PHYSICS SUPLEMEN 9th grade FOR SMP N 2 SEMARANG ACADEMIC YEAR 2010 - 2011 Basics of Static Electricity Static

electricity is the buildup of electrical charges on the surface of some object or material. Static electricity is usually created when materials are pulled apart or rubbed together, causing positive (+) charges to collect on one material and negative () charges on the other surface. Results from static electricity may be sparks, shocks or materials clinging together. Questions you may have include: What is static electricity? How is it created? What effects does static electricity have? Description of static electricity Static electricity is the accumulation of electrical charges on the surface of a material, usually an insulator or non-conductor of electricity. It is called static because there is no current flowing, as there is in alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electricity. Typically, two materials are involved in static electricity, with one having an excess of electrons or negative () charges on its surface and the other material having an excess of positive (+) electrical charges. Atoms near the surface of a material that have lost one or more electrons will have a positive (+) electrical charge. From the figure negative (-) charges collect on PCV pipe surface If one of the materials is an electrical conductor that is grounded, its charges will drain off immediately, leaving the other material still charged. Cause of static electricity Static electricity is usually caused when certain materials are rubbed against each otherlike wool on plastic or the soles of your shoes on the carpet. It is also caused when materials are pressed against each other and pulled apart. The process causes electrons to be pulled from the surface of one material and relocated on the surface of the other material. The material that loses electrons ends up with an excess of positive (+) charges. The material that gains electrons ends up an excess of negative () charges on its surface. Static electricity is formed much better when the air is dry or the humidity is low. When the air is humid, water molecules can collect on the surface of various materials. This can prevent the buildup of electrical charges. The reason has to do with the shape of the water molecule and its own electrical forces. But when there is extreme turbulence among water drops, such as in a thunderstorm cloud, static electric charges can build up on the water drops. Benjamin Franklin showed that static electricity in created in a thunderstorm cloud by flying a kite in a storm. He detected the static electricity by seeing the hairs on the kite string stand on end and by creating a a static electric spark with a metal key. This was dangerous experiment, and Franklin was lucky not to be killed.Properties or effects of static electricity, can cause materials to attract or repel each other. It can also cause a spark to jump from one material to another. Attraction Rub a balloon on a wool sweater. The balloon collects negative electrical charges on its surface and the wool collects positive charges. You can then stick the balloon to the wall, which does not have an excess of either charge. The balloon will also stick to the wool, although the charges may jump back to the original material in a short time. You can also run a comb through your hair to charge the comb with static electricity. The comb can then be used to attract neutral pieces of tissue. Repulsion Comb your hair on a dry day or after using a hair drier. The plastic comb collects negative charges from the hair, causing the hair to have an excess of positive charges. Since like charges repel, the hair strand will tend to push away from each other, causing the "flyaway hair" effect. Sparks

If there are enough positive (+) electrical charges on one object or material and enough negative () charges on the surface of the other object the attraction between the charges may be great enough to cause electrons to jump the air gap between the objects.Once a few electrons start to move across the gap, they heat up the air, such that more and more will jump across the gap. This heats the air even more. It all happens very fast, and the air gets so hot that it glows for a short time. That is a spark. The same thing happens with lightning, except on a much larger scale, with higher voltages and current. In the observation activities using a comb and small pieces of tissue paper, you saw the paper pieces were attracted and stuck to the comb. What did it happen?

Before you comb, the hair and the comb are neutral. --- After you comb, electrons move from the hair to the comb.As shown in figure, our hair and a comb have protons and electrons. The hair and the comb are electrically neutral. An atom is electrically neutral because the protons and electrons are in balance. When you rub the comb against your hair, a number of atoms in your hair are disturbed so that a number of electrons in the atoms will be released and moved towards your comb. As a result, your comb gains more electrons and is no longer neutral, but negatively charged. Your hair loses electrons, so it is positively charged . This phenomenon is an example of gaining static electricity by rubbing two objects: the hair and the comb. Static electricity is the accumulation of electric charges in an object.

Practice
What you need - a comb - small pieces of thin paper - hair What to do Do the observation activity using the following procedures. 1. Put the pieces of paper on the table. 2. Rub the comb against your hair them, bring it close to the paper. 3. Let the paper stick to on the comb for a few seconds. Write down what you see in your notebook. Analysis 1. What kind of charges do the comb and your hair have before you rub these objects against each other? 2. What kind of charges do the comb and your hair have after you rub these objects against each other? 3. When the comb is close to the paper, why is it attracted onto the comb? 4. After some time, why does the paper fall down? 5. Think about electrons again. How can you move electrons from one object to another in this activity? 6. What will happen to an object having no electric charge, if the object loses electrons?

