists have lobbied against associating a military force with humanitarian assistance because humanitarian assistance negatively affects the true military mission fighting and winning the nations wars.9 On the other hand, other factions influenced by the field of humanitarianism believe that the military has a moral obligation to assist people in distress, and that the use of the military to further a humanitarian cause is justifiable. Not many organisations, other than the military, have the capability, expertise, and organizational structure to conduct massive humanitarian operations, especially since natural catastrophes often sever lines of communications and inflict massive destruction to infrastructure. So, what then is the true purpose of the military, given that they can be used in a multitude of operations today? When Vom Kriege was first published in 1832, Carl Von Clausewitz provided an indication to the true purpose of a military. The Clausewitzian Axiom The political objective is the goal, war is the means of reaching it, and the means can never be considered in isolation from their purpose.10

Clausewitz theorised that war should serve politics. Indeed, war and politics go hand in hand. To understand this relationship, one would first need to understand that the strategic level of war derives from political and policy objectives, and is the sole authoritative basis for military operations.11 The ultimate objective at the strategic level of war is to coordinate and focus all the elements of national power to achieve the policy objectives.12 Politics, Policy and War
Employs policy as a means POLITICS Must serve Figure 2: Policy must satisfy Politics. POLITCY

Politics and policies are inter-related, with one being an enabler of the other (see Figure 2). Politics deals with the activities associated with inter and intra governmental issues and the decisions made by the government. Simply put, politics lays down the who, what, where, and to a certain extent, when. Policy, on the other hand, is the selection of goals or the formulation of rules-of-the-game to put decisions into action (a means to an end, the how).13
Employs policy as a means POLITICS Must serve POLITCY

Must serve Military-one element of national power available to a country

Employs war as a means

MILITARY

Carries out

WAR

Figure 3: Clausewitzian axiom that wars, as carried out by the military, are a continuation of politics, by other means.
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features If war should serve politics, and policy is the how of achieving political aims, then it follows that war (a means), must satisfy policy (an enabler to the end) which is to serve politics. In essence, war, as carried out by the military, is just a means to an end, and is a continuation of politics as theorised by von Clausewitz (see Figure 3). Extension of the Clausewitzian Axiom When Vom Kriege was written, it was against the backdrop of the Napoleonic wars and the military, up to that point in history, had been employed to wage a conventional conflict. Although the role of the military has evolved over the years, von Clausewitzs principle still remains: actions by the military should ultimately culminate to serve politics (see Figure 4), be it through waging and winning wars or preserving peace. Preventing Wars and Winning the Peace The current Commandant of the US Marine Corps, Gen. James T. Conway, succinctly put forth that the trend is gradually shifting from winning wars to preventing wars. However, the military still remains the only state institution capable of providing the clenched fist for the territorial integrity and sovereignty. It must remain so. However, it is also becoming increasingly imperative for the military
Employs policy as a means POLITICS Must serve POLITCY

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to win the peace when being called upon, be it through actions in Peace Support Operations, or Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief.

...That while we are capable of launching a clenched fist when we must, offering the hand of friendship is also an essential and prominent tool in our kit. That premise flows from our belief that preventing wars is as important as winning wars.
Gen James T. Conway, 34th & Current Commandant of the US Marine Corps III. CASE FOR THE MILITARY TO HAVE HADR CAPABILITIES
As a responsible member of the international community, we are doing our part to create a world that is more humane.15 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, 14th President of the Philippines Globalisation has increased interconnectivity between nations, and also influenced the way nations conduct themselves within the international community. While it is obvious that the world would respond to global conflicts such as World War II or the Gulf War, the international community has also readily pulled together and responded in the wake of a natural catastrophe, such as the Bangladesh Cyclone(1991) or the Asian Tsunami (2004), with various forms of contributions: from monetary assistance and relief aid, to military and law enforcement personnel. More recently, in the Haiti Earthquake (2010), the US government made an initial relief contribution of US$100 million and included ships, helicopters, transport planes and 2,000 Marines.16 Indeed, the existence of an obligation to alleviate sufferings in the wake of a disaster can be traced back to the 18th century when European nations passed relevant laws that transcended geography and national borders to provide humanitarian aid after natural calamities.17
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Military-one element of national power available to a country

