Governance Matters To Education Outcomes

Public Disclosure Authorized
Governance Matters to Education Outcomes
The Indonesia Local Education Governance Index (ILEGI) : A Report Card of 50 Local Governments
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The Indonesia Local Education Governance Index (ILEGI) : A Score Card of 50 Local Governments
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Governance Matters To Education Outcomes
Table of Contents
iii iii iii iv v vi ix xi 1 5 6 List of Boxes List of Figures List of Tables Foreword Acknowledgments Executive Summary Glossary of Abbreviations Glossary of Terms SECTION ONE: ASSESSING AND MONITORING DECENTRALIZED EDUCATION THE CONTEXT SECTION TWO: DIAGNOSING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE THE STUDY Study Design Objectives Methodology 10 Indicators Transparency and Accountability Education Service Provision Standards Management Control Systems Management Information Systems Efficient Resource Use 17 SECTION THREE: EDUCATION GOVERNANCE MATTERS - THE ANALYSIS The Score Card: Aggregated Education Governance Scores and Findings Transparency and Accountability Education Service Provision Standards Management Control Systems Management Information Systems Efficient Resource Use 45 47 48 49 SECTION FOUR: REFORMING EDUCATION GOVERNANCE - THE ROADMAP Key ILEGI Recommendations for Education Systems Reform Recommendations for Central Government Recommendations for Local Government by Strategic Area Transparency and Accountability Education Service Provision Standards Management Control Systems Management Information Systems Efficient Resource Use 55 56 58 60 62 CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 1: BEC LOCAL EDUCATION GOVERNANCE SCORE CARDS BY STRATEGIC AREA APPENDIX 2: EDUCATION MINIMUM SERVICE STANDARDS (MSS) APPENDIX 3: DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS WITHIN AN EDUCATION QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM REFERENCES Governance Matters to Education Outcomes
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List of Boxes, Figures and Tables

28 31 34 35 39 7 8 19 19 20 21 22 23 37 41 47 10 11 12 13 14 15 26 29 32 36 38 40 48 49 50 51 52 54 Box 3.1 Box 3.2 Box 3.3 Box 3.4 Box 3.5 Figure 1.1 Figure 2.1 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.8 Figure 4.1 Table 2.1 Table 2. 2 Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Kabupaten Kebumen Kabupaten Bojonegoro Kabupaten Majene Kabupaten Aceh Utara Kabupaten Sleman Education Governance Strategic Areas ILEGI Normality Test Results A Perfect Score on Each ILEGI Index Average ILEGI Results Over 50 Local Governments ILEGI Color-coded Capacity Assessment ILEGI Results for LGs Established since Decentralization Best and Worst Performance by Strategic Area Correlation between Education Governance and Education Outcomes Number of Districts Using Education Management Software Local Budget Absorption on Education Spending (2008) Key Signposts for Education System Performance Indicator Aspects and Weightings Transparency and Accountability: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings Education Service Provision Standards: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings Management Control Systems: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings Management Information Systems: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings Efficient Resource Use: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings Aggregated Indicator Scores: Transparency and Accountability Aggregated Indicator Scores: Education Service Provision Standards Aggregated Indicator Scores: Management Control Systems Aggregated Indicator Scores: Management Information Systems LG Use of Education Management Software Aggregated Indicator Scores: Efficient Resource Use Recommendations for Reform: Central Government Recommendations for LG Reform: Transparency and Accountability Recommendations for LG Reform: Education Service Provision Standards Recommendations for LG Reform: Management Control Systems Recommendations for LG Reform: Management Information Systems Recommendations for LG Reform: Efficient Resource Use Governance Matters to Education Outcomes
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Foreword
Starting in 2008, the Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund conducted a Local Education Governance Index survey in 50 districts in 9 provinces in Indonesia. The survey focused on 5 strategic areas which together encompass education governance: Education Service Provision Standards; Efficient Resource Use; Management Control Systems; Transparency and Accountability; Management Information Systems. This study generated Local Government Education Governance Score Cards for each district. These Score Cards help districts to identify the areas that they need to work on. The Local Education Governance Indicator is an important tool for self-reflection, and not a competition between districts, as each district in the survey has very different challenges and contexts. Since the Score Cards were developed in 2009, the BEC-TF districts have prepared Capacity Development Plans to improve their capacity in the 5 strategic areas. The Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund is now providing technical assistance and grants to these 50 districts so that they can improve their education governance and therefore provide better education services to the public. Progress will be measured periodically through the BEC-TF project using the Local Education Governance Index survey, thereby giving a useful map of performance and improvement in each district over time. We hope that all 50 districts under the Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund have already started to improve their capacity in education governance, so that schools and communities can benefit from better education services in the future. We hope that other districts will also make use of this instrument and the lessons learned from the survey. As this report concludes, governance does matter to education outcomes.
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Didik Suhardi
Director of Junior Secondary Education Directorate General for Managing Basic Education , Ministry of National Education Jakarta, December 3, 2010
Acknowledgments
This publication was prepared in consultation with the Government of Indonesias Ministry of National Education Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund (BEC-TF) Secretariat in the Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education. The team would like to thank the Mayors, District Education Heads and staff of the 50 BEC-TF regions surveyed for their support during the local government assessment process. The World Bank team was led by Jessica Ludwig-Maaroof supported by Syarif Syahrial and Richard Paulsen. Sheila Town provided overall oversight and supervision. Andrew Ragatz, Wolfgang Fengler, Asmeen Khan, Sheldon Shaeffer and Adrianus Hendrawan provided valuable input. Prima Setiawan and Ferdy Rondonuwu supported survey preparation and piloting. Surveymeter conducted the field survey. Sukmawah Yuningsih and Imam Setiawan assisted in data analysis. Yvonne Trethewey and Chris Stewart edited the document. Gedsiri Suhartono, Sharon Lumbantobing, Santi Santobri and Dyah K. Nugraheni pepared the report for publication . Edwin Pieroelie worked with the World Bank Indonesia Education Team to prepare the video documentary.
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Executive Summary
THE STUDY
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Governance Matters to Education Outcomes is a capacity assessment study conducted in 2009 of 50 Basic Education Capacity-Trust Fund (BEC-TF) targeted local governments. It provides an analysis of education governance performance indexed according to BEC-TF derived indicators. Findings highlight the strong relationship between governance and improved educational outcomes and inform recommendations for a roadmap to education policy reform in local government.
THE CONTEXT
In 2001, decentralization in Indonesia transferred substantial functional responsibility and fiscal resources to sub-national governments for education service provision. In the education sector the central government, through the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA), maintains responsibility for education policy and education standards. Minimum Service Standards (MSS) govern the sector with National Education Standards (NES) providing the curriculum foundation for academic content and graduate competencies. The management of education service provision in public schools is the responsibility of local government; that of public religious schools is the responsibility of MoRA in each region. As mandated by Law No. 20, 2003, the provision of education services based on School-Based Management (SBM) approaches is the responsibility of schools and the community. In 2005, a School Operational Funding subsidy (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah - BOS) was introduced to cement SBM and parental involvement within a framework of quality 9-year compulsory education. BOS block grants are centrally disbursed to schools on a per-student formula which provides incentives to headmasters and teachers to maintain and increase enrollment. In 2011, these funds will be disbursed and managed at the local government (LG) level. MoNE recognizes that governance matters to education service provision and improved educational outcomes. Through the Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund (BECTF), MoNE supports the Government of Indonesia (GoI) in achieving Millennium Development and Education for All goals. The BEC-TF, funded by the Netherlands Government and the European Commission, provides capacity development support to 50 targeted LGs -- with education governance central to activities undertaken that are unique to each LG context or situation.
THE STUDY DESIGN

In a decentralized landscape, it is critical to access reliable, comprehensive and systematic information about performance and improvement in education governance and service delivery. Whilst various diagnostic tools and indices exist, these provide generalized information -- insufficient for measuring performance and ongoing improvement in education management and service delivery at the LG level. Through the BEC-TF, a LG capacity assessment (LGCA) tool and an Indonesia Local Education Governance Index (ILEGI) were designed to provide a coherent national monitoring and evaluation system of performance in education governance and service provision in the decentralized environment. These customized diagnostic tools are composed of sub-indices that capture key output-level dimensions of education governance within five strategic areas derived from the design features of the BEC-TF program. These are Management Control Systems, Management Information Systems, Education Service Provision Standards, Transparency and Accountability and Efficient Resource Use. For each strategic area, a set of indicators and variables were developed and agreed upon in a series of national consultations and pilot activities with MoNE and targeted local governments.
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THE ANALYSIS: A Local Government Education Governance Report Card

The LGCA results were used to construct an index of results in the form of the Indonesia Education Governance Index (ILEGI) and to provide individualized local government report cards. Primary findings confirmed that governance matters to education outcomes. Analysis of LGCA primary and secondary data showed a statistically significant positive correlation between net enrollment rates for primary and junior secondary schools and national exam performance at the local level and the education governance areas indexed in the ILEGI. Apart from rare examples of creative thinking about education service delivery improvement, it was clear that prevailing local government bureaucratic systems stifle innovation and reform and do not incentivize performance nor encourage transparency and accountability. Analysis also revealed wide differences in local government service delivery. Of the 50 local governments surveyed, only 6% achieved a high ranking for education governance across the five strategic areas; 54% achieved medium ranking; and 40% were ranked low. This raised concerns about existing practices associated with the equitable and transparent use of funds in the sector; the uneven distribution of learning opportunities; gaps in community engagement; the quality of instruction; and, the use of reliable data to deploy teachers and manage their professional development.
THE ROADMAP TO REFORM

