Code-Switching and Code-Mixing Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in the Multilingual Context In the environment that is consisted of various cultures,

ethnics, religions and tribes such as Indonesian, people often have more than one language. The phenomenon of people having more than one code (language) is called bilingualism or multilingualism (Wardaugh, 1986). Bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders (Gumperz, 1971). In this case, the bilinguals have a repertoire of domainrelated rules of language choice (Spolsky, 1998) meaning that bilinguals are able to choose which language that he is going to use. Finally, the phenomenon of codeswitching and code-mixing often happen in our daily conversation. Code-switching and code mixing occur when the speaker requires the particular code, in order to switch or mix one code to another and even create a new code in process (Wardaugh, 1986). Based on Hoffman statement (1991) code switching can occur quite frequently in an informal conversation among people who are familiar and have a shared educational, ethnic, and socio-economic background. Hoffman also shows many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Those are intrasentential-switching, inter-sentential switching, emblematic switching, and intra-lexical code-mixing, establishing continuity with the previous speaker, and involving a change of pronunciation. In this paper, the researcher conducts the research about the reasons why someone switch and mix her/his code(language) when he/she did conversation and types of codeswitching and code-mixing in the daily conversation . According to Hoffman (1991) there are a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their languages. Those are talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something (express solidarity), Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, expressing group identity, to soften or strengthen request or command, because of real lexical need, and to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience. In this research the researcher only found some reasons, they are being emphatic about something (express solidarity) and because of real lexical need. In addition, the researcher also found types of code-switching and code-

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing mixing performed by the participant such as intrasentential-switching and intra-lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation. This topic is interesting to be discussed because our country (Indonesia) consists of a variety of languages. Those languages could come from inside or outside the country. So, code-switching and code-mixing could be happened between both languages. Sometimes people use two languages simultaneously when they speak. There are different reasons why people switch and mix code (language) and also different types of code-switching and code-mixing that make this topic more interesting. Like our participant did in this research, he is a multilingualism person. He often switched and mixed the code (language) when he did conversation with his parents, teacher, friends and strangers. Sometimes he switched his code from Indonesian to Padangness, Indonesian to Sundaness, Indonesia to Arabic or vice versa. The reason why he did codeswitching and code-mixing was because some factors such as solidarity, politeness or sometimes was because he need to use the certain lexical to express something in his mind.

Method In collecting the data, the researcher used the technique of interview. In this technique, the writer did some conversation with the participant and records it as the data. Then, the researcher used note-taking technique to get further information about the participant and reproduce the data.

Participants There was a participant included in this research. Now, the participant is a students from one of Islamic University in Jakarta. He is an multilanguage person who mastering more than three languages. The languages that he really master are Indonesian, Padangness, Arabic and Sundaness. He has two first language which is Indonesian and Padangness. He often use indonesian in daily conversation with deep Padangness accent with his parents. Sometimes he speaks indonesian with little bit Padangness and vice versa when he do conversation with family or his Padangness friends. He use Arabic fluently when he speak with his teacher/lecturer. He also often use sundaness to his

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing sundaness friends. This research included one participant only because this research was aimed to observe the reasons why participant switched and mixed his code. It was also aimed to observe what kind of words that usualy switched or mixed by the participant.

Research Instruments The data of this research was taken by interviewing method. The participant was given some questions related to researchs purpose. In this interview session, the researcher used voice recorder to record participants answer.

Procedure The participant were asked some questions about the language that he often used in his daily conversation at home (with parents or close relatives), school (with his teachers/lecturer and friends) and society (with strangers, neighbour etc). This part was aimed to obtain some information about his language background (e.g what his first and second language is). Moreover this part was also aimed to gain some information about the reason why he switched and mixed his code. After that, the researcher recorded the participants conversation between his mother, friends and strangers. The participant was recorded unconciously by the researcher. This part was aimed to observe how often the participant do code-swithing and code-mixing in conversation. Furthermore,it was also aimed to observe what types of code switching and code mixing used by the participant.

Result From the interview reseracher found that: The reasons why participant switches and mixes his code. According to Hoffman (1991) there are a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person to switch or mix their languages. In this research, the participants tendency to switch and mix his language was because of participants, solidarity and status. He always noticed who was speaking with him (e.g. mother, friends, grandma, teacher etc) and what language that will he use to speak.

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing Certain words that often switched or mixed by the participant when he did a conversation. According to Hoffman (1991) there are many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. In this research, the researcher found types of code-switching and code-mixing performed by the participant. Those types of code-switching are intrasentential-switching and intra-lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation.