Must serve

Employs war as a means

MILITARY

Carries out

Figure 4: Extension of the Clausewitzian axiom, that actions by the military, not just war, are a continuation of politics, by other means.
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features When struck by a natural disaster, most nations would not be able to handle the aftermath unilaterally, and would require assistance from the international community. This is especially so when key infrastructure and lines of communications are destroyed. Nations keen to show their commitment as a responsible member of the international community would extend a helping hand, in the hope that this goodwill would be reciprocated in the future. The Military as the Most Developed State Institution The military in any country is established to preserve and protect her national interests, her territorial integrity and her sovereignty, failing which the country ceases to exist. With such heavy responsibilities entrust to organised armed forces, countries are constantly trying to keep their military forces ready, up-to-date and relevant by continually investing and procuring the most sophisticated equipment and platforms available. Hence, nations continue to allocate funds and resources to their armed forces, thus making the military one of the most developed state institutions within a country. In addition, military platforms are designed for rugged terrain and possess the operational reach to arrive and operate in the most austere of environments (often environments where massive destruction to infrastructure and lines of communications have been ruined). Such platforms are resources that are largely unavailable to civilian agencies. Another characteristic of the military is that it is a disciplined, organised outfit, with a clear chain of command, and is capable of mobilising large numbers of men and equipment in a very short time. As speed is key to saving lives and reducing suffering in the early stages of a catastrophe, being capable of mobilising and moving large numbers of men and equipment swiftly to stabilise a disaster area is crucial. As such, being the most developed state institution with the most sophisticated equipment, combined with discipline and organization, it naturally follows that the military would be well poised to undertake the task as the first on-scene responder in the event of a disaster. Indeed, in the aftermath of Katrina, a White House report concluded that the

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military and the coast guard were the only federal entities capable of turning the presidents orders into prompt action on the ground.18 Need for Humanitarian Assistance Capabilities in Post War Stabilisation Since the last major interstate war in the mid 20th Century, the worlds population has increased almost three-fold, from 2,521 billion in 1950 to 6.799 billion in Jan 2010 (see Figure 5).19 This means that there is now a higher density of people per square kilometre today than 65 years ago. Concomitantly, the world has also seen a drastic increase in urbanisation and concentration in the metropolitan cities. By the end 2006, half of the worlds population will be living in urban areas.20

Figure 5: World Population 1950 2050.

Coordination between civilian and military actors is essential during an emergency response. The increasing number and scale of humanitarian emergencies, in both natural disaster and conflict settings, has led to more situations where military forces and civilian relief agencies are operating in the same environment.
John Holmes, Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator at the United Nations
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Figure 6: Disaster Management Continuum comprises 4 main phases.

Exacerbated by the Cold War, exponential technological development (especially over the last quarter of the 20th century) has created bombs that pack more power per pound. These munitions are capable of bringing more devastation and destruction. With rapid urbanisation, the urban setting is fast becoming the battlefield in the modern era. The significant boom in the human population means that the modern battlefield will never be void of civilians, and as the lethality of weapons increases, higher civilian casualties can be expected. The Siege of Sarajevo, one of the longest conflicts in an urban environment, saw a total of 56,000 civilian casualties sustained during the period from April 1992 to February 1996.21 The increase in the civilian population on the modern battlefield requires the military to perform large scale Humanitarian Assistance (HA) as part of post war stabilisation. With this requirement, the military sees participation in Disaster Relief operations as a proxy to their HA requirements in the aftermath of conventional military operations.

Unlike an armed conflict, where one can expect a period of unrest, political instability and peace negotiations prior to the declaration of war, natural disasters can occur without warning. Countries have often been caught off guard and unprepared, thus resulting in huge death tolls and widespread destruction. However, with the establishment of early warning infrastructure and other measures, the international community has been able to shift, from what was previously a reactive response to disaster, to a more pro-active approach in the management of disasters. The Disaster Management Continuum is a holistic approach to the management of disasters and comprises four main phases of (1) Disaster Relief, (2) Disaster Recovery (3) Disaster Mitigation and (4) Disaster Preparedness (see Figure 6). While the case for military involvement in Disaster Relief operations has already been discussed, the military can, and already is, contributing to the Disaster Management Continuum. That said, the