The education system plays a key role in supporting Indonesias successful transition to a competitive middle-income country -- preparing its citizens with the necessary education and technical skills to accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty and spur innovation through competition. Findings reinforced that the major challenge will be to ensure ongoing capacity development and institutional strengthening in education service provision, management and governance. Key signposts for better performing education systems are identified as Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems; Benchmarking and Clear Expectations; and, Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources. They link quantitative results with qualitative insights based on commonalities between high performing and rapidly improving education systems focusing on issues that transcend cultural and socio-economic characteristics and seek to foster flexible, performance-oriented reform strategies. Study recommendations are intended to guide central and local government during capacity development and improvement planning and are categorized according to these signposts.
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Glossary of Abbreviations
ABBREVIATION
BAPPEDA BEC-TF BOS BOSDA BOS-KITA BPK CDP DAU DG-PSE DISPORA DPKKD DPRD EPEA/ABPP Eur GDS 2/SDK GIS GMPP GoI HDI/IPM ILEGI JARDIKNAS KORCAM KPA KPPOD
INDONESIAN
Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Program Pengembangan Kapasitas Pendidikan Dasar Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Daerah Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Knowledge Improvement for Transparency and Accountability Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Rencana Pengembangan Kapasitas Dana Alokasi Umum Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Dinas Kepemudaan dan Olahraga Dinas Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Kekayaan Daerah Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Analisis Belanja Publik Pendidikan Euro Survei Desentralisasi Kepemerintahan Sistem Informasi Geografis Gerakan Masyarakat Peduli Pendidikan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Indeks Pengembangan Manusia Indeks Tata Kelola Pendidikan Pemerintah Daerah Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional Koordinator Kecamatan Komite Peralihan Aceh Komite Pemantauan Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah
ENGLISH
Regional Body for Planning and Development Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund School Operational Assistance BOS Supplementary Funding School Operational Assistance Knowledge Improvement for Transparency and Accountability Supreme Audit Agency Capacity Development Plan General Allocation Fund Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education Local Education Agency (Youth and Sports Office) Office of Financial Management and Regional Property Regional Legislative Councils Education Public Expenditure Analysis
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Euro Governance Decentralization Survey Geographic Information System Community Movement for the Betterment of Education Government of Indonesia Human Development Index Indonesia Local Education Governance Index National Education Network Sub-District Coordinator Aceh Transition Committee Regional Autonomy Watch Committee
ABBREVIATION
L-BEC LG LGCA MCS MDG MIS MoF/KEMENKEU MoHA/KEMENDAGRI MoNE/KEMDIKNAS MoU MSS/SPM MUSRENBANG NES/SNP
INDONESIAN
Pengembangan Kapasitas Pendidikan Dasar Daerah Pemerintah Daerah Asesmen Kapasitas Pemerintah Daerah Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen Tujuan Pembangunan Milenium Sistem Informasi Manajemen Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia Kementerian Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Nota Kesepahaman Standar Pelayanan Minimal Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan Standar Nasional Pendidikan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Pangkalan Data dan Informasi Pendidikan Paket Aplikasi Sekolah Dinas Pengelolaan Keuangan Pendapatan dan Aset Daerah Rencana Kerja Pemerintah Daerah Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Survei Tenaga Kerja Nasional Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah Sekolah Dasar Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah Sistem Informasi Manajemen Daerah Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional
ENGLISH
Local Basic Education Capacity Local Government Local Government Capacity Assessment Management Control System Millennium Development Goals Management Information Systems Ministry of Finance Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of National Education Memorandum of Understanding Minimum Service Standards Development Planning Consultative Meeting National Education Standards Non Governmental Organization Educational Data and Information Infrastructure School Application Package Department of Financial, Income and Asset Management Annual Local Government Workplan Regional Medium-term Strategic Plan National Labor Force Survey School-Based Management Primary School Regional Finance Information System Regional Management Information System National Socio-economic Survey
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NGO/LSM PADATI PAS PKPAD RKPD RPJMD SAKERNAS SBM SD SIKD SIMDA SUSENAS
Glossary of Terms
TERMS EXPLANATION
The 2008-2012 Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund is a partnership initiative between the Ministry of National Education, Ministry of Religious Affairs, the World Bank and 50 local governments in 9 Provinces. It uses a combination of tools and approaches to (i) identify, prioritize, and make local budget, physical and personnel allocation decisions; (ii) improve local governance and efficient resource use through increased transparency, accountability, improved budget processes and performance-based financing, improved financial management and accounting; and (iii) strengthen capacity of existing information and performance assessment systems to improve stakeholders access to accurate and timely information. It is funded by the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EUR22milllion) and the European Commission (EUR 17 million). Local government capacity development plans which identify education management and governance priorities over a three- year timeframe. The plans are prepared on the basis of LGCA results and focus on improving performance in education governance. The technique used to differentiate local government performance in the five strategic areas. Based on aggregate scores local governments are categorized as green, yellow or red. High rankings are categorized as green and indicate a score of 60% and above; Medium rankings are categorized yellow indicating scores of between 40 60%; Low rankings are categorized red indicating scores below 40%. A governance strategy for large scale education reform. In a decentralized education landscape there is a dynamic relationship between central government and the network of provincial, regional and district education offices. Successful decentralized education relies on local government capacity and capability to communicate and implement education policy A framework which describes the commitment, standards, processes and tools needed to measure service delivery standards and education outcomes. It embeds accountability, transparency and continuous improvement within a legal, political and policy environment unique to each local government. Refer MSS Standards for service provision which are shaped by the MSS and good practices in the education sector.
Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund (BEC-TF)
Capacity Development Plans (CDP)
Color Coding
Education Decentralization
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Education Governance Framework Education Minimum Service Standards (MSS) Education Service Provision Standards
TERMS
EXPLANATION
The analysis of planning and budgeting processes, structures, revenues and expenditures using a mapping process. It uses an analytical lens to map spending flows and the impact of past resource allocation decisions. The process highlights Education Public Expenditure Analysis (EPEA) issues and concerns about education planning, budgeting and expenditure; provides credible analysis to influence district education policy; involves stakeholders and the wider community in decisions about education expenditure. Efficient Resource Use Planning, budgeting and monitoring systems and procedures in place at local government level to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of budget planning and resource use with regard to development priorities. The public policy concept of assessing the different implications of planned actions for women and men, girls and boys. Gender perspectives should be central to all activities - policy development, advocacy, legislation, resource allocation, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programs and projects. Mainstreaming is not an end in itself but approach to achieve the goal of gender equality. GoI regulations concerning gender include UUD 1945 Ps 27, 28, 31; National Education System Law UU No 20/2003; Medium Term Development Plan RPJMN 2009-14; Inpres No 9/2000; Permendagri No.15/2008; Permendiknas No 84/2008 An index/diagnostic tool which presents a color-coded performance overview based on averages of five key output-level dimensions of local education governance identified as priorities under the BEC-TF. The index is constructed on the basis of LGCA results and serves to:
Gender Mainstreaming
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Indonesia Local Education Governance Index (ILEGI)
provide central and local-level policy makers, development partners and communities with an approach to collecting systematic and comparable information about local government education governance strengths and weaknesses; stimulate policy debate through benchmarking performance against peers -identifying potential challenges, lessons learned and good practices; support the development of coherent national monitoring and evaluation of education governance and service provision in a decentralized education environment.
Local Basic Education Capacity Grant (L-BEC) Local Government (LG)
A grant of IDR2.5billion over a three-year period made to each BEC-TF local government partner on the basis of approved capacity development plans (CDP). District and municipal level government
TERMS
EXPLANATION
A capacity assessment and diagnostic tool designed to measure local government performance against five identified strategic areas of education governance under the BEC-TF. It provides a snapshot of overall performance and capacity which enables local governments to identify areas for improvement based on identified strengths and weaknesses. With its ability to provide time-series and comparative analyses it is one of the first integrated survey instruments used in the Indonesian education sector. It plays a vital role in determining capacity building priorities and the allocation of L-BEC capacity building grants (CDP). Note: The ILEGI is constructed on the basis of LGCA results.
Local Government Capacity Assessment (LGCA)
Local Government Report Cards Management Control Systems (MCS) Management Information Systems (MIS)
Individualized aggregated and disaggregated reports provided to local governments participating in the LGCA process with recommendations for reform and improvement. The management control systems in place at local government level to improve incentive systems and the governance of procurement and asset management. Data collection, management, secure storage, analysis and decision-making processes that ensure education planning and budget allocations are determined on the basis of quality information.
Minimum service standards which govern the education sector, developed by MoNE Minimum Service Standards and MoHA. They are under the authority and responsibility of local governments and (MSS) for Basic Education serve as benchmarks for basic education services. MUSRENBANG National Education Standards (NES) The standardized planning process that all local governments are required by law to undertake on an annual basis. National standards which provide the curriculum foundation for academic content and graduate competencies. Recommendations to improve educational management and governance based on local government education system performance measurement and analysis benchmarked against international best practice and strongly performing participating local governments. A graphic representation of the strengths and weaknesses of local governments as they relate to the five strategic areas of education governance in the form of a spider web diagram.
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Reform Roadmap
Spider Web
TERMS
Strategic Areas of Education Governance
EXPLANATION
Five key education governance indicators derived from the design features of the BECTF program: Transparency and Accountability; Education Service Provision Standards; Management Control Systems; Management Information Systems; Efficient Resource Use. Each strategic area comprises a set of indicators with a sub-set of variables with output level dimensions. The practices and regulatory efforts made by local government to enable transparent and accountable governance in education service delivery and expenditure for its constituents. A simple Excel-based tool to empower schools to make use of their own data in planning and budgeting by generating accurate information for aggregation and submission to local governments. It improves data collection, processing, reporting speed and usage. A version of the tool has also been created for use by Districts. It does not replace but strengthens PAS and PADATI, as well as existing GoI education management and information systems. The tool will be introduced to schools nationwide as part of the BOS training program commencing in March 2011. Nine year compulsory Basic Education Program
Transparency and Accountability
Tool for Reporting and Information Management (TRIMS)
Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun/ Wajar
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...Decentralization and autonomy is aimed at establishing a closer relationship between government and the people. Through this, the government will be able to provide better services and satisfy community needs in better, faster and more appropriate ways
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Address to the plenary session of the Peoples Consultative Assembly on Regional Development Policy (23 August 2005)
In decentralized Indonesia, how do we know that these expectations are being met?
Photo: Marbawi
Section 1: Assessing and Monitoring Decentralized Education The Context
Assessing and Monitoring Decentralized Education The Context
Section 1
SECTION ONE: ASSESSING AND MONITORING DECENTRALIZED EDUCATION THE CONTEXT Decentralization in Indonesia in 2001 transferred sizeable service delivery responsibilities and fiscal resources to subnational governments.
Decentralization
Decentralization in Indonesia in 2001 transferred sizeable service delivery responsibilities and fiscal resources to sub-national governments. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) estimated that in 2009 approximately 65% of Indonesias national budget was channeled to the sub-national level (MoF: 2009). There are indications, however, that these abundant financial resources have not produced effective service delivery nor quality educational outcomes. Many local governments (LGs) lack the financial management technical capacity necessary to manage increased fiscal resources and responsibilities. Access to reliable quantitative and qualitative sub-national information is essential in a decentralized environment. Interestingly, despite a big-bang approach to decentralization, there is no nation-wide, systematic monitoring and evaluation of performance. Although an enacting regulation (No. 6/2008), issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) exists, it remains in pilot stage. Responding to these challenges and lack of information about education governance capacity at the LG level, the Ministry of National Education (MoNE), through the Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund (BEC-TF) designed a program that puts education governance at the center of its capacity-building efforts for 50 LGs across Indonesia. The BEC-TF aims to help the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to achieve the Millennium Development and Education for All Goals by supporting good governance in the education sector. Funded by the Netherlands Government (EUR 22 million) and the European Commission (EUR 17 million), the BEC-TF is administered by the World Bank and implemented by MoNE to assist LG partners to increase their overall governance capacity1 through targeted capacity development planning and improvement.
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(1) The BEC-TF runs from 2008 2012 and will serve 50 local government partners in nine provinces. It uses a combination of tools and approaches, such as Local Government Capacity Assessments (LGCA), Capacity Development Plans (CDPs), Local Basic Education Capacity (L-BEC) Grants, and Education Public Expenditure Analysis (EPEA) to: (i) identify, prioritize, and make local budget, physical, and personnel allocation decisions; (ii) improve local governance and efficient resource use through increased transparency, accountability, improved budget processes and performance-based financing, improved financial management and accounting; and (iii) strengthen capacity of existing information and performance assessment systems to improve stakeholders access to accurate and timely information. Fifty local government partners will each receive a Local Basic Education Capacity (L-BEC) grant totaling Rp 2.5 billion over three years to help them implement their CDP for the Education Sector.
Education Governance: Assessment & Monitoring