Lightning Lightning is a dramatic natural example of static discharge (Natural static discharge). The static charge in air typically breaks down in this way at around 30,000 volts-per-centimetre (30 kV/cm) depending on humidity. The discharge superheats the surrounding air causing the bright flash, and produces a shockwave causing the clicking sound. The lightning bolt is simply a scaled up version of

the sparks seen in more domestic occurrences of static discharge.. The clap of thunder is the result of the shock wave created as the superheated air expands explosively. Lightning is a very dangerous natural phenomenon which scares most people, because it leads to a lightning strike followed by violent noise in the air. If someone is hit by the lightning, his/her body will burn. Because of its danger, skyscrapers are equipped with lightning conductors. What causes lightning? Why does it hit people? Why are skyscrapers equipped with lightning conductors? A sudden flash of electric charges occurs when electric charges move together at the same time. This phenomenon is called electrostatic discharge. Electric charges can be discharged by removing their charges. The discharging only happens when there is a way for the electrons to flow from one object to another available. The movement of electrostatic charge from one object to another is called static discharging. This is also called grounding because the charge usually flows into the ground. The discharging of electrostatic charges in the air can create a great noise called thunder.

Metal lightning rods are often used on the roof of high storey houses or skyscrapers and are connected to the ground through metal wires. These rods protect the house from a damage caused by a huge electric energy of the lightning. Metal lightning rods provide a safe way, or grounding, to let the electric current of the lightning flow to the ground, not to the house or other buildings. Installing a metal lightning rod is an example of discharging electrostatic charges without causing a damage. Electroscope is an instrument used to detect the presence of charges. inside a glass chamber there are two movable leaves (sometimes only one is movable), usually made of gold.

These leaves are connected to a metal ball outside the chamber through a conductor isolated from the chamber. If a positively charged object is brought closer to the metal ball, then polarization of charge happens through induction. Electrons are attracted to the ball so that both electroscope leaves have positive charges and thus repel each other . This process is called charging by induction. On the other hand, if the ball is charged through a conduction, the metal ball and both electroscope leaves receive positive charges because electrons move away from the ball. In each case, the more the charges in the leaves are , the wider the distance separation is between the two electroscope leaves. a. However, an electroscope can be used to determine the kind of chargeby first performing charge polarization through conduction, e.g. using negative charges, as shown in Figure a. b. Now, if a negatively charged object is brought closer to the ball, as shown in Figure b, more electrons are induced down to the electroscopes so that both electroscope leaves will be widely separated. c. On the other hand, if positive charges are brought closer to the ball, more electrons will be induced upward, so that the ball becomes more negative and this shortens the distance between both electroscope leaves, that is both leaves are closer to each other (Figure c). What causes objects to have positive or negative charges?

Before you rub a comb against your hair, in the previous past, the comb has the neutral charge. The atoms of the comb have protons and electrons in balance. When you rub the comb against your hair, the rubbing causes electrons to move from hair to the comb. By collecting more electrons in the comb, you transfer the negative electric charges to the comb. Therefore, the comb becomes negatively charged, whereas the hair becomes positively charged. In short, objects such as a comb get more electrons, whereas hair loses more electrons. We say that these two objects are charged with static electricity. In other words, static electricity is the accumulation of electric charges in an object. Therefore, objects gain electrostatic charges because of the contact between two objects, as when you rub a comb against cloth or your hair. You have seen that different kinds of charges attract each other and similar charges repel each other. In other words, there is a force of attraction or repulsion between two or more charged objects. The force magnitude depends on the number of charges and the distance between the charges. In 1785 a French physicist named Charles Coulomb (1736 1806) investigated the relationship between those variables phenomenon. The apparatus used by Coulomb is shown in Figure . A stiff rod supported by a fine wire is hung. Two small conductor spheres A and A are mounted at the ends of the rod. Sphere B of the same size as A is placed near sphere A. When A and B are touched by a charged object simultaneously, the charge distributes to both spheres, A and B evenly. Because those two spheres have the same size, they gain the same amount of charges. The symbol of a charge is q, so the amount of charge at sphere A is expressed as qA and at sphere B as qB. Coulomb found that the magnitude of a force between two charged objects, A and B depends on the distance between them. He, first, measured carefully the force magnitude to twist the hung thread at a given angle. He then placed the same amount of charge in spheres A and B and changed the distance between them (d). The force that moves What to do 1. Hang a plastic ruler through a thread, then rub one end of the ruler hard with wool. 2. After a few seconds, rub one end of another ruler hard with wool, bring it closer to the end of the first ruler that has been rubbed. Observe and write the results on the data table. 3. Similarly, do it on a glass rod that is rubbed with silk. 4. Now, rub again one end of the hung plastic ruler using wool, then the glass rod using silk and bring it closer to the end of the charged ruler. Observe and write the results in the data table. Observation Make a data table based on the result of your observation. Analysis and Conclusion Write a conclusion based on the data you obtain, sphere A from its rest position, twists the hung thread. By measuring the turning of sphere A, Coulomb could measure the force of repulsion. Coulomb showed that force F is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centers of the two spheres. A and B like before