Discussion Analysis 1 The reasons why participant switch or mix code (language) y Data a

This conversation below was occurred between participant and his nephew. He used Padangness to speak with his nephew without using Indonesia. F Keponakan F Keponakan : Sedang mengaa? : Maken-maken nyo mengalai bang? : Onde, ndak ngaja-ngaja abang yo! : Kaniak lah bang

Data b

This conversation below was occurred between the participant and his Bunda. He used Indonesian with little bit Padangness only. Bunda F Bunda F : Hoo, baa bang? : Belum dapet gi harga tiket masih mahal : Masih maha? Beraa? : Sekitar lima ratus ribuan lah.

Data c

This conversation below was occurred between the participant and his uncle. He used Indonesian almost in all conversation. He used a little bit Padangness when he was asking question and mentioning his uncle (as you or kamu= nga) only.

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing Ongah F Ongah F Ongah : Hallo assalamualaykum ngapain nga pulang? : Waalaykumsalam, Ah ngapain aja lah. (laugh) : Ha siapa? : Ada deh. Ngomonglah nga sama dia sekarang ni lagi di konferens : Halah gak percaya.

Data d

This conversation was occurred between his friends in his rent house. He used Indonesian with little bit Arabic. When his speak, he always changes pronoun word from Indonesian to Arabic. F : Ente tau nggak positif kabelnya merah. Bukan itu, tu dilemari ana. Lemari itu tu. Trus itu ada pake ini, pake lem, pake lak ban. Disitu ada lak ban, di atas. Friend 1 F : Penuh gak? : Lumayan penuh?2 jam aja penuh.

Data E

In this interview, the participant uses full Indonesian because he realizes that he was speaking with a new person. Saya F Saya F Saya F : Abang dirumah sering bicara pake bahasa apa? : Kadang bahasa Indonesia, kadang pake bahasa Padang. : Sama siapa aja pake bahasa Padang? : Bahasa Padang sama adik-adik. : Bahasa Indonesia? : Sama keluarga.

From the conversation above, we can see that participant always switches and mixes his code when he speaks with different people. It was happened because social distance and status relationship between participant with the people who he speak to. He spoke full padangness to his nephew because he taught that he was older than his

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing nephew. So, it was no problem for him to speak Padangness with his nephew, because his nephew will not complain about it. It also shows their closeness as a family. Whereas when he spoke to his Bunda and Ongah (uncle), he decided to use more Indonesian than Padangness. Because he taught, it would sound more polite if he used it to older people. When he called his uncle, he used nga to substitute word you. He used that word because he taught there was nothing another word that appropriate to be said. In this case, he switched/mixed his code because he needed to use certain lexical to express something in his mind. Moreover, he also switched and mixed his code into Arabic when he spoke to his roommate and others friends in his campus. It was happened because he wanted to show his solidarity to his friends. He realized that his friends could understand what was he said because they have the same background knowledge about Arabic.

Analysis 2 Types of code-switcing and code mixing used by participant in his daily conversation y Data Ente tau nggak positif kabelnya merah. Bukan itu, tu dilemari ana. Ada deh. Ngomonglah nga sama dia sekarang ni lagi di konferens. udah abang simpan lah. Onde, ndak ngaja-ngaja abang yo! Kini mah tinggo bapesan lai Cari kerja apaan? Ngamen? Apo?

From the data above the participant often used intrasentential-switching and intralexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation. He mixes the code within a phrase, a clause or a sentence boundary. He also mixes the code within a word such as Apa into Apo, whereas as we know, in the previous word he use full of Indonesia.

Conclusion Code switching and code mixing found in the bilingual/multilingual context. It was occured when the speaker tried to choose an aapropriate code to speak with people.In

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing this paper, there are two reasons why our particiant switches and mixes his code during his conversation between people. Those reason were factor of participants, status, solidarity, politeness or sometimes was because he needed to use the certain lexical to express something in his mind. Moreover, there were some types of code switching and code mixing. I this paper, those types was intrasentential-switching and intra-lexical code-mixing and involving a change of pronunciation.