Globally, diagnostic tools and indices to assess performance are available within a large range of development topics. Assessment tools and indices, such as the Corruption Perception Index, Doing Business, the World Governance Assessment and the Bertelsmann Transformation Index, have attracted international interest as they provide unique perspectives on the dynamics of reform and development with systematic and comparable information disaggregated for policy dialogue and capacity development purposes. In an aggregated manner, they also provide a snapshot of current performance and capacity highlighting areas that require attention and improvement. Although these international rankings and assessments are of use in general terms, they do not provide the level of information necessary to support LGs to develop targeted approaches to education system performance improvement. Examples include the Regional Autonomy Watch Committees (KPPOD) Perception-based Investment Climate Survey which focuses on the economic governance aspects of more than 200 LGs; the Java Pos Pro-Autonomy Award which focuses on LGs in East Java and selected LGs in Kalimantan; the Partnership for Governance Reform which has introduced the Partnership Governance Index at the provincial level; and the Governance and Decentralization Survey (GDS 2) of 140 LGs conducted in 2006. Whilst some local level information on education outcomes is available across the country, there are few assessment mechanisms to determine local governance performance. Those that exist are neither sufficiently comprehensive nor systematic to provide the level of information required to assess and index LG education governance performance and enable LGs to plan strategic performance improvement.
The BEC-TFs education governance framework sets out standards, inputs, processes, outcomes and tools needed to help guide and monitor service delivery. It embeds accountability, transparency and continuous improvement to support the provision of quality education. The customized diagnostic tools the LGCA and ILEGI -- developed under BECTF provide a mechanism for nation-wide systematic and comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of performance --at LG and local education office levels. The LGCA and the ILEGI are composed of sub-indices for each strategic area which are comprised of sets of indicators, with subsets of variables derived from the design features of the BEC-TF program. The tools are intended to facilitate and drive governance reforms based on short- and medium-term process and output-level governance dimensions which are directly influenced by the actions and behaviors of LG officials. They are not designed to measure all aspects of education governance nor generate information to guide improvement in public financial management systems, school operations, teacher performance or classroom practices. Rather, they measure localized LG practices and systems in the governance and management of the sector, allowing for comparisons across other LGs. LGs are exposed to public scrutiny and compared with their peers a known incentive for performance improvement. These results provide a unique basis to link quantitative results with qualitative insights and to foster the development of flexible, performance-oriented reform strategies which meet the educational challenges facing each LG and the schools and communities it serves selectively applying good practices without adopting a one-size-fits-all top-down solution. The tools are described in more detail in Section 2.
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Section 1: Assessing and Monitoring Decentralized Education The Context
Photo: M. Wildan
Section 2: Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study
Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study
Section 2
SECTION TWO: DIAGNOSING LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE THE STUDY Governance Matters to Education Outcomes is a capacity assessment study conducted in 2009 of 50 BEC-TF targeted LGs. It provides an analysis of education governance performance indexed according to BEC-TF derived indicators.
Study Design
In a decentralized landscape it is critical to access reliable, comprehensive and systematic information about performance and improvement in education governance and service delivery. Whilst various diagnostic tools and indices exist, these provide generalized national level information -- insufficient for measuring performance and ongoing improvements in education management and service delivery at LG level. Through the BEC-TF, customized diagnostic tools -- the LGCA tool and the ILEGI -- were developed to provide a coherent approach for monitoring and evaluating performance in decentralized education governance and education service provision. The five key areas identified as central to strategic education governance are: Management Control Systems, Management Information Systems, Education Service Provision Standards, Transparency and Accountability and Efficient Resource Use are derived from the design features of the BEC-TF. The World Bank BEC-TF team provided leadership in the development of relevant indicators for these tools which are designed to capture different elements of governance short and medium-term that are under the authority and sphere of influence of the LG. In determining and selecting indicators, relevance was balanced with data availability and manageability. Each represents a mixture of input, process and output indicators. During a series of national consultations with MoNE and selected LGs during the period December 2008 February 2009 the tools and indicators were reviewed and confirmed as representative of education governance performance expectations.
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Objectives
The overall objectives of this study were: To assess the capacity of 50 targeted LGs with regard to performance in five key strategic areas of education governance: Transparency and Accountability; Education Service Provision Standards; Management Control Systems; Management Information Systems; and, Efficient Resource Use.
To analyze the education governance performance of targeted LGs and highlight areas for improvement compared with districts possessing similar geographic and/or socio-economic characteristics. To provide recommendations to LG leaders2 to guide the development of education policy reform based on the correlation between education governance and education outcomes.
The Local Government Capacity Assessment (LGCA) tool The LGCA is a customized capacity assessment tool designed to measure LG performance against the five BEC-TF identified strategic areas of education governance. The LGCA was used to survey participating LGs during structured interviews, focus group discussions, and in the collection of primary data. It provided a snap-shot of overall performance and capacity to enable LGs to identify areas for improvement based on identified strengths and weaknesses. With its ability to provide time-series and comparative analyses, it is one of the first integrated survey instruments used in the Indonesian education sector. It plays a vital role in the facilitation of LGs to determine capacity building priorities and capacity development plans (CDPs).
Methodology
A field survey to assess the education governance capacity of the 50 participating districts was identified as the most appropriate research approach for the study. The LGCA was designed for this purpose.
Figure 1.1 Education Governance Strategic Areas
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Transparency and Accountability Section 2: Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study
Efficient Resource Use
Education Governance
Education Service Provision Standards
Management Information Systems
Management Control Systems
(2) Additional recommendations for the central government emerged during the study. These are described in Section 4.
The Indonesia Local Education Governance Index (ILEGI) The ILEGI was designed as the diagnostic tool to index performance and was constructed on the basis of LGCA results. It presents a color-coded performance overview based on the averages of five key output-level dimensions (Figure 1.1) of local education governance identified as priorities under the BEC-TF. It serves to: Provide central and local-level policy makers, development partners and communities with an approach for collecting systematic and comparable information about LG education governance strengths and weaknesses. Stimulate policy debate through benchmarking performance against peers, identify potential challenges and lessons learned and highlight good practices. Support the development of coherent national monitoring and evaluation of education governance and service provision in a decentralized education environment.
Verifying the LGCA as a Suitable Tool To verify the validity and sensitivity of the LGCA assessment tool, a normality test was conducted. The Jarque-Bera statistics test was used to assess if variables were normally distributed and measured the difference between the skewness and kurtosis of variables, against those from a normal distribution. This is computed as:
Where S is the skewness, K is the kurtosis: k represents the number of estimated co-efficients used to create the variable. Under the null hypothesis of a normal distribution, the Jarque-Bera statistic is distributed as chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom. The reported probability is that a Jarque-Bera statistic exceeds (in absolute value) the observed value under the nulla small probability value leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis of a normal distribution.3 The normality test shown below in Figure 2.1 indicates that the ILEGI is distributed normally with no strong statistical
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Figure 2.1 ILEGI Normality Test Results
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Series : Sample : Observations : Mean Median Maximum Minimum Std. Dev. Skewness Kurtosis : : : : : : : ILEGI 150 50 0.428438 0.443297 0.619572 0.190785 0.122926 -0.300288 2134234 2313005 0.314584
Jarque - Bera : Probability :
(3) SMERU, 2009: EViews Users Guide.
proof to reject a null hypothesis. The test validated the LGCA as the survey instrument and confirmed it as a useful instrument to assess local education governance performance through its ability to provide an indication of differentiation between evaluated objects that can be influenced and implemented by local level leaders. The calculation of ILEGI primary data is predominantly quantitative, but some qualitative elements are included. These enrich the interpretation of results and generate insights into the LG education governance situation across performance, process and regulatory aspects to enable horizontal and vertical comparison. Measuring Composite Achievement The ILEGI represents more than the sum of its individual parts as it captures overall achievement in each of the five strategic areas, providing a performance snapshot based on averages. While each strategic areas is equally important, what ultimately matters is progress on all fronts. Each strategic area is equally weighted in the overall index with the ILEGI for a particular LG expressed as the arithmetic mean of observed values for each strategic area. The performance of each strategic area is determined by multiplying the weight and the assigned value for each indicator. The ILEGI consists of Individual indicators and variables the LGCA primary units. Data is disaggregated by strategic area, and analyzed down to the indicator level to allow for detailed analysis and interpretation which ultimately determines the overall capacity assessment. A careful examination of each LGs scores exposes both weaknesses and strengths. Indexing enables local leaders and policy makers to better identify governance strengths and weaknesses and to benchmark results and stimulate debate about policy. The results can help LGs to prioritize and categorize capacity development programming and formulate capacity development plans funded under the BEC-TF granting mechanism extending the ILEGIs function beyond a simple diagnostic instrument. The weakest areas identified through the scoring mechanism should be of primary consideration in the identification of capacity development planning priorities and activities designed to improve performance and future scoring.
The Data Collection Process The LGCA survey was conducted by Surveymeter, an Indonesian survey firm using groups of local enumerators. Enumerators participated in a week of training to facilitate consistency in the use of the tool and reduce perception bias. The field survey was conducted from March through May 2009.Training and guidance for enumerators was provided by education management and public financial management experts, with oversight provided by the World Bank. Methodology included structured interviews, focus group discussions and primary data collection. Survey data was subjected to numerous tests to ensure findings were robust. Technical experts controlled the quality of the data collection process and tested data; supervised the data entry and cleaning process; and provided back-up support to enumerator teams. Survey distribution Enumerator teams spent four to five days in each LG location, typically conducting interviews and focus group discussions with LG officials from relevant office units such as: Education; Legal; Local Planning Board; Finance/Asset Management and Revenue; Internal Audit Agency; Department of Religious Affairs; Local Planning Board: and, the LG Secretariat. A total of 1,189 people participated. Limitations of the Methodology It should be noted that as a simple average, the ILEGI has the potential to mask important variations between strategic areas, reinforcing the need to consider the score in the context of performance. Generally there is a known lack of local level disaggregated data, especially in the governance area. Although human development outcomes are captured in the Survei Tenaga Kerja Nasional (SAKERNAS) and Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) and financial data is available in MoFs Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah (SIKD) system, process and output level data is considered practically nonexistent. Limitations to consider when interpreting data include: The ILEGI is not designed to provide an exhaustive assessment of education governance. It examines specific process and output level aspects derived from the key design elements of the BEC-TF project.
9
All data collected is at LG level due to time and cost constraints. School-level information is not covered in the ILEGI. The lack of sufficient and available raw data did not enable in-depth analysis. Standardized case-studies do not represent all education governance issues faced by profiled LGs. Examples used refer to particular sets of issues relevant to high scoring strategic areas. There is a possibility of perception bias. Although the survey mainly covers objective information and hard data with enumerators trained to ensure comparability across regions, the potential for a degree of perception bias should be taken into account.
Table 2.1 Indicator Aspects and Weightings

ASPECT Regulation Process Performance EXPERT CHOICE 13 2 3 WEIGHT 17% 33% 50%
Indicators
To be able to compare LGs on an equal basis, five components of education governance and performance were identified to capture the strategic elements of performance under the authority and sphere of influence of each LG. These were derived from the design elements of the BEC-TFs education governance framework. Relevance was balanced with data availability and manageability. The LG regulatory framework and instances of known good practice were used to guide input, process and output indicator selection. Relevant indicators for Efficient Resource Use, Transparency and Accountability and Management Control Systems were adapted from the Local Government Public Financial Management Measurement Framework jointly developed by MoHA and the World Bank. The World Bank provided leadership in the development of indicators and questionnaires, in close consultation with external education and public financial management experts. Data-sets for a total of sixty-six indicators across the five strategic areas were identified. These were validated in a series of national consultations and piloting activities with the World Bank, MoNE and selected LGs followed by focus group discussions with LG officials during the period December 2008 through February 2009.
The analytical hierarchy and assigned indicator weightings were determined through expert choice. Strategic areas were weighted equally, but indicators were grouped and weighted according to aspects relating to performance, process and regulation. Table 2.1 shows that the lowest weighting of 17% was assigned to indicators that measure regulatory compliance; process indicators were weighted as 33%; performance indicators were weighted as 50%. Based on this weighting approach, a scoring and report card system was developed to measure LG performance horizontally and vertically. LGs were scored by strategic area and aggregate levels compared longitudinally against other LGs. Aggregate scores were constructed on the basis of scoring for each of the five strategic areas. High performing (indicated in green) LGs were those with aggregate scores above 60%; medium performing (indicated in yellow) LGs were those with scores between 40-60%; low-performing (indicated in red) LGs had aggregate scores that were below 40%.
10
Transparency and Accountability The practices and regulatory efforts made by local government to enable transparent and accountable governance in education service delivery and expenditure for its constituents.
With ongoing democratic reform in Indonesia, transparency and accountability is of particular importance in demonstrating the commitment to implementation of good governance. Indicators for this strategic area measure good practice related to regulatory compliance on two levels. The first level focuses on education-specific activities and the second to LG level efforts which demonstrate transparency and accountability. The indicators, aspects and assigned weightings are detailed in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Transparency and Accountability: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Financial reports are publicized in the local mass media, on an official announcement board, or through a website. Community is able to attend local parliament session discussing the accountability and BPK audit reports. The Education Council is involved in the compilation of Renstra (Strategic Planning). Local legislation on transparency exists. Local legislation on public participation exists. The public has access to budget sessions in the local parliament. The accountability report discussion in the local parliament is open to the public Community is involved in monitoring and evaluating education activities. Education unit is producing progress reports on planned activities and realization, including budget. There are mechanisms in place to ensure that educational stakeholders have the opportunity to participate and voice their opinions regarding the evaluation of the local governments Education Office, schools, and the local Education Board. ASPECT Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Process Regulation WEIGHT 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 33% 17%
11
10
Process
33%
Education Service Provision Standards Standards for the provision of primary and junior secondary education.
These standards are derived from National Education Standards (NES) and Indonesias Education Minimum Service Standards (MSS).4 Results can be regarded as proxy for the overall achievement of MSS and relevant elements of the NES. The indicators, aspects and assigned weightings are detailed in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Education Service Provision Standards: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings
INDICATORS 1 Each primary school has at least 40% of teachers that have a minimum education qualification of S-1 or Diploma IV and holds a teaching certificate. Each primary school has at least 40% of teachers that have a minimum education qualification of S-1 or Diploma IV and holds a teaching certificate in-line with the subject they teach. At least 75% of all primary school principals have a minimum education qualification of S-1/D-IV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. At least 75% of all SMP/MTs school principals have a minimum education qualification of S-1/D-IV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. At least 75% of all school supervisors have a minimum education qualification of S-1/DIV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. 95% of children in the 7-12 year age group attend primary school. The primary level drop-out rate does not exceed 1% of students currently enrolled in school. The junior secondary level drop-out rate does not exceed 1% of students currently enrolled in school. Average National Exam Score for Year 6 is 6.0 or higher Average National Exam Score for Year 9 is 6.0 or higher Transition rate from primary to junior secondary. Transition rate from junior secondary to senior secondary. Net Enrollment Rate. Gender Parity: Primary and Junior Secondary. Adult Literacy Rate. ASPECT Performance WEIGHT 50%
Performance
50%
3 4 5 6 7
Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance Performance
50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
12
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(4) The eight National Education Standards are outlined in Government Regulations (Permendiknas): 1) Content - No. 22/2006, No. 22 & 23/2006; 2) Facilities and Equipment No. 24/2007; 3) Process No. 41/2007; 4) Evaluation No. 20/2007; 5) Management No. 19/2007; 6) Educator Standards No. 13/2007, No. 16/2007, No. 27/2007, No. 12/2007, No. 24/2007, No. 25/2007; 7) Funding Law No. 20/2003; 8) Graduate Competencies No. 23/2007. For Basic Education Minimum Service Standards (MSS) Kepmendiknas No. 129a/2004, Permendagri No. 6/2007, and a November 2009 draft version of the revised MSS were used. In July 2010, Education MSS were confirmed by the Minister of National Education (Law No.15/2010); refinements do not influence indicators or their weightings. Appendix 1: Education Minimum Service Standards (MSS) provides additional information.
Management Control Systems The management control systems in place at local government level to improve incentive systems and the governance of procurement and asset management.
This strategic area addresses the management control systems that are in place within the entire LG office. Systems related to procurement, asset management and incentive systems are assessed, based on the requirements set out in the regulatory framework for decentralized public financial management in Indonesia. For education management issues additional indicators which address systems for managing good practice and involve civil society groups are included. The indicators, aspects and assigned weightings are detailed in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Management Control Systems: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