. Then, he took another neutral sphere of the same size as sphere B. When the sphere is clung to sphere B, the two spheres share the charges at sphere B. Because they have the same amount of charge, now B has only a half amount of the initial charge. Therefore, the amount of charge at sphere B is only half of that at sphere A. After the other sphere was taken away from sphere B, Coulomb found out that the force between spheres A and B becomes half of the initial force (a force between A and B before the neutral sphere is brought closer to sphere B). He concluded that

force F, is directly proportional to the amount of charge.After the experiment, Coulomb formulated the results in a law called Coulombs Law: The magnitude of force between charge qA and qB, separated by the distance d, is directly proportional to the numberof both charges and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. The Unit of Charge: coulomb (C)The charge of an object is difficult to be directly measured. However, coulomb showed that the amount of charge can be related to the magnitude of force. Therefore, he can determine the amount of charge related to the magnitude of force that is produced. The unit of charge in SI (System Internationale) is coulomb (C). One coulomb is the charge of 6.25 x 1018 electrons or protons. Note that the charge of protons and electrons is the same in magnitude. The charge resulted from a lightning strike is approximately 10 coulomb. The charge of one electron is only 1.60 x 10-19 C. The charge of an electron is called elementary charge.These abundant charges have almost no external effect because they are in balance with the same amount of positive charge. However, if they are not in balance, even a small amount of charge like 10-9 C can produce a great force. Suppose you test Coulombs Law using small and large charged plastic spheres which have positive charges. As stated in Coulombs Law, a force is proportional to 1/d2, where d is the distance between both objects. When they move closer to each other, the electric force becomes greater than the initial value. Why does this happen? By using the Coulombs method, how can you get two charged spheres A and B in which the charge of B is a half of A? How did Coulomb place the charge on sphere B so that its charge becomes one third of As? Coulomb measured the deviation of sphere A, when sphere A and B , which have the same amount of charges, are placed at a distance d. Then he changed the amount of charges of B so they become one third of As. What is the distance between both spheres in order to get A to have the same deviation as it has before.It is important to note that you cannot determine the kind of the charge i.e. whether the charge is positive or negative because in each case, both electroscopes leaves repel each other. The natural phenomenon of static electricity was known at least as early as the 6th century BC, as attested by Thales of Miletus. Causes of static electricity The materials we observe and interact with from day to day are formed from atoms and molecules that are electrically neutral, having an equal number of positive charges (protons, in the nucleus) and negative charges (electrons, in shells surrounding the nucleus). The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive and negative charges.Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes static cling (a balloon rubbing on your hair becomes statically charged and becomes negative, and when it is near a wall it attracts to the positively charged particles in the wall). Electrostatic inductionA charged object brought into the vicinity of an electrically neutral object will cause a separation of charge within the conductor. Charges of the same polarity are repelled and charges of the opposite polarity are attracted. As the force due to the interaction of electric charges falls off rapidly with increasing distance, the effect of the closer (opposite polarity) charges is greater and the two objects feel a force of attraction. The effect is most pronounced when the neutral object is an electrical conductor as the charges are more free to move around. Careful grounding of part of an object with a charge-induced charge separation can permanently add or remove electrons,leaving the object with a global,permanent charge. This process is integral to the workings of the Van de Graaf Generator, a device commonly used to demonstrate the effects of static electricity. Removal and prevention of static electricity Removing or preventing a buildup of static charge can be as simple as opening a window or using a humidifier to increase the moisture content of the air, making the atmosphere more conductive. Air ionizers can perform the same task. Items that are particularly sensitive to static discharge may be treated with the application of an antistatic agent, which adds a conducting surface layer that ensures any excess charge is evenly distributed. Fabric softeners and dryer sheets used in washing machines and clothes dryers are an example of an antistatic agent used to prevent and remove static cling.