IV. MILITARYS INVOLVEMENT IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

Coordination between civilian and military actors is essential during an emergency response. The increasing number and scale of humanitarian emergencies, in both natural disaster and conflict settings, has led to more situations where military forces and civilian relief agencies are operating in the same environment.22 John Holmes, Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator at the United Nations

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features military is only one of the many agencies involved in the Disaster Management Continuum, and to fully harness the potential of the Disaster Management Continuum, a whole-of-government approach must be adopted. This means that the military, civil agencies and Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs) must work together along the continuum, with the military being the lead agency in certain phases of disaster management, and the civil agencies and NGOs taking the lead during other phases. Disaster Relief Disaster Relief is the emergency response that focuses on the immediate needs of a country devastated by a disaster. Generally speaking, this entails the provision of medical care and rescue operations to save lives and alleviate suffering. This is also what the military has traditionally been tasked to do: providing emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster. In this phase, the military has access to the disaster zone using military transportation such as helicopters, and satellite imagery or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to formulate an initial picture of the extent of damage before coordinating with the NGOs, Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs), or other International Organizations (IOs). This occurred during Operation Flying Eagle, where the SAF was able to establish a presence in Aceh within 72 hours of the Asian Tsunami. This initial presence was essential in providing information on the aid supplies that needed to be brought to the disaster area. The military can also establish a Civil Military Operations Centre (CMOC) to facilitate the coordination of relief operations with NGOs, PVOs and IOs as the militarys intelligence collection elements would be able to provide up-to-date information to these civilian agencies on the various changes taking place within the civilian population. Any sudden influx of reflex relief supplies such as food, water and medicine would also cause a huge logistical jam. The military is key in coordinating the distribution of these much needed supplies, such as setting up distribution points. The military can also augment the local law enforcement authorities to facilitate the relief operations. In Haiti, more than 3,200 United States soldiers, on top of the existing United Nations peace keepers, were on the ground six
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days after the quake to reinforce the Haitian police force as survivors turned to looting and violence for their survival.23 Disaster Recovery During Disaster Recovery Phase, the military would need to start preparing for its exit strategy and phase preponderance of the relief efforts slowly to the local government, other civil authorities, and NGOs/PVOs/ IOs. There are a few reasons for doing so: 1. The military lacks funds to provide sustained amenities and necessities, as compared to NGOs/ PVOs/IOs, which often enjoy a stream of voluntary contributions from the general public all over the world; 2. The military is not structured for prolonged relief operations, as it interferes with the primary focus of being a clenched fist for the nation; 3. Military forces executing disaster relief and recovery operations in another country will not want to outstay their welcome and be seen as an occupying force; 4. Having stabilised the disaster affected community during the disaster relief phase, the local government, civil authorities and NGOs/PVOs/ IOs would provide a more benign environment to continue relief operations. In reality, the transition between the two phases of Relief and Recovery are, for the most part, not readily distinct and the two are often seen as a contiguous phase. This transition must be understood and coordinated clearly between the civil authorities and the military. In Operation SEA ANGEL (1991), the Contingency Joint Task Force, composed of Amphibious Group III and 5th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, ceased disaster relief and recovery operations 34 days after arriving in Bangladesh on 11 May 1991. The level of military involvement from the Disaster Recovery Phase onwards will diminish and taper down along the Disaster Management Continuum (see Figure 7) as the level of involvement of civil agencies takes on a higher level of importance. NGO/PVO/ IO participation also becomes increasing significant
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features as they bring sustained shipments of relief supplies and alleviate resource burdens. The military will continue to contribute and play a role, albeit of a lesser significance. In all, the militarys involvement is expected to surge during the initial two to three weeks of Disaster Relief, and reduce steadily during Disaster Recovery before totally handing over the control of relief and recovery efforts to the local civil authorities.