INDICATORS 1 2 3 4 5 Goods users carry out a yearly stock inventory. A technical guideline for procurement issued by local government head exists. The local government has an incentive-based performance management system in place for teachers based on the National Education Standards The local government has an incentive-based performance management system in place for school supervisors based on the National Education Standards Does the local government have an incentive-based performance management system in place for school principals based on the National Education Standards The annual local government Education Forum integrates inputs and recommendations from the annual village level and municipal level planning consultative meeting results (MUSRENBANG). The local government education office considers consolidated school level inputs through the school development planning mechanism in developing the local government Annual Education Work-plan. School Committees, local government Education Boards and Community-Based Organizations actively participate in strategic educational planning processes. The local government Education Board has a clear work program and routine budget allocation in the APBD. Procurement bids for goods and services are planned properly to avert any accusations of breaking down into smaller packages to avoid tendering All cash storage by working units is put into local government bank accounts There is evidence of the existence of clear, systematic system to validate good practice (Local Regulation, Evaluation Schematic for Innovative Practice, Cataloguing and Dissemination Procedure). Evidence of the efforts of LG to identify good practice in improving educational service provision. There is evidence of a systematic approach to document and catalogue innovative good practice. There is evidence of stakeholder participation in the maintenance of a network for sharing and disseminating good practices. The education unit head has passed an organization regulation on sectoral asset management in education unit and all sub-units. Local legislation on asset management exists. ASPECT Process Regulation Regulation Regulation Regulation WEIGHT 33% 17% 17% 17% 17%
Process
33%
13
Process 33% Section 2: Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study
8 9 10 11
Process Regulation Process Regulation
33% 17% 33% 17%
12
Process
33%
13 14 15 16 17
Performance Performance Process Regulation Regulation
50% 50% 33% 17% 17%
Management Information Systems Data collection, management, secure storage, analysis and decision-making processes that ensure education planning and budget allocations are determined on the basis of quality information.
This strategic area focuses on centrally-provided, local education office and school-level management information systems such as the School Application Package (PAS), Educational Data and Information Infrastructure (PADATI) and the National Education Network (JARDIKNAS).5 Decentralization has challenged LGs to establish sound management information systems, however data collection, management and integration efforts are still ad-hoc with data management generated manually. The indicators, aspects and assigned weightings are detailed in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Management Information Systems: Indicators, Aspects, Weightings

INDICATORS 1. There is evidence of an existing education database at the local government level. There is evidence of written procedures and protocols for the scheduling and methodology of data collection, data cleaning, data submission from lower levels of the system (i.e. schools). There is evidence of data spot checking systems in place. There is evidence of the integration and use of Paket Aplikasi Sekolah - PAS, Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional - JARDIKNAS, and Pangkalan Data dan Informasi Pendidikan PADATI within the existing management infrastructure of the education system at the local government level. Percentage of schools that have at least one functioning computer. Percentage of schools that have an internet connection. ASPECT Regulation WEIGHT 17%
2.
Regulation
17%
3.
Process
33%
4.
Process
33%
5.
Performance Performance
50% 50%
14
6.
(5) The Tool for Reporting and Information Management (TRIMS) is a simple Excel-based tool developed since the survey and prior to the publication of this study report. It empowers schools to make use of their own data in planning and budgeting. Schools can then use the data and forward it to LGs for aggregation. This simple system intends to assist in education governance and management by supporting school planning and education management information system needs, by generating accurate data for use by schools and districts. TRIMS has been welcomed by the MoNE, and is being piloted in all schools in each of six districts prior to nationwide rollout , through a mass training program, for 250,000 schools starting in 2011.
Efficient Resource Use Planning, budgeting and monitoring systems and procedures in place at local government level to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of budget planning and resource use with regard to development priorities.
Efficient and equitable resource allocation and use is a major concern in the education sector. A 2007 study Investing in Indonesias Education at the District Level (World Bank, 2007) highlights that 56% of education expenditure was spent at the sub-national level, but spending is mostly on nondiscretionary routine expenditure. It recommended that LGs need to improve the efficiency of their spending and identify key issues within the education sector. This strategic area assesses spending patterns, the local-level planning and budgeting processes to determine and understand shortcomings. Resource use indicators, aspects and assigned weightings are detailed in the Table 2.6.
Table 2.6 Efficient Resource Use: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

INDICATORS Tariffs for the use of assets have been updated regularly in the past three years (markets etc.) Education council has been involved in drafting of education strategic plan. There is evidence of data spot checking systems in place. Budget priorities and ceilings are set before the budgeting process in education office starts. The education planning and budget calendar has been drafted. Education (sectoral) medium-term and annual plans include indicative budget ceilings and take budget limit into account. Sectoral poverty alleviation programs and activities have been accommodated by local government budget team. Planning and budgeting documents can easily be accessed by the community. The education unit is producing progress reports on planned activities and realization, including the budget. Programs and activities in medium-term development plan can be measured quantitatively. The difference between planned and realized expenditures was less than 10% in the last three financial years. Education budget absorption rate by December 2008 was 90% or more. ASPECT WEIGHT
1.
Process
33%
2. 3.
Regulation Regulation
17% 17%
4.
Regulation
17%
5.
Regulation
17%
6.
Regulation
17%
15
7.
Regulation
17%
8.
Process
33%
9.
Regulation
17%
10.
Regulation
17%
11.
Performance
50%
12.
Performance
50%
Photo: M. Wildan
17
Section 3 : Education Governance Matters The Analysis
Education Governance Matters The Analysis
Section 3
SECTION THREE: EDUCATION GOVERNANCE MATTERS THE ANALYSIS The LGCA revealed wide differences in the achievement of better educational outcomes and effective educational governance performance. Comparisons between participating LGs highlighted considerable variation in education systems but demonstrated that improvement across strategic areas of education governance impacts on outcomes. Statistical analysis on LGCA data and some secondary data sources showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the education governance areas assessed in the ILEGI and net enrollment rates for primary and junior secondary schools. There was also a strong positive correlation between the ILEGI and performance at national exams -affirming that education governance matters to education outcomes.
The information generated through the LGCA process is indexed in the ILEGI and presented graphically in the form of a spider-web diagram. A representation of a perfect score in the five strategic areas is shown in Figure 3.1
18
Figure 3.1 A Perfect Score on Each ILEGI Index
Perfect Score
1
100% 80% 60% Transparency and Accountability Management Information Systems
40% 20% 0%
The average ILEGI score by strategic area for the 50 local governments surveyed is illustrated in Figure 3.2.
19
Figure 3.2 Average ILEGI Results Over 50 Local Governments

100% 80% 60%
43%
40% 20% 0%
42%
50%
33%
47%
The Score Card

The score card system measured LG performance both horizontally and vertically.6 LGs were scored by strategic area and aggregate levels compared longitudinally against other LGs. These aggregated scores were constructed on the basis of the scoring process for each of the five strategic areas. Figure 3.3 illustrates the geographical distribution of the 50 BEC-TF LGs, color coded according to results. ILEGI coding designates the strongest overall performing LGs as green. These LGs attained an aggregate score of above 60% of an idealized maximum of 100%. LGs
coded as yellow are those with scores between 4160% and indicate room for improvement in a number of indicators within strategic areas. LGs coded as red are the weakest, scoring below 40% on the aggregated ILEGI. Of all districts surveyed, only 6% were designated green; 54% achieved yellow status; 40% achieved red status. Some interesting capacity clusters were revealed, such as LGs in Java scoring substantially higher than other LGs. Underperforming districts were predominantly found in rural and remote parts of the country. In Kalimantan and Papua all LGs were coded as red with the exception of Jayapura in West Papua.7
Figure 3.3 ILEGI Color-coded Capacity Assessment
20
Red = ILEGI overall score from 0 to 40%. Yellow = ILEGI overall score from 41 to 60%. Green = ILEGI overall score more than 60%.
(6) Appendix 1: BEC Local Government Scores by Strategic Area provides a detailed listing of scores for participating LGs for each strategic area. (7) Individualized district score cards are contained within the Annex to this publication.
Scores for those LGs established since decentralization clearly indicated that capacity development support is needed if improvement is to occur in the education sector. With the exception of Lhokseumawe with
yellow status, all are performing in the red category. Figure 3.4 provides a graphic representation of the scores of those LGs.
Figure 3.4 ILEGI Results for LGs Extablished Post-Decentralization
50.00%
47.06%
45.00% AVERAGE BEC DISTRICTS 40.00% 36.84% 36.49%
35.65% 34.50% 31.04% 30.70% 29.90% 29.70%
35.00%
30.00%
21
25.00%
20.00%
19.08% 19.08%
15.00%
10.00%
05.00%
00.00% LHOKSEUMAWE SERUYAN KEPULAUAN SULA KAIMANA SORONG SELATAN NAGAN RAYAN ACEH BARAT DAYA MAMASA TELUK WONDAWA PEGUNUNGAN BINTANG PANIAI
The ILEGI illustrated disconcerting results -- only 15 of the 50 scored above 50% across the five strategic areas. The average ILEGI score of just 43% indicated considerable room for improvement, even for the best LGs surveyed.
Appendix 2: BEC-TF Local Government Scores by Strategic Area provides further details. Figure 3.5 illustrates best and worst performance by strategic area.
Figure 3.5 Best and Worst Performance by Strategic Area8
Best district: Sleman
Worst District: Pegunungan Bintang
Average BEC Districts
90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00%
22
40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 00.00% TA ESS MCS EMIS ERU ILEGI
(8) TA: Transparency and Accountability, ESS: Education Service Standards, MCS: Management Control Systems, EMIS: Education Management Information System; ERU: Efficient Resource Use; ILEGI: Indonesia Local Education Governance Index.
From weak data capacity to public financial management systems devoid of any clear indication of strategies used to ensure accountability or measure performance, many LGs appeared to be ill-prepared to take on the increasingly complex duties and responsibilities of Indonesias highly decentralized basic education sector. Performance clusters showed a significant capacity gap between Eastern, Central and Western Indonesia providing further evidence that capacity development priorities should be geographically focused. Exceptions included LGs demonstrating commitment to reform and improvements in educational service delivery.
Correlating Education Governance with Education Outcomes