Many semiconductor devices used in electronics are particularly sensitive to static discharge. Conductive antistatic bags are commonly used to protect such components, while people working on circuits containing them will often ground themselves using a conductive antistatic strap In the industrial settings such as paint or flour plants as well as in hospitals, antistatic safety boots are sometimes used to prevent a buildup of static charge due to contact with the floor. These shoes have soles with good conductivity. Anti-static shoes should not be confused with insulating shoes, which provide exactly the opposite benefit some protection against serious electric shocks from the mains voltage.

Fueling operations The flowing movement of flammable liquids like gasoline inside a pipe can build up static electricity. Non-polar liquids such as paraffin, gasoline, toluene, xylene, diesel, kerosene and light crude oils exhibit significant ability for charge accumulation and charge retention during high velocity flow. Static electricity can discharge into a fuel vapor. When the electrostatic discharge energy is high enough, it can ignite a fuel vapor and air mixture. Different fuels have different flammable limits and require different levels of electrostatic discharge energy to ignite. Electrostatic discharge while fueling with gasoline is a present danger at gas stations. Fires have also been started at airports while refueling aircraft with kerosene. New grounding technologies, the use of conducting materials, and the addition of anti-static additives help to prevent or safely dissipate the build up of static electricity. The flowing movement of gases in pipes alone creates little, if any, static electricity.It is envisaged that a charge generation mechanism will only occur when solid particles or liquid droplets are carried in the gas stream. Applications of static electricity Static electricity is commonly used in xerography, air filters (particularly electrostatic precipitators), automotive paints, photocopiers, paint sprayers, theaters, flooring in operating theaters, powder testing, printers, and aircraft refueling. Charged adhesive tape A simple and illuminating example of the effects of static electricity can be observed using adhesive tape (such as Scotch tape, on the negative side of the triboelectric series, hence tends to gain electrons and acquire negative charge) charged by peeling. If a length of tape adhered to a smooth surface is rapidly peeled off, the tape will acquire an excess negative charge (generally polypropylene with an acrylic adhesive. Do this with two lengths of tape and they will repel each other, demonstrating the fact that like charges repel. Each individual length of tape will experience a small attraction to almost any object as the presence of the excess negative charge induces a charge separation in nearby objects. Negative charges are pushed farther away, while positive charges are attracted, and the strength of the attractive and repulsive forces falls off quite rapidly with distance. This effect is most pronounced in materials such as metals, that conduct electricity, as the negative charges are free to move within the material. Finally, try attaching two lengths of tape together, exhaling on them along the entire length to neutralize the charge, then rapidly pulling them apart. There will be some imbalance in the distribution of negative charge between the two pieces such that one is more positive and the other more negative; you should now find that the two lengths of tape attract each other, demonstrating the fact that opposite charges attract. Attaching the adhesive side of one length of tape to the non-adhesive side of the other reduces the chance of tearing and increases the charge imbalance, and hence the strength of the attractive force. History

A Van de Graaff generator integrated with a particle accelerator. The generator produces the high fields (in the megavolt range) that accelerate the particles. The fundamental idea for the friction machine as high-voltage supply, using electrostatic influence to charge rotating disk or belt can be traced back to the 17th century or even before (cf. Friction machines History) Static electricity in fiction http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricity

EXERCISE OF THE 9TH GRADE SMP N 2 SEMARANG ACADEMIC YEAR 2010- 2011 Vocabulary Check Direction: Match each term in Column II with the statement in Column I. Write the letter of the right term on the empty space on the left. Column I ___1. ___2. ___3. ___4. ___5. ___6. ___7. ___8. The collection of electric charge in a material An instrument to detect electric charge Metal bar that flow lightning current to the ground A particle having positive charge A particle having negative charge Trigger to be away Tends to be closer Discharging electric charges in the clouds
1.