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The Constitution of a country also influences how the military is employed. In the case of Japan, Article 83 of the Self-Defence Forces Law of 1954 requires military units to construct reinforcement of embankments and levees in the event of flooding.25 This illustrates how the military, with its ablebodied men and women, can be employed for Disaster Mitigation. Disaster Preparedness The non military agencies (government bodies, the international community, NGOs/PVOs/IOs) will again take the lead in Disaster Preparedness. Disaster Preparedness refers to actions taken to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.26 Again, the military would take a more passive role in this phase of the continuum as it cooperates with other civilian agencies in peacetime planning, exercising and training, and public awareness and education. Planning would require an assessment of the likely threats, an assessment of the extent of damage, and also emergency stockpile requirements. The passing of Resolution 46/182 to establish the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) is an example of peacetime planning. UNOCHA is entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring a coordinated response to emergencies. Another example is the forming of the Tsunami Warning System. Other than structural implementation, planning is critical as it involves other agencies and departments. Education aims to raise public awareness and would highlight measures to be taken in the event of a disaster. If Disaster Preparedness addresses actions to be taken to facilitate recovery from a disaster, then the only notable contribution of the military is to continually hone its Disaster Relief capabilities by participating in exercise planning. An example of this is Exercise NATURAL FIRE 10, where a total of 1,200 military personnel from six participating nations of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and the United States came together for the exercise.
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Figure 7: Level of involvement between the military and non military agencies along the Disaster Management Continuum.

Disaster Mitigation Disaster Mitigation is a proactive approach towards lessening the impacts of natural disasters. While it is impossible to prevent Natural Disasters, it is possible to substantially reduce the scale and severity of the impact. Disaster Mitigation are long term measures and can be classified broadly into physical measures and procedural measures. Physical measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction, while procedural measures include legislation, and planning.24 In some developed or developing countries, dedicated agencies are established to deal with disasters, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) a dedicated agency of the United States Government that looks at Disaster Mitigation amongst other related tasks.
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features The aim of the exercise was to build the participating African nations ability to handle humanitarian assistance and disaster relief management.27 Along the Disaster Management Continuum, it is clear that the response and involvement of the military varies along the four phases of Relief, Recover, Mitigation and Preparedness. It is also affected by various other factors, from the constitution of a country to the capabilities of the military.

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effectively with other civil authorities, NGOs, PVOs and IOs to provide an effective response to disasters.