Regression results proved that education governance was highly correlated with education outcomes. Statistical regression analysis showed a positive, significant correlation between education governance and education outcomes, indicated by gross and enrollment rates for junior secondary and net enrollment rates for primary education. Figure 3.6 9 shows positive slope graphs which correla ted the ILEGI and indicators of education outcomes.
Figure 3.6 Correlation between Education Governance and Education Outcomes
Gross Enrollment Rate Primary 160 140 120 100 80
Gross Enrollment Rate Junior Primary 200 150 100 50
23
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
The ILEGI
The ILEGI
Net Enrollment Rate Primary 160 140 120 100 80 200 150 100 50 0
Net Enrollment Rate Junior Primary
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
The ILEGI
The ILEGI
(9) It does not include gross enrollment rates for primary education as the relationship with the ILEGI is not statistically significant, as shown by the horizontal line.
24
Female students and teacher ratios were positively correlated with education outcomes and education governance but causes were considered as not gender related. The ratio of female students to the total number of elementary school students (SD/MI) was shown to have a positive and significant correlation (level of significance 10%) with education outcomes (net enrollment rate of elementary schools) and education governance (ILEGI). The ratio of female students to the total number of junior secondary school students (SMP/MTs) was shown to have a positive and significant correlation with education outcomes (net enrollment rate of junior secondary schools) and education governance (ILEGI). The ratio of female teachers to the total number of elementary school teachers (SD/MI) correlated positively and significantly with education outcomes (net enrollment rate of elementary schools) but did not correlate significantly with education governance (ILEGI). The ratio of female teachers to the total number of junior secondary school teachers (SMP/MTs) did not correlate significantly with education governance (ILEGI) and did not correlate significantly with education outcomes (net enrolment rate of junior secondary schools). The ILEGI results illustrated that the challenge of achieving a high, socially equitable distribution of learning opportunities can be successfully addressed if there is sufficient political will. Across the LGs surveyed, including Aceh, Java, and Papua there were instances where LG leadership enabled innovation and attainable continuous improvement in the sector at the local level. Examples10 of this include Bojonegoros innovations in transparency and accountability; Majenes approach to management control practices; Aceh Utaras approach to public involvement in the education process; and, Slemans approach to collecting reliable data to monitor school operations and providing funding under BOS Supplementary Funding (BOSDA) as a supplement to the operational funding provided through BOS. In addition most schools had functioning school committees with
increased responsibility for participatory school based management and governance as a result of the increased focus on parent and community involvement in school decision making through the BOS program. Since decentralization, LG education offices have been required to produce progress reports that specifically demonstrate planned and achieved/realized outputs by budget line item. Increasingly LG planning and budgeting documents generally incorporated the issue of teacher certification and deployment and, transition rates. As well, some established their education budgets on the basis of student unit cost ratios -- often the precursor towards more responsive, student-based allocation patterns and focused accountability frameworks. Problems still existed however in sharing this information with the wider community of stakeholders and policy makers. Apart from a few examples of creative thinking about ways to improve education service delivery, the overarching conclusion drawn from the LGCA was that reform and innovation in the basic education sector was stifled by bureaucratic systems that did not incentivize performance, transparency or accountability. Male dominance in LG positions, especially at the senior level was reflected In survey gender distribution only 19% of the 1,189 respondents were female. Findings highlighted the strong relationship between governance and improved educational outcomes and informed the recommendations for a roadmap to education policy reform at local government level. Questions raised include: How equitable and transparent is spending in the sector? How are learning opportunities distributed? What gaps are there in community engagement? What is the level of quality of student instruction? How are teachers deployed? What professional development opportunities are provided? On what basis? 11
(10) Refer Case Studies described in Boxes 3.2 3.6 for Kabupatens Kebumen, Bojonegoro, Majene, Aceh Utara, and Sleman. (11) Section 4 provides recommendations to guide central and local government for an education reform roadmap.
Perhaps what was most disheartening was that, in some areas, the raw data required for LGCA analysis was so weak,12 that much of the intended depth of analysis could not occur. It was impossible to find sufficient reliable information to evaluate important considerations relating to the flexibility within the LG regulatory reform environment; the existence of a results-based management approach; and if investments in educational technology were producing improved educational outcomes. Findings also raised concerns about how well the education system was prepared to support Indonesias successful transition to a competitive middle-income country in which its citizens have the necessary education and technical skills to accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty and spur innovation through competition.

Innovation and performance-oriented reform requires deep reserves of political capital and a wide spectrum of stakeholder involvement to break the highly bureaucratic and input-based culture of the current education service provision model. Transparency and accountability overall scores demonstrated that good governance principles were not prioritized by LGs. The score of 43% was the same as that of the overall ILEGI. The highest score of 75% was achieved by Kabupaten Kebumen in Central Java and the lowest score of 4% by Kabupaten Paniai in Papua. The lowest scoring indicator was Local legislation on transparency exists with only 8% of LGs complying. The highest achievement was reported on the indicator There are mechanisms in place to ensure that educational stakeholders have the opportunity to participate and voice their opinions regarding the evaluation of the local education office, schools, and the local government Education Board, with a total score of 86%. Table 3-1 shows the average score per indicator.
Education Governance Aggregated Scores and Findings

Aggregated scores and findings for each of the five strategic areas of education governance: Transparency and Accountability; Education Service Provision Standards; Management Control Systems; Management Information Systems; and, Efficient Resource Use are detailed in the following discussion.
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(12) Some LGs presented multiple data sets from different collection sources; others operated within a severely limited range of data or with non-existent data.
Table 3.1 Aggregated Indicator Scores : Transparency and Accountability

INDICATORS Percentage of districts that have mechanisms in place to ensure that educational stakeholders have the opportunity to participate and voice their opinions regarding the evaluation of the local government Education Office, schools, and the local government Education Board. (10) Percentage of districts where the Education unit is producing progress reports on planned activities and realization, including budget. (9) Percentage of districts where the Education Council has been involved in drafting the education strategic plan. (3) Percentage of districts where financial reports are publicized in the local mass media, on an official announcement board, or through a website. (1) Percentage of districts where the public has access to budget sessions in the local parliament. (6) Percentage of districts where the community is involved in monitoring and evaluating education activities. (8) Percentage of districts where the community is able to attend local parliament session discussing the accountability and BPK audit reports. (2) Percentage of districts where accountability report discussion in the local parliament is open to the public. (7) Percentage of districts where legislation on public participation exists. (5) SCORE 86%
78% 68% 28% 26% 21% 14% 14% 12% 8%
26
Percentage of districts where local legislation on transparency exists. (4) Governance Matters to Education Outcomes
* The average score for the surveyed LGs from highest to lowest. The indicator reference number appears in brackets
Scores demonstrated the measure of commitment to change and political reform. The vast score difference was not so much a question of technical capacity, but reflected LG lack of political commitment at leadership level to ensure transparency and accountability and engagement with communities -- for example only 24 LGs published summarized financial reports although Law No. 15/2008: Access to Information decrees that people have the right to access public documents and information. ILEGI results demonstrated that this law was not enforced at local level -- central government had passed the law but there was insufficient encouragement and support to enable the implementation of good governance an opportunity missed to set the stage for reform and innovation through good practice.
Transparency and participative activities that generate good will are required to implement good governance principles, underpinned by technical capacity building. LGs surveyed did not have local regulatory frameworks in place to enforce transparent and accountable governance, and those that did made little attempt to implement such practices. Legislation on public participation which demonstrated transparency (a milestone in terms of political will for reform) was found to exist in only 12% of the LGs assessed. Enforcement of the legislation was often formalistic and did not lead to meaningful stakeholder involvement. Budget sessions, financial reports and audit results were also not widely regarded as in the public domain. Only seven of the 50 LGs surveyed allowed community members to
observe local parliament accountability sessions and access annual financial audit results by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK); only 26% of LGs opened their budget parliamentary session to the public; and, only 14% made the parliamentary session of the budget and audit reports public. The local budget, a key indicator of government accountability, was mostly inaccessible to the public. This may be because LG education offices did not submit performance accountability reports -- despite regulatory obligation. In addition there was no clear framework to guide the use of these reports for policy improvement and no due diligence incentives/disincentives. LGs by law must conduct annual development planning forums at village, sub-district, and LG levels to obtain stakeholder input into the planning and budgeting process. These annual development planning forums, MUSRENBANG 13, provide LGs with a formal mechanism for stakeholder participation in the education sector. The LGCA survey showed that 86% of all assessed LGs had mechanisms in place to enable these stakeholder inputs. However, this result should be viewed cautiously as the effectiveness of these forums was unclear. Although the forums are considered to run well, a large number of stakeholders believed they are a mere formality and little public information or feedback was provided about how public forum inputs are incorporated into final annual plans. Community empowerment is low. Only 21% of LGs involved their communities in the monitoring and evaluation of education activities. Combined with scarce public access to budget documents and questionable public participation mechanisms, it was concluded that education policy dialogue occurred mostly as a government internal process that lacked meaningful stakeholder involvement. In summary, LGs did not tend to encourage participatory governance in the education sector. The results of the ILEGI demonstrated that a culture of participatory governance and the institutionalization of a continuous improvement strategy that is based on performance standards are yet to be established.

The overall score of 50% for Education Service Provision Standards was slightly higher than the average aggregate result for LGs. The highest score in this strategic area was recorded in Wonogiri in Central Java at 81%, while the lowest scoring district was Pegunungan Bintang in Papua with 19%. Teacher qualifications and certification at the primary school level were the key determinants of ranking in this strategic area. The relative number of primary school teachers at this level of the education system was sizably higher than at junior high school level where teacher qualifications and certification were less problematic, given fewer teachers and more stringent initial teacher selection. There was a positive and significant correlation between female students and teacher ratios, net enrollment rates and education governance but gender was not considered a causal factor. Results indicated that transition rates, exam scores and drop-out rates were problematic -- a clear reflection that educational quality and access was lessened in the transition from primary to junior secondary school, and lessened again by a factor of almost two in the transition to senior secondary school. The indicator which scored the lowest was Each primary school has at least 40% of teachers that have a minimum education qualification of Bachelor or Diploma IV and holds a teaching certificate. Only 6% of schools in the LG areas complied with this criterion. The highest achievement of 92% was reported for the indicator Percentage of districts where each junior secondary school has at least 40% of teachers who have a minimum education qualification of S-1 or Diploma IV and hold a teaching certificate in line with the subject they teach. This vast score difference was explained by the significantly smaller number of junior secondary school teachers compared with primary school teachers.
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(13) MUSRENBANG was introducted by former President Soeharto some decades ago. It is the standardized planning process all LGs are required by law to undertake on an annual basis.
Box 3.1
Kabupaten Kebumen (Central Java)
Photo: Gedsiri Suhartono
Kabupaten Kebumen is a resource-scarce district with limited financial resources. A large portion of the district budget (APBD) comes from central government without any significant additional support from local resources. Kebumen has neither natural resources nor industry. Agriculture is the main source of income for the populace of 1.3 million. Despite, or perhaps because of its limited financial resources, Kabupaten Kebumen recorded the highest score (75.24%) on the Transparency and Accountability strategic index. Kebumen based its initial initiatives in transparency, accountability and participation on marketing principles: build trust, create need, maintain services and address complaints. Kebumens initiatives in public accountability and transparency commenced with the merit-based appointment of school principals. The initiative was not well-received but the first female Regent, Rustriningsih, stood by her vision and extended reforms by initiating a number of public forums to provide the public with the opportunity to express opinions and any grievances about public services and policy. Uncensored interactive talk shows between the public and the Regent were conducted and broadcast on local television and radio stations. The Good Morning Bupati talk show was the first opportunity for the public to air their grievances through a regularly organized public forum. As citizens realized that grievances were being addressed, the nature of commentary changed from criticism to constructive feedback generating and attracting wide community support. To sustain transparency and accountability initiatives, local government has: enacted a local regulation (Peraturan Daerah No. 64/2004) to facilitate community participation in the public policy process; developed communication and information channels: cascade planning and reporting forums, mass media (radio, television, local newspaper, and bulletins); and established regular interactive, non-censored media appearances which began in 2002. This is the forum to see eye-to-eye to ensure that were synchronizing our development needs and priorities, said Mahar, Head of Kebumens Education, Youth and Sport Development Office. There is no way around establishing participation; either we have a strong system with a mediocre leader, or a weak system which enables a dominant leader to ensure. said Mustika Aji, a leading activist consultant for the Kebumen Government.
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Table 3.2 Aggregated Indicator Scores: Education Service Provision Standards

INDICATORS Percentage of districts where each junior secondary school has at least 40% of teachers who have a minimum education qualification of S-1 or Diploma IV and holds a teaching certificate in line with the subject they teach. (1) Number of districts where gender party in Primary and Junior Secondary schools exists. (14) Percentage of districts where the primary level drop-out rate does not exceed 1% of students currently enrolled in school. (7) Average Net Enrollment Rate: primary and junior secondary for all districts. (13) Percentage of districts where at least 75% of all junior secondary school principals have a minimum education qualification of S-1/D-IV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. (4) Percentage of districts where at least 75% of all school supervisors have a minimum education qualification of S-1/D-IV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. (5) Percentage of districts where the junior secondary level drop-out rate does not exceed 1% of students currently enrolled in school. (8) Average transition rate from junior secondary to senior secondary for all districts. (12) Percentage of districts where average National Exam Score for Year 6 is 6.0 or higher. (9) Average transition rate from primary to junior secondary for all districts. (11) Percentage of districts where 95% of children in the 7-12 year age group attend school SD/MI. (6) Percentage of districts where average National Exam Score for Year 9 is 6.0 or higher. (10) Percentage of districts where at least 75% of all primary school principals have a minimum education qualification of S-1/D-IV and a teaching certificate from an accredited institution. (3 ) Percentage of districts where each primary school has at least 40% of teachers who have a minimum education qualification of Bachelor or Diploma IV and holds a teaching certificate. (2) Percentage of Average Adult Literacy Rate in all districts. (15) SCORE 92%
91% 82% 79% 66% 60% 60% 28% 24% 24%
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22% Section 3 : Education Governance Matters The Analysis 16% 12% 6% 83%
*The average score for the surveyed LGs from highest to lowest. The indicator reference number appears in brackets.
Improving teaching qualifications and teacher capacity has a significant impact on improved student test scores. Enhancing teacher qualifications is regarded as a key determinant. With higher test scores, student and teacher motivation also increases with a resulting ripple effect on transition rates. Not one of the 50 LGs had in excess of 50% of certified primary school teachers. However, some LGs were working on accelerating the qualification rate by allocating extra funds from the local budget; others were working with teacher training institutions to improve access to equivalency training through extension programs and night classes. The lack of a performance-based teacher evaluation process was found to be a major barrier in the management, removal or dismissal of poorly performing teachers. The bureaucratic nature of teacher appointments as civil servants did not facilitate effective performance management of ineffective teachers, principals or school supervisors. LG systems to evaluate teacher effectiveness were focused almost entirely on inputs, for example the level of training and the number of years of teaching experience -- even though these factors have little impact on student achievement. None of the 50 surveyed LGs required teachers to provide evidence of student achievement or learning in teacher evaluations. Without the ability to manage poorly performing human resources, the education sector cannot establish a performance-based culture which ensures that all students are provided with equal educational opportunities and enabled to develop to their maximum potential. Analyses demonstrated that national exam scores were strongly correlated with local education governance.14 This reinforced the key theme of this study: governance does matter to educational outcomes. Test scores do not only reflect the intelligence or potential of the student. They equally demonstrate that the potential of students is maximized through capable, qualified teachers, effective sectoral management strategies and welltargeted resource use geared to educational outcomes
and high student achievement. An important indicator reflecting LG performance was the score on primary and junior secondary school national examinations. Correlation analysis showed that LGs tending to score low on the ILEGI also tended to have lower scores at primary and junior secondary levels. Table 3-2 indicates only 24% of LGs achieved an average national exam score of 6.0 for the primary level, and only 16% achieved an average score of 6.0 at the junior secondary level, with the optimal score being 10 for each respective level of the education system.