Column II a. electroscope b. electrostatics c. metal lightning rod d. attraction e. electron f. lightning g. proton h. repulsion

The attraction force between two charges Q1 and Q2 is F, if the first charge is made three times and the second charge twice , but the distance fixed , the attract force to be..... a. 2F b. 3/2F c. 5 F d. 6F

To make the repulse force between Q1 and Q2 distance between the charges must be changed to be..
2. a.

become 4 times , so the c. 0,25 times d. 4

0,5 times

b. 2 times

times

The object close with the ebonite that was rubbed with the silk, these object attracted by the ebonite, so its has the charge.
3. a.

Negative

b. positive

c. neutral

d. zero

4.

The electric force between two charges .

a.

Proportional with the number of charges Inverse with the distance of two charges Proportional with the multiply of two charges.` Proportional with the power of the distance .

b. c. d.

Two electric charges , 2 stat coulomb and 4 stat coulomb, has the distance 2 cm, the repulse force is ....
5.

a.

2 dyne

b. 4 dyne

c. 8 dyne

d. 16 dyne

6. a.

The particle of charge that has function to conduct electric current is. Electron b. proton c. proton and electrond. neutron

Pay atention at the figure , if two charge particles was conected , the direc tion of electric curent and the direction of electron flew are....
7. 1. 2. 3. 4.

the direction of current from A to B the direction of electron flew A to B the direction of electron flew from B to A the direction of curent from B to A a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 4

d. 3 and 4

8. a.

The aparatus that was used to observe the charge an object is . b. electrolyt c. Van de Graff generator d.

Electroskop electrostatic

9. a.

The sucstance that can conduct the electric charge best is. b.conductor c.insulator d. semi

Superconductor conductor

10.

Which of the parts of the object below that placed the most electric charge ? A B C D

A 5 the same electric charge placed in the corner of each square, if the amount of charge has the same value, the direction of force that influenced by the E charge is to the ....
11. a.

B E

A B

c. C d. D

b.

12.

Lightning it was caused by . The negative electric charge clouds colision with the positif clouds The colision of charge in one clouds. The expansion of clouds The clouds that have the same charge close each other.

a. b. c. d.

There is the A,B , C and D charges, if the A charge repulse B, B repulse C, the C charge attract D, and D repulse by the negative charge, the kinds of each charge are.
13.

A B C D
14.

A + + -

B + + -

C + +

D + +

How the comparison between electric force in A, and B? 1:2 1:4 2:1 4:1 1m 1m A B

a. b. c. d.

15.

Which of the table below has the bigest electric force! A B C D A charge 20 mC 10 mC 20 mC 10 mC B charge 10 mC 20 mC 20 mC 10 mC distance 2m 1m 0,5 m 2m

From the picture, mention the direction of electric flow and when the flow of electric curents will stop?
16. a. b. c.

A to B until both of charge 6 mC A to B until both of charge 3 mC B to A until both of charge 6 mC

+ 12 mC

-6 m C

d.

B to A until both of charge 3 mC

Two particle that has the same charge, produce the repulse force 40 N, if the distance is 3 cm, the value of each charge is.
17.

a.

2 C

b. 4 C

c. 6 C

d. 8 C

18. a.

To make the electric charge 4 times, the distance of force must change to . 2 times b. 4 times c. 8 times d. 16 times

19. a.

The negative clouds placed at the position. Up to the negative clouds Up to the positive clouds c. d. below of the positive below of the negative

clouds
b.

clouds

20.

The charge of 2 C and 1 C have the distance 1 cm, the Coulomb force 1,8 N b. 18 N c. 180 N d. 1800 N

is. a. 21. a. b. c. d.

During the process of electrostatic induction a conductor is rubbed with an insulator a change is produced by friction negative and positive charges arte separated electrons are sprayed into an object

22. Two identical conducting balls, suspended on nylon threads, come to rest with the threads making equal angles with vertical , as shown as the right figure a. The balls are equally and oppositelly changed b. The balls are oppositely charged but not necessarily equally charged. c. The balls carry the same type of charge d. One ball is charged and the other is uncharged 23. If you rub a ruler against your hair, a number of the hair electrons are attracted to the ruler. The ruler a. loses electrons c. gets more electrons b. keeps the same number of electrons d. releases electricity 24. The air is dry. The sweater you wear is attached to your shirt. You can explain this phenomenon using the term .... a. electrostatics c. attraction b. different charges d. repulsion 25. A glass bar is rubbed against silk. Electrons move from the glass bar to the silk. If it is brought closer to a positive charged balloon, the bar and balloon will .... a. attract one another c. not react b. repulse one another d. obtain negative charge