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1. Behaviourism1
Behaviourism revolves around three key assumptions:
• Observable behaviour rather than internal thought processes are the focus of
study. In particular, learning is manifested by a change in behaviour.
• The environment shapes one's behaviour; what one learns is determined by the
elements in the environment, not by the individual learner.
• The principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to
be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an
event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.
• Activity is important. Learning is better when the learner is active rather than
passive. ('Learning by doing' is to be applauded).
• Repetition, generalization and discrimination are important notions. Frequent
practice - and practice in varied contexts - is necessary for learning to take place.
Skills are not acquired without frequent practice.
• Reinforcement is the cardinal motivator. Positive reinforcers like rewards and
successes are preferable to negative events like punishments and failures.
• Learning is helped when objectives are clear. Those who look to behaviourism in
teaching will generally frame their activities by behavioural objectives e.g. 'By
the end of this session participants will be able to...'.
2. Cognitivism
The cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the “black box” of the mind should be
opened and understood. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a
computer). Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the “black box”
of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn.
Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be
explored. Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental constructions. Learning
is defined as change in a learner’s schemata.
In contrast to behaviorism, people are not “programmed animals” that merely respond to
environmental stimuli; people are rational beings that require active participation in order
to learn, and whose actions are a consequence of thinking. Changes in behavior are
observed, but only as an indication of what is occurring in the learner’s head.
Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: information comes in, is being
processed, and leads to certain outcomes2.
2. Constructivist teachers use raw data and primary sources long with manipulative,
interactive, and physical material
12. Constructivist teachers nurture students' natural curiosity through frequent use of the
learning cycle model.
4. Connectivism
Principles of connectivism7
2
http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html
3
http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-cognitive,
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)#Constructivism
5
http://ci.coe.uni.edu/students/strayers/portfolio/TWELVEP1.HTM
6
http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm
7
http://instructor.aviation.ca/content/view/140/75/