At 47%, the aggregate score for Management Control Systems (MCS) was slightly above the overall score -- but scores on this index varied widely. The highest aggregate score was in Kebumen district in Central Java with a score of 84%, while the lowest score was 10% in Kotawaringin Timur district located in Central Kalimantan. The lowest scoring indicators were: An incentive-based performance management system is in place for school supervisors based on the National Education Standard and, An incentive-based performance management system is in place for school principals based on the National Education Standards, with only 7% of LGs in compliance on each subindicator. The highest scoring indicator was The Annual Local Government Education Forum integrates inputs and recommendations from the annual village-level and municipal-level planning consultative meeting results (Musrenbang) with a total score of 94%. Findings did not indicate if village level inputs were eventually established as programming priorities -another question altogether. Table 3.3 shows the average score per indicator.
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(14) Results can be regarded as proxy for the overall achievement of MSS and relevant elements of the NES.
Box 3.2
Kabupaten Bojonegoro (East Java)
Photo: Ratna Kesuma
Kabupaten Bojonegoro received the second highest overall rating among the 50 local governments surveyed in the 2009 LGCA (60.45%). This result was achieved due to the partnership between the district government and stakeholder community which is focused on improving the transparency and accountability of education management in the district. School students, teachers, and staff have implemented several unique initiatives to increase transparency and accountability in the budget process, fundraising, and time management. The school budget (RAPBS) is published on school notice boards, on posters and through biannual letters to parents at the end of each school term. The content of these documents always includes the details of the budgeting process and planned and actual budget expenditure. The minutes of principals meetings with school and teacher committees and other school reports are also fully accessible to the public at each school. Some schools have devised an innovative way of finding alternative sources of funding, called Paguyuban Kelas, which is organized by parents who donate the resources needed for individual classes. Donations can only be in material form, not monetary. Every three months, 6-8 schools meet in a larger forum to share their knowledge and experiences in accessing and managing funds and other resources to improve the quality of schools. An honesty system has been introduced in school canteens and to record attendance. In the Kantin Kejujuran, there are no supervisors. Students must do their own transactions to pay for their food, relying on individual honesty to pay the correct amount. The profits generated are used to fund any extra school activities or to provide scholarships for students in need. In the classroom and school office, each student, teacher, principal, and staff has their own paper clock. They mark the times when they arrive, take breaks, and go home -- promoting a culture of honesty with regard to daily attendance, on-time arrival and departure. Local government is also playing its part. Bapak Suyoto, the Bupati of Bojonegoro, has initiated several noteworthy activities that promote transparency and accountability. Principals from all primary and secondary schools as well as the head and staff of the education department took a public oath of honesty at the city square. Bapak Suyoto encourages people in the community to communicate with him through SMS and chatting on Facebook. He is very responsive to these forms of communication, even when it is just a good morning greeting from a citizen. The secretary of the Education Agency, Bapak Muslih, explained that he regularly receives SMS messages from the Bupati regarding education provision issues -- even when he was on the Haj pilgrimage. More than 500 people, including the Bupati, all heads of departments, the local legislative council members, and community members, also participate in a weekly communication forum called Fridays Interactive Dialogue. In this forum, people are given the opportunity to express their ideas, raise issues and register complaints. The Bupati has instituted a no interruptions when people are talking rule, so that no government official can interrupt a citizen when talking. These Friday dialogues are also broadcast on local radio. If time runs out during the Friday dialogue, the Bupati will assign a relevant department head to follow up on any unresolved issues and broadcast the response on the local radio. This interactive dialogue has received the Jawa Pos Otonomi award.
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Table 3.3 Aggregated Indicator Scores: Management Control Systems

INDICATORS Percentage of districts where the annual local government Education Forum integrates inputs and recommendations from the annual village-level and municipal-level planning consultative meeting results (MUSRENBANG). (6) Percentage of districts where the local government Education Board (Dewan Pendidikan) has a clear work program and routine budget allocation in the APBD. (9) Percentage of districts where school committees, local government Education Boards and community-based organizations actively participate in strategic educational planning processes. (8) Percentage of districts where evidence of the efforts of LG to identify good practice in improving educational service provision. (13) Percentage of districts where procurement bids for goods and services are planned properly to avert any accusations of breaking down into smaller packages to avoid tendering. (10) Percentage of districts where there is evidence of a systematic approach to document and catalogue innovative good practice. (14) Percentage of districts where goods users carry out a yearly stock inventory. (1) Percentage of districts where local legislation on asset management exists. (17) Percentage of districts where a technical guideline for procurement issued by local government head exists. (2) SCORE 94%
72% 66% 59% 54% 47% 42% 36% 34% 33% 32% 30%
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Percentage of districts where there is evidence of stakeholder participation in the maintenance of a network for sharing and disseminating good practices. (15) Percentage of districts where the Education unit head has passed an organization regulation on sectoral asset management in education unit and all subunits. (16) Percentage of districts where all cash storage by working units is put into local government bank accounts. (11) Percentage of districts where there is evidence of the existence of a clear, systematic system to validate good practice (Local Regulation, Evaluation Schematic for Innovative Practice, Cataloguing and Dissemination Procedure). (12) Percentage of districts where the local government Education office considers consolidated school-level inputs through the school development planning mechanism (Rencana Kegiatan Sekolah - RKS) in developing the local government level Annual Education Workplan. (7) Percentage of districts where an incentive-based performance management system is in place for teachers based on the National Education Standards. (3) Percentage of districts that have an incentive-based performance management system in place for school supervisors based on the National Education Standards. (4) Percentage of districts where an incentive-based performance management system is in place for school principals based on the National Education Standards. (5)
22%
16%
10% 7% 7%
Management control systems remained weak at the LG level, especially in the areas of procurement and asset management. These results further demonstrated that only a small number of LGs had taken the necessary steps to ensure accountable and effective local governance. Most are still to establish clear reform agendas across a number of key management control requirements which over time, will continue to hamper the progression and performance of the education sector. Regulations, procedures and guidelines for procurement and asset management only existed in between 34-36% of all assessed LGs. With the high potential for corruption and leakage in procurement and asset management it is crucially important to ensure that regulations which set out the rules of the game are in place to enable LGs to monitor, control and take corrective action. Only 30% of sector units maintained their cash reserves in approved LG bank accounts although there is a requirement that LGs must set up accounts in banks appointed through mayoral decree. These designated and organized accounts are intended to ensure better cash management and minimize the potential for corruption or misuse of funds. MoF and BPK have attempted to enforce this requirement with some degree of success but ultimately, sanctions and penalty measures may need to be instituted to optimize reform efforts in this area. The MoF observed that most LGs still possessed unofficial bank accounts and most LG sector units used these to bank and manage cash. Despite the involvement of a wide range of education sector stakeholders in the annual development planning process, only 16% of LGs considered school-level inputs when drafting the annual education work plan and budget. Echoing a similar finding in the Transparency and Accountability and the Efficient Resource Use strategic areas, this showed that while bottom-up mechanisms are in place in the annual development planning process, the inputs were rarely considered in key policy-making or budget allocations. This trend demonstrated the heavy focus on the process of planning without identifying programming outputs, added value and monitoring and evaluation requirements.
Incentive-based performance management systems at the school level were not commonly found. The lack of a performance culture was considered a serious impediment to the improvement of learning outcomes. Only 10% of LGs had introduced performance management elements for teachers; only 7% had introduced performance management for school supervisors. In all of the LGs surveyed, the incentives provided were in reality supplementary top-up payments available to all schools for teachers as a matter of course. Despite being described as a performance incentive, these management systems did not consider key performance variables when disbursing incentive funds. This practice did very little to encourage or reward innovation or creativity rather it encouraged the status quo: that all teachers and schools should be paid the same regardless of performance. With the new Teacher Law, certified and qualified teachers will not be paid a functional incentive but LGs still used these funds to top up the relatively low salaries of part-time, contract and non-qualified civil servant teachers. Local-level documentation practices and the sharing of good practices scored poorly amongst all but the highest scoring LGs. Combined with the lack of performance culture, LGs rarely based reform on local level good practice examples nor pilot innovations on a larger scale. In high-scoring LGs there were correspondingly high scores in documentation and good practices. Generally, these LGs had achieved the minimum standards for education service provision and demonstrated innovation and creativity in their drive for continuous improvement.
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Box 3.3
Kabupaten Majene (West Sulawesi)
Photo: M. Wildan
Kabupaten Majene achieved one of the highest scores (77.66%) on the Management Control System indicator. The Management Control System in Majene was effectively implemented in 2001 when the current Bupati and Deputy Bupati were elected. The basis for Majenes management practices is Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 13/2006, a ministerial decree regarding Financial Management in Local Governments and Keputusan Presiden No.80/2003, a presidential decree regarding Government Procurement. The Kabupaten Majene administration believes that management control practices are the key to establishing good governance and community trust. A Management Control System is not merely an element in the management cycle. In the broadest sense, it includes the methods and procedures adopted by management to ensure that they meet the agreed goals. It also includes processes for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling program operations. A subset of management controls is the internal controls used to make sure that there is prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the local governments assets. The local parliament (DPRD) is very active in supervising and controlling the implementation of all local government programs, including the use of resources. Besides regular meetings with local government, the DPRD conducts ad hoc meetings and invites corresponding Dinas when there are information and complaints from the community. A higher level unit called Dinas Pengelolaan Keuangan, Pendapatan dan Aset Daerah (PKPAD) or Department of Financial, Income, and Assets Management has been established. The main responsibility of the Dinas is to ensure that district finances and assets are well managed and controlled. By establishing the Dinas, the local government implements a one-gate policy for LGs finance and assets. Each month all Dinas submit financial reports and reliable supported documents of expenditures to Dinas PKPAD. They are not allowed to spend more money in the following month if the last months reports are not submitted and approved. An online computerized reporting application is being used. All Dinas, including the Education Agency send their three monthly financial reports directly to the PKPAD through SIMDA where the reports are verified. The Education Agency implements internal management control mechanisms by regular and ad hoc meetings. Through the meetings the Agency and Unit Heads are able to review the progress of activities and the use of resources. To control the use of funds at school level from certain sources, the Dinas involves independent supervisors from the community. Head teachers, teachers, the school committee, and parent/ community representatives together discuss the annual school plan and budget. Besides internal control, the schools are also closely supervised and controlled by external parties such as the Education Agency, Regional Inspectorate, BPKP, school committee, and NGOs.
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Box 3.4
Kabupaten Aceh Utara
Photo: Gedsiri Suhartono
Kabupaten Aceh Utara is included here as an example of a district that is struggling in a post-conflict environment to deliver improved education services. It received one of the highest scores outside Java (71.63%) for its Management Control Systems. The post-conflict condition of education in Aceh Utara is marked by: post-conflict trauma; the poor quality of teachers and inadequate numbers; poor quality of school infrastructure; a lack of discipline from teachers and students in teaching and learning activities; high rates of truancy; low school graduation rates; poor awareness of the need to educate children; and, a lack of responsibility for the maintenance of school assets. Public involvement in the regional education process is made possible due to limited public resources and regional management capacity in enhancing the quality of education and achieving equity. Management Control System indicators in Kabupaten Aceh Utara closely reflect the involvement of the community in education planning and management as well as their role in various activities aimed at improving the quality of education outputs and teaching/learning activities at the school level through two local institutions. 1. The Community Movement for the Betterment of Education (Gerakan Masyarakat Peduli Pendidikan - GMPP) is a regional body that was initiated by the Education Agency to monitor the teaching learning process in schools. The GMPP attempts to synergize cooperation between various stakeholders, including: the Aceh Transition Committee (Komite Peralihan Aceh - KPA), religious scholars, education managers, community figures, the general community, and students parents to take an active role in supervising the delivery of teaching/learning activities in school in order to ensure there is equity and improvement in the quality of education for every person in Kabupaten Aceh Utara. GMPP activities and community monitoring in the delivery of teaching/learning activities include, inter alia: (i) assisting with the delivery of a quality, Islamic-based education in Kabupaten Aceh Utara; (ii) preventing poor behavior and performance of students; (iii) creating a safe and secure school environment; (iv) striving for adequate education infrastructure and equipment; (v) protecting and maintaining education facilities across Aceh Utara; and (vi) evaluating the delivery of teaching and learning activities across Aceh Utara, including in the villages and subdistricts. 2. The Regional Education Council (Majelis Pendidikan Daerah - MPD at the national level, this institution is known as the Education Council). The MPD was established in 1990, long before the establishment of the National Education System regulation in 2003 that monitors the Education Council. The MPD is representative of the special rights of the Government of Aceh. The role of the MPD and school committee is to: (i) denote the unique features of the Government of Aceh in the delivery of education at the regional level; (ii) give effect to its role and function as a partner in the formulation of education policy, the supervision of education delivery in the region and at the education unit level, so the management of education is more democratic, accountable, and transparent; and (iii) take an optimal role in facilitating the entry and input of the community into the management of education at the regional level.
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Of the five strategic areas, Management Information Systems (MIS) scores showed significant inter-local government variation and were lowest for all LGs with an average of only 33%. The raw data required for LGCA analysis was very weak impacting considerably on the intended depth of analysis. The highest scoring district was Sleman, a Special Region of Yogyakarta, with a score
of 77%, while the lowest scoring was the municipality of Manokwari in West Papua with a score of only 1%. The lowest scoring indicator was the Percentage of schools that have an internet connection - with a score of only 4%. The highest achieving indicator was There is evidence of an existing education database at the local government level, with a total score of 69%. Table 3.4 shows the average score per indicator.
Table 3.4 Aggregated Indicator Scores: Management Information Systems

