SBMA4403

ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS
1
QUESTION 1 / SOALAN 1
Give a counter example to show that the following sentences are false.
a) lx + yl >l xl +l yl for all x, y R .
answer : let x = y , y = -3

( )
) (
8 3 5
3 5
2 2 3 5
false
y x
y x

+
+
+
+ +
b) If a and b are real numbers such that a + b is a rational number, then a
and b are rational numbers.
Answer :
q
p
b a +

z q p ,

[ ] p q q p

b a p +
are rational number

a q
and b are rational number
Contra positive method
p q ~ ~
~ [
a
and b are rational number

[ ] number rational is ~ b a +

a
or b are irrational number
number rational is b a +

Let 3 a [ irrational number]
3 b [ irrational number]
( ) 3 3 + +b a
= 0 rational number.


irrational number
) ( false
2
c) The area of a square is an even number.


p
p
QUESTION 2 / SOALAN 2
3
Area of square =
p
x
p
=
p
2
Let
p
= 3
Area of square = 3 x 3
= 9 even ( false )
a) State the negation of the following sentences.
i. For all x, y R , f (x) f ( y)

x y .


y x y f x f y x p ) ( ) ( , , :
~
[ ] y x y F x f R y x p ) ( ) ( ~ , , :
~[
y x y f x f ) ( ) (
]


y x y f x f ) ( ) (
~
R y x p , :
such that
) ( ) ( y f x f
and
y x
ii. 1 sin cos
2 2
+ x x for all x, y R .


R y x ,
, 1 sin cos
2 2
+ x x
~
R y x p , :
such that 1 sin cos
2 2
+ x x

b) State the contrapositive of the following statements.
i. If (x 1)(x 3) 0 , then x 1 or x 3 .
contra positive ,
p q ~ ~
~[ 1 x OR 3 x ]
[ ] 0 ) 3 )( 1 ( x x
1 x and 3 x
0 ) 3 )( 1 ( x x
ii. 1
2

x
if x 1.
If x 1 than 1
2

x
x 1 1
2

x
contra positive

p q ~ ~
~[ 1
2

x
] [x 1]
1
2

x
1 x
If 1
2

x
then 1 x
iii. If a and b are integers, then
5 4
b a
has no solution.
4
{ a and b are integers } {
5 4
b a
has no solution.}
Contra positive
p q ~ ~
~[
5 4
b a
has no solution]
~[ a and b are integers ]

5 4
b a
has no solution a OR b are not integers.
5
QUESTION 3 / SOALAN 3
Determine which of the following sentences are propositions.
a) Even numbers are not prime number.
Answer : ( false statement ) because 2 is prime number
it is a propositions.
b) Christiano Ronaldo is the football player of Manchester United FC.
Answer : ( false )
It is a propositions.
c) You should go to the SBMA 4403 tutorial class.
Answer : it is an advice.
It is not a propositions.
6
QUESTION 4 / SOALAN 4
Prove that the following statements.
a) Product of two odd numbers is odd.
Let 1 2 n x = odd number n= { 1,3,5}

1 2 m y
= odd , where
m
={1,3,5..}
) 1 2 )( 1 2 ( m n xy
[ ]
odd
m n mn
m n mn

+
+
1 2 2
1 2 2 4
b) Sum of even numbers is even.
Let
n x
1 1
2 even number
n x
2 2
2 even number

n x p p
2
even number
{ .... 3 , 2 , 1 , ,
2 1

n n n p
n n n x x x p p
2 .... 2 2 .....
2 1 2 1
+ + + + + +

[ ]
even
n n n p

+ + + .... 2
2 1
( proved)
c) There exists no greatest real number.
{ < < x x R
The greatest real number < +
there is no greatest real number.
7
d) If 3
1
+

x
x then 18
3 3
+

x x
I
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

,
`

.
|
+
+
+ +

,
`

.
|
+
+
27
1
7
1
9
1
2
1
3
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
)
1
)(
1
)(
1
(
1
3
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x + + +
,
`

.
|
+
II
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + +
3
3
2
3
2
2
1 3
3
1 2 1
2
)
1
2 )(
1
(
Prove I = II
3
3 1 3
3
x x
x
x
+ + + =27

,
`

.
|
+ +
x
x
x
x
3
3 27
1
3
3

18
9 27
) 3 ( 3 27
)
1
( 3 27

+
x
x
Proven.
8
e) If A B and B C then A C .
A B and B C

A C
A ={1}

C = { 1,2,3}
{1}{ 1,2,3}
A C
9
C
B

A
C
C 3
B
2

1

A
QUESTION 5 / SOALAN 5
Solve the following inequalities.
3 x
then 3 x OR 3 x
3 x
a)
3 1
3 1
1 3



x
x
x
3 1 x OR
3 ) 1 ( x
4 x OR 3 1 + x
2
2


x
x

2 x OR 4 x
b)
10
-2 0 4

3
12 4
4 8 4
4 8 4
<
<
<
<
x
x
x
x
OR
1
4 4
4 4
4 8 4
4 ) 8 4 (
>
>
<
< +
<
x
x
x
x
x
3 1 < < x
C)
3
2
6
1

+ x
3
) 6 (
3
2
1
3
2
6
1

+
x
x
x
OR
3 5 x
d)
0 2
2
> x
x
11
-5 3
5
4 1
3
2
6
1
3
2
6
1

+

+

,
`

.
| +

x
x
x
x
1 3
0 2
2
> x
x

0 ) 2 ( > x x
0 x OR 2 x
0 < x OR 2 > x
OR
0 ) 2 (
2
> x
x
0 ) 2 (
0 2
2
<
<
x x
x
x

