VECTOR GROUP

In electrical engineering, a vector group is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the primary and secondary winding configurations of three-phase transformers. It indicates the windings configurations and the difference in phase angle between them. The phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected together internally in different configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the transformer. The vector group provides a simple way of indicating how the internal connections of a particular transformer are arranged. In the system adopted by the IEC, the vector group is indicated by a code consisting of two or three letters, followed by one or two digits. In the IEC vector group code, each letter stands for one set of windings. The HV winding is designated with a capital letter, followed by medium or low voltage windings designated with a lowercase letter. The digits following the letter codes indicate the difference in phase angle between the windings, with HV winding is taken as a reference. The number is in units of 30 degrees. For example, a transformer with a vector group of Dy1 has a delta-connected HV winding and a wye-connected LV winding. The phase angle of the LV winding lags the HV by 30 degrees. **Winding connection designations High Voltage Always capital letters Delta -D Star -S Interconnected star Neutral brought out

-Z -N

Low voltage Always small letters Delta -d Star -s Interconnected star Neutral brought out Phase displacement Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (international adopted convention) Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12 hours on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360, each hour represents 30. Thus 1 = 30, 2 = 60, 3 = 90, 6 = 180 and 12 = 0 or 360. The minute hand is set on 12 o'clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point.

-z -n

Because rotation is anti-clockwise, 1 = 30 lagging (LV lags HV with 30)and 11 = 330 lagging or 30 leading (LV leads HV with 30). For example:Dd0 Delta connected HV winding, delta connected LV winding, no phase shift between HV and LV. Dyn11 Delta connected HV winding, star connected LV winding with neutral brought out, LV is leading HV with 30 YNd5 Star connected HV winding with neutral brought out, delta connected LV winding, LV lags HV with 150. **Two winding, three phase transformers can be devided into four main categories (Clock hour number and phase displacement of those most frequently encountered in practice in brackets) Group I - (0 o'clock, 0) - delta/delta, star/star Group II - (6 o'clock, 180) - delta/delta, star/star Group III - (1 o'clock, -30) - star/delta, delta/star Group IV - (11 o'clock, +30) - star/delta, delta/star (Minus indicates LV lagging HV, plus indicates LV leading HV) Group I Example: Dd0 (no phase displacement between HV and LV) Group II Example: Dd6 (180 displacement between HV and LV) Group III Example: Dyn1 (-30 displacement between HV and LV) Group IV Example: Dyn11 (+30 displacement between HV and LV)

*THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER:Three-phase power allows heavy duty industrial equipment to operate more smoothly and efficiently. Three-phase power can be transmitted over long distances with smaller conductor size. In a three-phase transformer, there is a three-legged iron core as shown below. Each leg has a respective primary and secondary.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

There are different types of connections, which we can use as per our requirements. They are : Three-phase Transformers Connections

There are various methods available for transforming 3-phase voltages to higher or lower 3-phase voltages. But, the most common connections are (1) Y-Y (2) (-( (3) Y-( (4) (-Y (5) open delta or V-V (6) Scott connections or T-T connections. 1. Star/Star or Y/Y Connection

This connection is most economical for small, high-voltage transformers because the number of turns/phase and the amount of insulation is minimum. 2. Delta-Delta or (-( Connection

This connection is economical for large, low-voltage transformers in which insulation problem is not so urgent, because it increases the number of turns/phase. 3. Wye/Delta or Y/( Connection

The main use of this connection is at the substation end of the transmission line where the voltage is to be stepped down. The primary winding is Y-connected with grounded neutral. The ratio between secondary and primary line voltages is 1/3 times the transformation ratio of each transformer. There is a 300 shift between the primary and secondary line voltages. Also third harmonic currents flow in the ( to provide a sinusoidal flux. 4. Delta/Wye or (/Y Connection

This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step up to the voltage. The neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing 3 phase 4 wire service.

OPEN DELTA CONNECTION:-

*****t is employed(1) When the three phase load is too small to warrant the installation of full three-phase transformer bank. (2) When one of the transformers in a (-( bank is disabled, so that service is continued although at reduced capacity, till the faulty transformer is repaired. (3) When it is anticipated that in future the load will increase necessitating the closing of open delta. The disadvantages of this connection are: (1) The average power factor at which the V-bank operates is less than that of the load. (2) Secondary terminal voltages tend to become unbalanced to a great extent when the load is increased.

An open-delta connection is a method of providing a three-phase supply, using two single-phase transformers. It is particularly useful if , say, one single-phase transformer, part of a three singlephase transformers forming a three-phase transformer bank, becomes damaged -allowing the two remaining transformers to provide a temporary three-phase supply to the load. The drawback with this connection is that the capacity of the transformer bank is reduced, and it can only provide a lower load current.
With two transformers three-phase is still obtained, but at reduced power. 57.7 of original power. This makes it a very practical transformer application for temporary emergency conditions.open delta is a

way for power companies to provide 3 phase to a customer with only 2 transformers instead of 3.

**THREE PHASE TO SIX PHASE TRANSFORMATION:Three-phase to six-phase "wye" power transformer is utilized to enable balanced single-phase AC power (e.g. 120/60V; 222/138.5V, etc.) to be derived from a three-phase AC power distribution system, thereby providing a means to balance the current load across the three-phase system without using three separate single-phase transformers to accomplish the same objective. The transformer has a three-phase primary winding with a design voltage appropriate for the application and three center-tapped, single-phase secondary windings, also with design voltages appropriate for the application, configured to operate at a 120 degree phase differential to each other. All three center taps are connected together electrically so as to provide a single reference potential, common to each of the six output terminals of the power transformer secondary. Large amounts of a-c power are transformed to d-c power by means of electronic rectifiers. A smoother voltage wave form is obtained on the d-c side as the number of phases is increased on the a-c input side. A greater number of phases also results in the reduction of objectionable harmonics in the alternating current. Therefore, 6-phase is preferable to 3-phase for rectification, and, consequently, there are many 6-phase rectifiers and some 12-phase rectifiers in larger installations. There are several methods of connecting transformers for obtaining 3-to-6-phase transformation. A simple arrangement known as the 6-phase star connection is shown in Fig. 630. The secondaries are provided with center taps, which are connected together to form the neutral of the 6-phase side. The primaries are shown connected in delta but they may also be connected in wye.