INDICATORS Percentage of districts where there is evidence of an existing education database at the local government level. (1) Percentage of districts where there is evidence of the integration and use of School Application Packet (Paket Aplikasi Sekolah - PAS, Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional - JARDIKNAS, and Pangkalan Data dan Informasi Pendidikan - PADATI) within the existing management infrastructure of the education system at the local government level. (4) Percentage of districts where there is evidence of data spot checking systems in place. (3) SCORE 69%
57%
35%
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Percentage of districts where there is evidence of written procedures and protocols for the scheduling and methodology of data collection, data cleaning, data submission from lower levels of the system (that is schools). (2) Percentage of schools that have at least one functioning computer across all districts. (5) Percentage of schools that have an internet connection in all districts. (6)
32%
32% 4%
Despite the fact that 69% of LGs reported that they had an existing education database, these systems provided only limited information about school operations, performance and educational outcomes. Most LGs had made substantial progress in improving the architecture (hardware and connectivity) that supports better data collection and utilization. However these databases were inadequate. They did not capture school operational level information nor had the capacity to answer basic questions about capacity -- such as the degree to which professional development improves student outcomes or the types of innovative teaching and learning practices which provide the best return on investment.
Data collection continued to be uneven and fragmented as data flows were generally one way and not reciprocal between LGs and schools. Schools were bombarded with a multitude of different data collection formats and requests from all levels of government, but very rarely received critical feedback on how that data was used to assess relative performance. LGs tended to use a compliance-driven data management strategy where data was collected and stored, but rarely analyzed or used to inform and reform practices. Findings indicated that fictional or manipulated data was submitted which served different purposes and/or vested interests -although data return rates were improving.
The ILEGI survey showed evidence of a trend where computers were purchased without clear or transparent management or educational rationale. These computers were generally used for other purposes or only available with limited access. Data collected was for stock-taking purposes about equipment acquired and the number of schools with a computer or an internet connection. No data was collected by LGs about school technology use or implementation. There are three main types of education software available to LGs and schools: Paket Aplikasi Sekolah (PAS), Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional (JARDIKNAS) and Pangkalan Data dan Informasi Pendidikan (PADATI).
None of the surveyed LGs kept databases that tracked student progress and test score achievements through the education system across years of schooling. To foster independent schools that embrace autonomy and can respond to new challenges, LGs must provide educators, policy makers, and the public with better information. Disappointingly, none used a systematic approach to provide local schools and educators with high-quality, real-time data for use to evaluate the effectiveness of particular approaches and initiatives to improve student outcomes. Figure 3.7 shows the number of districts using PAS, JARDIKNAS, and PADATI.
Figure 3.7 Number of Districts Using the Education Management Software
16 14 12 10 8 8 6 4 2 2 0 0 PAS.JARDIKNAS AND PADATI PAS DAN JARDIKNAS PAS DAN PADATI JARDIKNAS DAN PADATI ONLY PAS ONLY JARDIKNAS ONY PADATI NOT AT ALL 3 2 9 14 12
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Table 3.5 provides a detailed breakdown of the use LGs make of each education management software application.
Table 3.5 LG Use of Education Management Software

NUMBER OF LGs USING THE SOFTWARE 13
APPLICATION Paket Aplikasi Sekolah
PURPOSE OF THE APPLICATION Measuring performance indicators. Sending teacher and student data to central government. Collecting data on a regular basis. Providing access to data for stakeholders. Evaluating LG and Local education units. Providing summary data in the form of a data-base to profile schools and local education units. Providing guidelines for education planning. Sourcing data for the national examination.
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Jaringan Pendidikan Nasional
33
Providing the infrastructure to connect the internet/intranet network in order to manage school individual data (28 LGs). Providing the infrastructure to connect the internet/intranet network in order to manage cumulative data for all schools at local level (28 LGs). Other uses. For example as an information center, source of reference materials for students and teachers.
Pangkalan Data dan Informasi Pendidikan
24
Managing school individual data (19 LGs). Managing cumulative data for all schools at local level (15 LGs) Other uses: For example GIS, processing individual data (8 LGs).
Box 3.5
Kabupaten Sleman (DI Yogyakarta)
Photo: Dimas Oky Nugroho
Kabupaten Sleman recorded the highest score of the 50 local governments (61.96%), mainly due to its achievement of the highest rankings for Management Information Systems and Efficient Resource Use. An initiative by the local Education Agency (Dispora) has established Kabupaten Sleman as a role model for LGs in Indonesia. MoNE requires all LG Education Agencies to collect data on each school student in their jurisdiction. An official form called Lembar Individu (LI) is issued in a specific computer format to collect the data. Before this initiative, approximately 80% of LIs in Kabupaten Sleman were returned by schools within two weeks of the four weeks allocated for this process the return rate was 100%. Since primary schools are not yet equipped with personal computers, Dispora uses a Sub-District Coordinator to distribute printed LI forms to all primary schools. The forms are distributed to schools through Korcam and collected after Korcam completion. The forms are then passed on to the Dinas where the information is transferred to computer format and imported into the National Education Network system (Jardiknas). Any questions relating to the data are handled by Korcam. It is intended that all primary schools in the future will be equipped with a computer for administrative tasks. We are ready if the primary school also has to fill out the Excel LI form said the principal of SDN Sleman. This school takes the process more seriously by converting the printed form into computer format but for documentation purposes only. It has employed a part-time administration officer who is proficient with computers. The LI form is distributed to secondary schools in MS Excel format on a CD. Before distributing them for the first time, the Dinas conducts a training session for school administration staff on how to fill out using the electronic format. At the end of the school year, the Dinas distributes/sends the CD out to all schools. After the form is completed and returned, Dinas staff import the data to the Jardiknas system. The Dinas contacts the school directly with any inquiries. In the near future, as far as possible, Dispora will help all secondary schools to establish an internet connection so they can directly download the LI forms and send electronically. At times, the Dinas asks additional questions (using a separate form) to gather further information about school specific data, for example the reason for school dropouts. This is sent to schools at the same time as the Lembar Individu. This approach ensures that the necessary information related to school specific education issues is available when required. Kabupaten Sleman also ranked first in its approach to the Efficient Use of Resources. Whilst BOS funding has had a significant impact on school budgets, it does not cover the minimum funding costs required to cover the operational costs for each student per year. In order to give all children equal access and opportunity in education, supplementary funding through Bantuan Operasional Sekolah Daerah (BOSDA) provides education stakeholders in Sleman with funding for innovation and operational costs not covered by BOS. LG stakeholders calculate minimum basic annual costs per student; these are then listed and weighted. The total cost for one student is then compared with the BOS allocation and the gap covered through BOSDA. School representatives from each level are asked to prepare an annual cost budget based on daily practices and SNP. The draft budget is then discussed and an estimated budget agreed in a focus group discussion. Dispora, DPKKD and BAPPEDA agree on the draft which provides the basis for Dispora to answer inquiries from the local legislature and seek their support to pass the BOSDA proposal. The BOSDA is confirmed through a Bupati Decree and endorsed by DPRD (Bupati Sleman Decree No. 26/2009 for BOSDA: SD and SMP; and, Bupati Sleman Decree No. 25/2009 for APBS). The principals of the two schools surveyed advised that BOSDA has greatly assisted in the provision of funds to cover school operational costs.
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The overall score for Efficient Resource Use was 42%, demonstrating major room for improvement in budget planning and execution. The highest score recorded in the ILEGI for this strategic area was recorded in Sleman, a Special Region of Yogyakarta, with 73%, while the lowest score was 11% in Teluk Wondama located in West Papua. The lowest scoring indicator was Education
budget absorption rate by December 2008 is 90% or more with only 15% meeting this rate. Most achievement was reported on the indicator There are mechanisms in place to ensure that educational stakeholders have the opportunity to participate and voice their opinions regarding the evaluation of the local government Education Office, schools, and the local government Education Board, with a total score of 86%. Table 3.6 shows the average score per indicator.
Table 3.6 Aggregated Indicator Scores: Efficient Resource Use

INDICATORS Percentage of districts where education unit is producing progress reports on planned activities and realization, including budget. (9) Percentage of districts where education (sectoral) medium-term and annual plans include indicative budget ceilings and take budget limit into account. (6) Percentage of districts where annual budget policy includes measurable outcome indicators. (3) Percentage of districts where education council has been involved in drafting of education strategic plan. (2) SCORE 78% 76% 72% 68% 62% 60% 56% 52% 50% 45% 39% 15%
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Percentage of districts where sectoral poverty alleviation programs and activities have been accommodated by local government budget team. (7) Percentage of districts where tariffs for the use of assets have been updated regularly in the past three years (markets etc.). (1) Percentage of districts where budget priorities and ceilings are set before the budgeting process in SKPD starts. (4) Percentage of districts where programs and activities in RPJMD can be measured quantitatively. (10) Percentage of districts where education planning and budget calendar has been drafted. (5) Percentage of districts where the difference between planned and realized expenditures was less than 10% in the last three financial years. (11) Percentage of districts where planning and budgeting documents can easily be accessed by the community. (8) Percentage of districts where education budget absorption rate by December 2008 is 90% or more. (12)
LG financial management systems were found to be inefficient and there was a lack transparency which did not support performance and innovation. The patchwork of spending programs in each LG provided schools with almost no flexibility to spend financial resources in a more effective manner. Very few LGs made basic planning and financial data easily accessible to the public either through the Internet or on public information boards
limiting the publics capacity to hold the LG and school accountable for expenditure. Four BEC LGs had very low education budget absorption rates (as recorded In December 2008) -- Paniai (Papua), South East Aceh (Aceh), Mamasa (West Sulawesi) and South Halmahera (North Maluku) had rates of less than 55% expended. Figure 3.8 shows the breakdown of local budget absorption on education spending by LG location for 2008.
Figure 3.8 Local Budget Absorption on Education Spending (2008)
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Polewati Mandar (90%) Peg. Bintang (98%) Kulon Progo (98%) Manokwari (95%) Probolingg0 (95%) Seruyan (95%) Bondowoso (95%) Kepulauan Sula (90%) West Aceh (90%) Mamasa (53%) Paniai (50%) South East Aceh (50%) South Halmahera (23%) Nagan Rraya (n.a.) Purbalingga (90%) Blora (85%) North Aceh (82%) Jaya Wijaya (80%) Nabire (70%) Rembang (95%) Trenggelek (94%) Purworejo (94%) Sleman (93%) Jombang (92%) Kebumen (92%) Sampang (91%) Wonosobo (98%) North West Aceh (98%) Lhokseumawe (98%) Pacitan (98%) Bojonegoro (98%) Ngawi (98%) Banjarnegara (98%) Demak (98%) Brebes (97%) Probolinggo (97%) Sragen (96%) Kaimana (100%) East Kotawaringin (100%) Palangkaraya (100%) Majene (100%) Teluk Wondama (100%) South Sorong (100%) Bireuen (100%) Jayapura (100%) Ternate (100%) Aceh Besar (100%) Nganjuk (100%) Wonogiri (100%) Bangkalan (100%)
<55%
70-90%
91-95%
96-99%
100%
Spending patterns undermined the efficient use of resources. There was a lack of internal consistency between what was planned and what was implemented -- 55% of the 50 LGs surveyed demonstrated differences in excess of 10% between planned and realized budget. While LGs placed heavy emphasis on development planning, budgeting processes, budget execution and monitoring were disconnected and inefficient. Looking at the indicator scores for Efficient Resource Use, it can be seen that LGs placed heavy emphasis on the mainly formalistic planning process through MUSRENBANG. It did not inform the budgeting process sufficiently and led to poor budget execution and monitoring. As a result, most LGs had low absorption rates; differences in planned versus realized budget; and interestingly, big budget surpluses. The development planning process showed a few encouraging trends with 68% of all LGs involving stakeholders in the drafting of the education strategic plan. 56% of LGs provided indicative budget ceilings to each sector; and 72% included measurable outcome indicators in the annual budget policy. Even though LGs were still a long way from fully implementing performance-based budgeting as stipulated by the central government in 2002, the formulation of quantitative indicators is seen as a positive first step. Since decentralization in 2001 responsibility for various education services has changed dramatically the most noteworthy shift has occurred in the way schools are
funded. The introduction of the BOS subsidy is the key mechanism in making progress towards the targets for compulsory Nine-Year Basic Education (Wajib Belajar). The BOS program is designed to lessen the burden of school operational costs, registration, tuition, examination fees and materials and costs of laboratory and workshop sessions. BOS provides assistance to schools in order to permit them to eliminate student fees for operational costs while still maintaining educational quality. Schools now receive a centrally allocated block grant15 based on a per-student allocation in the form of a cash transfer directly to the schools bank account. At the LG level there was no evidence of student-based funding systems. Unlike BOS which provides the majority of school operational funds LG investment was not allocated according to student needs. Instead funds were distributed based on factors that had little to do with individual students for example, the number of teachers or classrooms in a school; or the type of educational programs provided by the school. These financial practices made it almost impossible to empower school leadership to allocate resources in new and innovative ways focused on meeting student needs. Opportunities were limited for the provision of alternative educational choices and healthy competition which could contribute to additional quality education services. Instead decisions continued to be made by LG personnel who often had little or no interaction with students or firsthand understanding of school and student needs.
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(15) From 2011, BOS grant funds will be disbursed at LG level
Future Assessment Rounds