ENDNOTES
1. Caitlin Harrington, Danial Wasserbly and Sam Lagrone, US President Obama approves $636bn Defence Spending Bill, Janes Defence Weekly, Vol 47, Issue 1 (6 January 2010), pp.5 2. CV Chen, Military Role in Disaster Relief, 10 August 2009, http://thetaiwanlink.blospot.com/2009/08/ cv-chen-on-military-role-in-disaster-relief.html 3. Martin Van Creveld, Command In War, (Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 6 4. Future Direction, New Zealand Army, December 2006, http://www.army.mil.nz/at-a-glance/strategic-plan/ future-direction.htm, accessed 8 January 2009 5. Lawrence A Yates, The US Militarys Experience in Stability Operations, 1789 2005, 14 April 2006, ht tp://www.cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/ yates.pdf, accessed 28 November 2007, pp. 21 6. Jorn Madsilen, The Purchasing Power of Peace, 3 June 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8050737.stm 7. Lawrence A Yates, The US Militarys Experience in Stability Operations, 1789 2005, 2006, http://wwwcgsc .ar my.mil /c ar l /dow nl oad/c s ipubs/y at e s.p df, 28 November 2007, pp. 1 8. Elspeth Cameron Ritchie and Robert L. Mott, Military Humanitarian Assistance: The Pitfalls and Promise of Good Intentions, Military Medical Ethics, Vol. 2, Chapter 25 (Borden Institute, 2003), pp. 808 9. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton University Press, 1984), pp.119 10. Department of the Navy, United States Marine Corps, MCDP 1-0: Marine Corps Operations (US Government Printing Office, September 2001), pp. 1-8 11. US Marine Corps, MCDP 1: Warfighting (U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1997), pp. 28 12. Policy Development Process, Victoria University of Wellington, School of Information Management, 2005, http://www.sim.vuw.ac.nz/activities/mfat/ workshops/workshop1/day-1.ppt, accessed 28 December 2009, pp. 2 13. Speech of Her Excellency Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo during the Reception for 110th Anniversary of Philipine Independence, 12 June 2008, http://www.cbsnews. com/stories/2010/01/14/world/main6097735.shtml, accessed 2 February2010
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V. CONCLUSION
A look at the statistics from the year 1991 to the year 2000 shows that there was an average of 255 natural disasters annually, while the first decade of the millennium has seen that number jump to 390 natural disasters a year.28 In addition, 2010 also started with the devastating magnitude-7 earthquake hitting the Caribbean island of Haiti, killing at least 200,000 people.29 In terms of combat operations to win a war, the military has evolved from the linear battlefields in World War I, involving state players, to the current asymmetrical battlefield of Counter Insurgency (COIN) operations with non state actors. The military has also evolved from one that is primarily focused on inflicting damage, death and destruction, to one that values winning the peace as equally important. Through this evolution from total war (winning the war) to COIN/PSO/HADR operations (winning the peace), one can conclude that while the face of warfare has changed, the military involvement in combat operations has evolved as well. However, one thing remains certain: natural disasters will continue to occur due to the changing global environment.30 Therefore, the requirement to conduct HADR Operations is here to stay.31 The military must continue to stand ready, carry out combat operations, and serve as the clenched fist for the nation. It must be ready to win wars as it remains the only state institution capable of doing so. However, the military should also remain the first on-scene responder when natural disasters strike. They must remain competent and sharp in responding quickly and effectively to such natural catastrophes, and be ready to operate
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features
14. International Aid to Haiti, 14 January 2010 15. The Evolution of Humanitarian Assistance, Washington Profile, 1 October 2009, http://www. washprofile.org/en/node/3374, accessed 10 December 2009 16. The Military Plans for a Larger Role in Disaster Relief, Terra Daily, http://www.terradaily.com/ r e p o r t s/ M i l i t a r y _To _ P l a n _ F o r_ L a r g e r_ Ro l e _ In _ Disaster_Relief.html, accessed 23 February 2006 17. World Population: 1950 2010, U.S Census Bureau, Population Division, December 2009, http:// thet aiwanlink.blospot.com/2009/08/c v-chen- onmilitary-role-in-disaster-relief.html, accessed 10 January 2010 18. The World At Six Billion, United Nations, 12 Oct 1999, ht tp://w w w.un.org/esa/popul at ion/publicat ions/ sixbillion/sixbilpart1.pdf, 27 December 2009, pp.1 19. Study of the battle and siege of Sarajevo Part 1/10, United Nations, May 1994, http://www.ess. uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm#I.D, 15 January 2010 20. John Holmes, Humanitarian Civil Military Coordination, United Nations, http://ochaonline u n . o r g / O C H A H o m e /A b o u t U s/ C o o r d i n a t i o n Humanitar ianCivilMilitar yCoordination/tabid/1274/ language/en-US/Default.aspx, accessed 10 January 2009

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21. Anger, disorder as aid trickles into Haiti, The Straits Times, 19 January 2010, pp. 6 22. UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 1 January 2009, http://www.unisdr.org/eng/terminology/ terminology-2009-eng.html, accessed 17 January 2010 23. US troops help build Disaster Response capability, IRIN, 4 January 2010, http://www.irinnews.org/ reports.aspx/ReportsID=86673, 21 October 2009 24. A Wave after Wave of Disasters 2000 2009, The Straits Times, 29 December 2009, pp. 6 25. Haiti death toll tops 200,000 as aid anger mounts, The Age, 4 February 2010, http://news.theage.com.au/ breaking-news-world/haiti-death-toll-tops-200000as-aid-anger-mounts-20100204-ndy3.html, 6 Febuary 2010 30. Joint Doctrine and Concept Centre, UK, Humanitarian/ Disaster Relief Operations, Joint Warfare Publication 3-52 (October 2002), pp. 1-1 31. Col Richard H. Witherspoon, Foreword to Two Perspectives on Interventions of Human Operations, by Ambassador Robert B Oakley and David Tucker, 1 July 1997, http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute. army.mil/pubs/display.cfm?PubID=320, accessed 10 January 2010

MAJ Tay Kwang Leong is a Guards Officer by Training. He is currently a student in the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College. MAJ TAY is a recepient of the SAF Local Study Award and holds a Bachelor of Engineering (Mech) (Hons) from the University of Western Australia. MAJ TAY participated in Operation FLYING EAGLE and attended the Expedtionary Warfare School, USMC (Class of 2008) in Marine Corps Base, Quantico. He formerly held the appointments of Doctrine Officer, HQ Guards (2009 - 10), Staff Officer, Army Transformation Office (2008-09),Company Commander, Alpha Company,Third Battalion Singapore Guards (2006-07).

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