Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
About 40.000 different algae in marine water sytems Algae are consumed by mankind for thousand of years 40-50 Gigatons of carbon are fixed by marine algae every year
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Algae biomass a sustainable renewable resource for fine chemicals and energy
Advantages of using microalgae as renewable resource Growth rate is 5 to 10 times higher compared to plants Essential for growth are sunlight, CO2, and anorganic nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous Carbon dioxide emitted from combustion processes can be used as a source of carbon for algal growth (1 kg of dry algal biomass requiring about 1.8 kg of CO2). Microalgae can be cultivated in seawater or brackish water on non-arable land, and do not compete for resources with conventional agriculture. Microalgae biomass can be harvested during all seasons. The biomass is homogenous and free of lignocellulose.
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Proteins
Carbohydrates storage products -(1-4)-glucans -(1-3)-glucans, fructans sugars, glycerol only very low cellulose content storage lipids mainly TAGs
Lipids membrane lipids different lipid classes up to 40% of total lipids are PUFA solubilised by solvent extraction of wet biomass, then transesterification
valuable Compounds pigments antioxidants fatty acids vitamins anti -fungal, -microbial -viral toxins sterols MAAs
high content up to 50% of dry weight in growing cultures all 20 amino acids
up to 50% of DW with solvents extractable from wet biomass recovery by pressing out the dry and ruptured biomass
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Vitamins A, B1, B6, B12, C, E Biotine Riboflavin Nicotinic acid Pantothenate Folic acid
Other / Pharmaceuticals Antifungal Antimicrobial Antiviral Toxins Amino acids, Proteins Sterols MAAs as light protectant
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Production
in closed PBR
Proteins
Food Chemical Building Blocks Bioenergy Biofuels
Bifunctional building blocks acids alcohols
Harvest
and
Processing
dewatering drying
Carbohydrates
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Production
DSP
Concentrating Drying Extraction Wet Biomass
Output
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids, PUFAs Antioxidants Pigments Silicates Residual Biomass Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
CHP-Plant
Biogas Technology
Recycling
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Link of several reactor modules (with a volume of 180 litre each) and joint operation outdoors Production of algal products in the range of several hundred kilograms. Net energy production is possible, due to reduction of energy demand with scale-up
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
80 60 40 20 0
Raceway Rohrreaktor horizontal, gepumpt* Rohrreaktor helical, gepumpt* Rohrreaktor vertikal, gepumpt** Flat Panel Reaktor, Uni Almeria* FPA , Subitec derzeit FPA , Subitec, Ziel
11
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Production
DSP
Concentrating Drying Extraction Wet Biomass
Output
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids, PUFAs Antioxidants Pigments Silicates Residual Biomass Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
CHP-Plant
Biogas Technology
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
1,6
1200
Prod. (g DW l-1d-1)
DW (g/l)
20 15 10 5 0 10 15 20 25 time 30
800
400
10
15
20
-1
25
biomass concentration (g DW l )
High biomass productivity at even high biomass concentrations due to efficient intermixing Dependency of biomass productivity of relative light intensity per cell Optimum biomass yield at relatively low light availability (g DW produced per mole of photons E).
1,6 1,2 0,8 0,4 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 rel. light availability (E g DW -1d-1)
Y light (g DW/E)
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
pigments
pigments lipids
carbohydrates
N- and P-limitation
proteins carbohydrates
pigments
lipids carbohydrate s
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Optimized production
Lipid increase per day (%) 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 0 2 4 time (d) 6 8 10
0,2
1,2
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Lipid phase
Chlorella vulg. - Lipidphase
C20:0
C14:0
C18:1n9c
Gesamtlipidgehalt 9 % der TS
lsure
Total lipid content 45% of DW Main fatty acid: C18:1 oleic acid
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Downstream Processing
Algae production Cell harvest Drying Cell disruption Extraction / Purification Products
from dry biomass Process line 1 2 3 Filtration Precipitation Fast expansion Flotation from wet biomass Fluid extraction org. solventsl / H2O Superheated steam Ball mill Supercritical fluids scCO2 Separation Spray drying High pressure homogenizer Fluid extraction org. solventsl / H2O
FhG1
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Slide 17
FhG1
Th e challenge for algal biomass harvesting is to take the very low cell density and concentrate it to a point where lipid extraction is possible (as much as 1000X) using the lowest possible cost and process options. Th erefore, energy-intensive processes such as centrifugation may be feasible for high-value products but are far too costly in an integrated system producing lower-value products, such as algal oils for biofuels applications.
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, 12-09-2009
Production
DSP
Concentrating Drying Extraction Wet Biomass
Output
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids, PUFAs Antioxidants Pigments Silicates Waste Biomass Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
CHP-Plant
Biogas Technology
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Glycerol
Fatty acid
monogalactosyldiglyceride
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Glycerol
Ethanol Alkali-catalyst
EPA
EtOH
Lipase/ KOH
Vorlagebehlter
EPA
scCO2-Extraction
scCO2 Source
Algae cultivation
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Vorlagebehlter
Drying
Grinding
Astaxanthin oil
scCO2-Extraction
scCO2 Source
Algae cultivation
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Production
DSP
Concentrating Drying Extraction Wet Biomass
Output
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids, PUFAs Antioxidants Pigments Silicates Residual Biomass Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mg)
CHP-Plant
Biogas Technology
Recycling
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Outlook: Integrated process for mass and energy based utilization of microalgae
Energie
H2O
ADP+ Pi +NADP+
CO2
Algal biomass
CalvinZyklus
ATP+NADPH+H+
Lichtreaktionen
O2
CH2O
residual biomass
organic wastes
NH4, PO4
recycling
CO2
digestion / codigestion
8 MJ electricity
Biogas
CHPS
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
Ulrike Schmid-Staiger, Ph.D. Fraunhofer IGB Nobelstr. 12 70569 Stuttgart Tel. +49-(0)711-970 4111 Email: schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de
0,0 9,6
preextraction with EtOH wet Biomass shows better results than dried biomass only 2 extraction steps are necessary
schmid-staiger@igb.fraunhofer.de