0 x OR 2 x
2 0 < < x
x can be any real number except x=0 and x=2
e) 0 1 2
2
< + x
x
12
0 2
0 2
1
1
y
x
1
0 ) 1 )( 1 (

<
x
x x
No solution for x
PART B / BAHAGIAN B
13
QUESTION 1 / SOALAN 1
Prove that 3 is not a rational number.
Let m,nQ \{0}, prove the following statements if it is true,
or give an counter example to show that it is false.
Contradiction method
b
a
p 3 : ~ is a rational number
Let
b
a
3 where
0 , , b z b a
GCF(
b a,
)=i
If
b
a
3 then
2
2
2
3
b
a
b
a

,
`

.
|

2 2
3 a b I
2
a is multiple of 3
If
2
a is multiple of 3
Then
a
is multiple of 3
There exists a natural number of
m
such that m a 3 II ,
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { m
Substitute II into I
2 2
2 2
2 2
3
3 9
3 ) 3 (
m b
b m
b m

2
b is multiple of 3
If
2
b is multiple of 3, then b is multiple of 3. There exist a natural number
of
n
such that
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { , 3 n n b
GCF(
b a,
)=GCF(
n m 3 , 3
)= 3 1
This is not a rational number by contradiction, the hypothesis is true.
a) m 3 is irrational.
Contradiction method
14
3 : ~ m p is rational number

b
a
m 3
, where
z b a ,

1 ) , (
0

b a GCF
b

d
c
m
Where,
1 ) , ( f e GCF
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
3
3
3
3
e f e
e f
f
e
f
e

2
e is multiple of 3
if
2
e multiple of 3
the e multiple of 3

p e 3
where
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { p
Substitute
p e 3
into
2 2
3 f e
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3
3 9
3 ) 3 (
f p f
f p
f p

2
f = multiple of 3 then
f
multiple of 3

q f 3
,
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { q
1 3 ) 3 , 3 ( ) , ( q p GCF f e GCF
( false )
By contradiction , the hypothesis is true.
b) 3 + n is irrational.
15
f
e
bc
ad
c
d
b
a
m
b
a
m b
a
m
b
a





1
3
Let
h
g
n
Contradiction method
n p + 3 : ~ is rational number
b
a
n + 3 where
z b a ,

1 ) , (
0

b a GCF
b
if
b
a
n + 3
then.
K
J
hb
gb ah
h
g
b
a
n
b
a

3
Where,
1 ) , ( K J GCF
2
J
is multiple of 3
if
2
J multiple of 3
then J multiple of 3
r J 3 where
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { r
Substitute r J 3 into
2 2
3K J
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3
3 9
3 ) 3 (
K r K
K r
K r

2
K
= multiple of 3
if
2
K
multiple of 3 , than K multiple of 3
S K 3 ,
....} 3 , 2 , 1 { S
1 3 ) 3 , 3 ( ) , ( s r GCF K J GCF
( false )
By contradiction , the hypothesis is true.
16
2 2
2
2
3
3
3
J K
K
J
K
J

c) 3
m
n
is irrational.
Counter example
Given
n m,
are rational number,
Let
3
3 3
3 3 3
2
1
, 3
2
1

m
n
n m
irrational number
False statement.
QUESTION 2 / SOALAN 2
Use mathematical induction to prove that for all positive integer n,
a)
3 3 3 3
) .... 2 1 ( ..... 2 1 n n + + + + +

2
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
] [ ) ... 2 1 (
] [ ) ... 2 1 (

+ +

+ +
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
i n RHS
i LHS
i n j
17
Step1 ( 1 n is true )
LHS=
1 ) 1 (
3
1
1
3

i
i
RHS=
1 ] 1 [ ] [
2 2
1
1

i
i
LHS=RHS 1 n is true
Step 2 let k n , proof 1 + k n is true
When k n
I i i
k
i
k
i

]
]
]

2
1 1
3
When k n
LHS=

1
1
3
k
i
i
=
II k i
k k
k
i
+ +
+ + + + +

3
1
3
3 3 3 3
) 1 (
) 1 ( ... 2 1
18
RHS
LHS
II
k i
k k i
k k k k i
k k
k
k i
k i k i
k i
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i
k
i

+ +
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
]
]
]

]
]
]

+ +
]
]
]

3
1
3
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
) 1 (
] 1 )[ 1 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )]( 1 (
2
[ 2 ) 1 (
) 1 ]( [ 2 ) 1 (
) 1 (
1 + k n is true
By induction, the hypothesis is true.
19
b) For any positive integer n, n(n +1)(n + 2) is divisible by 6.
LHS=
) ( ) 2 )( 1 ( n S n n n + +
RHS=
) (n S
is divisible by 6
Step 1 ( n=1 is true )
LHS=
) 2 )( 1 ( + + n n n
=
) 3 )( 2 ( 1
=6
RHS = 6 is divisible by 6 ( true )
Step 2 ( let k n , proof 1 + k n is true )
When k n
) 2 )( 1 ( + + k k k
is divisible by 6 I
When 1 + k n
RHS =
) 1 ( + k S
divisible by 6 II
LHS =
) 2 )( 1 ( 3 ) 2 )( 1 (
) 3 )( 2 )( 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 1 )( 1 (
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + +
k k k k k
k k k
k k k
=
) 2 )( 1 ( + + k k k
+ 3 x multiple of 2
=
) 2 )( 1 ( + + k k k
+ multiple of 6
=
) 1 ( + k S
divisible by 6 RHS II
1 + k n is true
By induction, the hypothesis is true.
20
is divisible by 6
is divisible by 2