References : Cakrawati, A. Dias. 2011. Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Teenlit Canting Cantiq by Dyan Nuranindya. Retrived on June, 30 2011 at 10.55 pm from http://eprints.undip.ac.id/27046/2/ANALYSIS_OF_CODE_SWITCHING_AND_ CODE_MIXING_IN_THE_TEENLIT_CANTING_CANTIQ_BY_DYAN_NUR ANINDYA.pdf Muysken, Pieter. (n. d.). Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Retrived on June, 30 2011 at 10.49 pm from http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/71689/excerpt/9780521771689_excerpt.pdf

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

Attachments
Conversation Session CONVERSATION I This conversation below is between participant and his nephew. He uses Padangness to speak with his nephew without using Indonesia. F : Sedang mengaa? Keponakan : Maken-maken nyo mengalai bang? F : Onde, ndak ngaja-ngaja abang yo! Keponakan : Kaniak lah bang F : ndak ado yang ngambiek karambia? Baa tu? Kan banyak kelapa mudo? Keponakan : Tukang panjek ndak ado do. F : (laugh) tunggulah2 abang. Kini abang pulang koa. Sekejap mato abang la tibo disitu. Keponakan : copek abang pulang mo. F : cari a alai. Kan ado tukang manjek disitu. Kan ado Eci disitu. (laugh) Keponakan : (Eci tukang manjek) F : Sia-sia see disitu? Keponakan : Bunda ado, apa ado, onga ado, F : onde lamanyo maken-maken barang disitu. Abang see alun lei? Lah panen sawah? Keponakan : ( lah panen sawah?) ? : Dak sawah yang dipanen, padi yg dipanen F : Padi yang dipanen ndak sawahnyo do. Itu kan istilahnyo. Keponakan : Cakonyo abang tanyo sawah. F : Kan ndak baa do. Kan yang ditanyo aa yang disawah. Keponakan : Lum panen lai. F : oh. Maa bunda? Abang ngecek jo bunda lu. Keponakan : cako indak F : iyo mano bunda? Copelah? CONVERSATION II This conversation below is between the participant and his Bunda. He uses Indonesian with little bit Padangness. Bunda : Assalamualaykum F : Waalaykumsalam Bunda : Hoo, baa bang? F : Belum dapet gi harga tiket masih mahal Bunda : Masih maha? Beraa? F : Sekitar lima ratus ribuan lah. Bunda : Yang penting piti jaang dihabisi. Bekonyo banyak-banyak loh kawan disitu. Beko ndak jadi pulang lai. F : Iyo kinilah basimpan piti. Kini mah tinggo bapesan lai. Tapi bulan-bulan kini mahal sadonyo 600 ratui. Harga promo habis. Bunda : Itu baa lai? F : Paling tanggal dua puluhan adanya. Dua puluhan baru lima ratusan. Paling tanggal dua puluhan pulang. Bunda : Paling piti ndak ado tambahan lai, pandailah piti diperoleh F : udah abang simpan lah. Bunda : Yang cek lai basalang kakawan yang kasalahan yang dulu yang lum gantikan. CONVERSATION III This conversation below is between the participant and his uncle. He uses Indonesian almost in all conversation. He uses a little bit Padangness when he was asking question and mentioning his uncle (as you or kamu= nga)only.

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

Ongah : Hallo assalamualaykum ngapain nga pulang? F : Waalaykumsalam, Ah ngapain aja lah. (laugh) Ongah : Mau ngambil rumput? F : Ah terserah mau manjat kelapa, mau apa ke. (laugh) Ongah :Di Jakarta aja nyari kerjaan. Ngapain libur di kampung? F : Cari kerja dimana lagi? Paling tidur makan. Ongah : Kerja.. Kerja.. Kerja apaan kerja? F : Nyantai aja dirumah. Ongah :Ya paling onda kesana-kesini. F : Nggak jaranglah. Ongah :Bantuin bunda sama ibu. F :La maleh jalan-jalan. Ongah : Cari aja kerja disana nggak usah pulang. F : Cari kerja apaan? Ngamen? (laugh) Ongah : Dorong ombak tuh. F : Apo? Ongah : Dorong ombak di periuk. F : Aduh lebih baik ngamen lah. Ongah : Ya ngamen juga kalo hati mau ndak apa-apa. Yang penting halal. Itu aja. F : (laugh) Pulang kan enak kangen sama rumah. Enak liat keadaan rumah. Ongah : halah kangen sama pacar? F : Siapa kangen sama pacar? Pacar disini juga. Pacar disini sekarang. Ongah : Ha siapa? F : Ada deh. Ngomonglah nga sama dia sekarang ni lagi di konferens Ongah : Halah gak percaya. F : Ngomong aja. Nih ada orangnya. (laugh) CONVERSATION IV This conversation is between his friends in his rent house. He uses Indonesian with little bit Arabic. When his speak, he always changes pronoun word from Indonesian to Arabic. F : Tau nggak positif kabelnya merah. Bukan itu, tu dilemari ana. Lemari itu tu. Trus itu ada pake ini, pake lem, pake lak ban. Disitu ada lak ban, di atas. Friend 1: Penuh gak? F : Lumayan penuh?2 jam aja penuh. Friend1 : Positifnya merah ya? F : Ya selagi ada ini, ana pake. Itu tu ada lak ban, sengaja buat nglem. Dia kalo ada itu idup tu. Biasanya lampunya idup. Friend1 : Gini aja? F : Emang bisa? Kurang tau ana, coba aja kalo itu, lampunya idup. Jup, trans 7 dong, on the spot. Friend2 : Mau ikut gak? F :Udah kalo mau pergi bareng sama ana biar ketemu sama mereka disana. Jang, awal, sidik sama si dul. Ikut? Jang ikut? Interview Session In this interview, the participant uses full Indonesian because he realizes that he was speaking with a new person. Saya : Abang dirumah sering bicara pake bahasa apa? F : Kadang bahasa Indonesia, kadang pake bahasa Padang. Saya : Sama siapa aja pake bahasa Padang? F : Bahasa Padang sama adik-adik. Saya : Bahasa Indonesia? F : Sama keluarga. Saya : Contohnya? F : Ibu, ongah (om), bunda. Ya selaen adik-adiklah. Biasanya adik pake bahasa Indonesia juga, sama Eci (adik kandung) itu aja. Saya : Kenapa kalo sama ibu, bunda, ongah pake bahasa Indonesia? Nggak kayak ke adik-adik pake bahasa Padang? F : Gak enak aja ngomongnya. Takutnya ntar salah diketawain.

Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

Saya : Gak enak? Di Padang emangnya ada tingkatan bahasa gitu? F : Gak lah. Cuma kan udah lama ngomong pake bahasa Indonesia, jadi agak sulit kalo ngomong sama orang tua. Saya : Kok agak sulit? Bukanya sama kayak ke adik-adik? F : Kalo ke adik-adik lebih enak aja ketawa-ketawa ngobrolnya. Saya : Kalo sama orang tua kenapa? F : kalo sama orang tua lebih sopan lah pake bahasa Indonesia, lebih baik. Saya : Padang jadi gak ada tingkatan bahsa lebig rendah atau lebih tinggi? F : Gak. Saya : Kalo yang saya denger pas ngomong sama bunda, dikit-dikit pake bahasa padang, dikit-dikit pake bahasa Indonesia. Kenapa itu? F : Kalo diterusin pake bahasa padang takutnya ribet ngomongnya. Jadi lebih baik pake bahasa Indonesia. Kalo sulit, pake bahasa Indonesia. Saya : Nah kalo sama temen-temen seringnya pake bahasa apa? F : Temen-temen mana dulu nih? Saya : Temen-temen dilingkungan kampus? F : Dikampus Indonesia kadang Arab. Tergantung temenya, kalo sering pake bahasa Indonesia ya pake bahasa Indonesia. Kalo pake bahasa aran ya pake bahasa arab. Saya : Kenapa harus liat temen dulu? Kenapa gak putusin sendiri pake bahasa apa? F : Ya soalnya kalo kita ngomong pake bahasa Arab trus dia bales pake bahasa Indonesia, Ya kita pake bahasa Indonesia juga. Saya : Oh sebagai bentuk solidaritas sesame temen gitu? F : Ya. Saya : Kenapa kalo lagi ngomong sama temen yang dikampus kata saya diganti saya kamu diganti ente? F : Karena udah terbiasa dari pesantren. Saya : kenapa yang diganti Cuma kata ganti saya dan kamu? kenapa gak kata benda tau kata kerja? F : Kata ana ente itu lebih enak di arabin. Kalo kata benda,dalam bahasa arab kepanjangan. Saya : Bahasa Indonesia biasanya. Saya : Kenapa? F : Karena biasanya pake bahasa Indonesia semua. Saya : ana ente nya masih dibawa? F : Masih kadangan karena rata-rata anak pesantren pake ana ente Saya : Kalo sama dosen di kampus? F : Kalo sama Dosen otomatis bahasa Arablah, karena dosennya dari Arab semua. Saya : kalo sama orang baru dikenal kenapa pake bahasa Indonesia? F : Lebih sopan. Lagian bahasa kita bahasa Indonesia. Kalo pake bahsa lain apakah dia ngerti bahasa saya? Ato sebaliknya. Saya : Kenapa kalo sama keluarga meng-abang-kan diri sendiri? Gak pake aku ato saya? F : Karena paling tua dikeluarga. Jadi dikeluarga gitu. Saya : Oh jadi itu biar lebih dekat dengan keluarga? F : Ya. Saya : Oh yaudah, makasih ya buat waktunya. Nanti kalo mau ada yang ditanyain lagi, saya tanya lagi. F : Ya sama-sama.