The first set of ILEGI results demonstrated that further refinement of the instrument is necessary to address wide inconsistency in LG data collection practices and in situations where little concrete data was available. Suggested refinements include additional qualitative indicators about increased innovation and good practices; secondary budget data elements; education input data; and, a gender specific focus. Future assessment rounds should trace relative and absolute progress over time against the established benchmarks and allow for more detailed analysis between education inputs, governance and outcomes, and further comparative and cross analyses . Section 4 provides signposts for reform presented as recommendations which link quantitative results with qualitative insights on commonalities between high performing and rapidly improving education systems. Key signposts focus on issues that transcend cultural and socio-economic characteristics and seek to foster flexible, performance-oriented reform strategies, for example: Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems; Benchmarking and Clear Expectations; and, Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources.
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Photo: Mahargianto
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Section 4 : Reforming Education Governance The Roadmap
Reforming Education Governance The Roadmap
Section 4
SECTION FOUR: REFORMING EDUCATION GOVERNANCE THE ROADMAP The analysis identified gaps in strategic areas of education governance that impact at school, local, provincial and national government levels. Findings highlighted variations in the equitable and transparent use of funds in the sector; the uneven distribution of learning opportunities; gaps in community engagement; the quality of instruction; and, the deployment and ongoing professional development of teachers. These findings raise additional concerns about how well prepared the education system is to support Indonesias transition to a competitive middle-income country in which its citizens have the necessary education and technical skills to accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty and spur innovation through competition.
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Key ILEGI Recommendations for Education System Reform

Key ILEGI findings are examined and recommendations made in the following discussion to guide central and LG policy reform and future LG capacity development planning. These recommendations link quantitative results with qualitative insights and areas of commonality between high performing and rapidly improving education systems. The discussion focuses on issues that transcend cultural and socio-economic characteristics and seek to foster flexible, performance-
oriented reform strategies within the authority and sphere of influence of the LG with the support of the central government.
Signposts for Better Performing Education Systems

Signposts for Better Performing Education Systems are categorized according to Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems; Benchmarking and Clear Expectations; and, Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources which serve as key signposts for better performing education systems.17
Figure 4.1 Key Signposts for Education System Performance
Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems
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Key Signposts
Benchmarking and Clear Expectations for Progress
Better Performing Education Systems
Sufficient Funding Facilities and Other Resources
(16) McKinsey in Barber and Mourshed, 2007:13
Recommendations for the Central Government

The survey revealed issues related to education governance that are beyond LG control and require higher level central government policy dialogue to support reform. In addition to expanding the scope of dissemination of the survey, substantial effort also needs to be placed on improving coordination between national and sub-national partners.
Table 4.1 Recommendations for Reform: Central Government

Improve teacher quality beyond certification by expanding pre-service reform. Triggered by the Teacher Law (2005), considerable effort and resources have been put into upgrading incumbent teachers. Whether or not the law is successful will largely be determined by the characteristics of new teachers entering the profession. Indonesia is at a critical point in the reform of its teacher training programs. Increased compensation has attracted an increased number of better qualified and capable candidates into teacher training programs. Many new programs (such as S1 for primary teachers, and post-S1 training programs) have the potential to produce a leaner, higher quality workforce and reduce the financial burden on government. These new programs provide effective pre-service training with considerably improved curricula to attract and retain high-caliber university graduates into the teaching profession. Target capacity building efforts - especially with newly established BEC-TF districts. To improve basic education sector management, governance and outcomes, a comprehensive approach to capacity building needs to be put into place. Targets for capacity development should use nationally established sectoral priorities to map capacity deficits across all levels of the system. Incentivize reforms and performance. Understanding the dynamics of incentives and disincentives about reform and performance is an important step in designing a better education system. Competition and recognition alone are often not sufficient to mobilize or maintain the reform effort, incentives should be extrinsic as well as intrinsic. Revise the formula for the General Allocation Fund (DAU) to remove the implication that the more one hires, the more budget allocation one gets. The Teacher salary component of DAU should be given to LGs as block grants proportional to their school-age population. Remote and disadvantaged LGs should receive additional incentive-based allocations.
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Benchmarking and Clear Expectations
Support service delivery through the central governments key role in (i) developing instruments for schools and LGs to assess student and teacher performance; (ii) including gender perspectives for women and men, girls and boys in all planned activities to achieve the goal of gender equality; (iii) reformulating staffing norms to ensure efficient and equitable teacher deployment; and (iv) providing timely feedback through the monitoring and evaluation of LGs and schools. Identify unclear areas in functional assignments by developing a framework which clearly identifies the roles and responsibilities of central, provincial, and local governments. This kind of role responsibility mapping should detail the diverse range of functional assignments. Appendix 3 provides a conceptual framework that can be used to analyze the distribution of functions within the Indonesian education quality assurance system. Use the budget as a policy tool to improve education governance. Budget priorities and stakeholder involvement could lead to quick wins to improve education outputs and outcomes. For example while the MSS has focused on provision of inputs to schools, future central government financing to districts to implement BOS could be designed to provide incentives for education outcomes.
Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources
Review current practices with regard to determinations about the amount of education financing at each level of government and provide funding to support the quality assurance system. Ensure central and LGs contribute/co finance incentives for teachers in special areas, as required by legislation. Increased budget allocations and contributions are necessary to attract good teachers to remote areas. Use the LGs budget composition as an indicator for targeting deconcentration spending. Central government should monitor LG expenditure and provide incentives/disincentives in order to improve budget composition.
Recommendations for Local Governments by Strategic Area

Recommendations for reform at LG level are categorized by strategic area. These recommendations serve as guidance for LGs as they develop capacity development and improvement plans. Recommendations can be tailored to individual requirements for implementation at the LG level.
Transparency and Accountability From a governance perspective, no education improvement strategy can succeed without true accountability focused on results and transparency of process. LGs that perform well have common elements in their approaches to increase transparency and deepen accountability. Table 4.2 Recommendations for LG Reform: Transparency and Accountability
Build a supportive regulatory framework. Whilst the drafting of local regulations on transparency and accountability do not alone guarantee serious reform in education sector governance, they unmistakably reflect the commitment and intention to begin the process. LGs will need to establish the rules of the game and set transparency and accountability standards as well as build capacity in regulatory compliance and enforcement which follow principles of good governance. Conduct a participatory Education Public Expenditure Analysis ( EPEA ) to kick-start the education governance reform process. This open and participatory process allows for dialogue on issues which influence spending patterns and improvement in education outcomes, as well as increasing LG trust and credibility with the communities they serve. Recent sub-national education public expenditure analyses and the reports prepared have generated vast interest-from LGs, the media, and other stakeholders. EPEA recommendations have also contributed to facilitation of effective and efficient resource management in the short - to medium-term. Establish mechanisms for community participation in monitoring and evaluation of basic education activities which take into account gender equity considerations. Communities and stakeholders need to be meaningfully and actively involved in reviewing and monitoring education activities and school and LG education finances to increase accountability and transparency. Improve the quality and consistency of annual and medium-term planning and budgeting documents and practices at all levels of government to optimize the impact of interventions. This reform recommendation is complex and needs a phased approach, particularly in the education sector, where schools receive funding from three levels of government. In Phase 1, LGs should consolidate plans internally, for example, the education strategic plan (Renstra) must be consistent with the medium-term strategic plan ( RPJMD), and education-related programs in the annual LG work plan (RKPD) must refer to the strategic plan. In Phase 2, the focus should move to inter-governmental consolidation. Central, provincial, and district governments have to engage in consultations which coordinate and consolidate activities to avoid or reduce the potential for overlap so as to optimize the impact of interventions. Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources Publicize or disseminate information and official reports on LG finances and open parliamentary budget sessions to the public. Parliamentary budget sessions are not exclusive events where the legislative meets the executive but must be open to the public. In many of strongest performing education systems, the LG administration makes use of the mass media, scheduling public consultations to increase ownership, transparency and accountability in the sector. Create mechanisms that not only measure progress towards ensuring school accountability to communities but also better target resource allocations to weak schools. Systems to share and disseminate information on school and student performance across the local government, sub-district government and cluster levels are essential for accountability and transparency. LGs must be pro-active about disseminating results on school and student performance at school and the broader community level to foster increased oversight, ownership and representation as well as balancing the primarily, top-down governance system. Annual State of the School reports should be prepared and provided by principals, the head of the local education office and the Regent/ Mayor.
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Education Service Provision Standards The quality of an education system does not exceed the quality of its teachers (Barber and Mourshed, 2007) and its service and educational standards. International evidence shows that the most successful educational systems have an integrated structure of rigorous standards and assessments, clear expectations, differentiated support for teachers and students, good facilities and core resources. Education service provision and quality assurance standards play a key role in making sure education systems continually improve. Table 4.3 Recommendations for LG Reform: Education Service Provision Standards
Strengthen routine teacher and principal professional development mechanisms. Under the current approach, teachers and principals gather in cluster-based groups and discuss strategies to address common problems. Clinical observation of the teaching and learning process and a strategy which uses the talents of teachers and principals considered leaders in their fields could be incorporated. Create a teacher training cadre. Most LGs in Indonesia use school supervisors to strengthen administrative oversight of schools and serve as mediator between policy and the oversight functions of the LG education office and service provision function of schools. However, school supervisors are rarely involved in the substantive task of in-service professional development at the school level. Resources should be allocated for the development of a cadre of master teacher trainers to support professional development at the LG level. This teacher training corps could be tasked to design and deliver in-service professional development support focused on improving the weakest teachers and principals to a minimum competence standard established by the LG. This activity would bolster and support on going teacher certification by ensuring that all teachers and principals, regardless of their certification status, have the skills and knowledge to work at the expected performance level. Mandate the use of school assessment instruments to monitor individual student learning progress and identify and plan for remedial measures to support poor-performing students. A detailed implementation plan should be included as a mandatory component of the schools annual plan and budget (APBS) and the Memorandum of Understanding between schools and LGs. Introduce a report card system to inform the public about the academic achievement of primary and junior high school students across the LG. The report cards should detail student assessment scores and improvements in teacher classroom performance to increase public awareness and encourage participation in the education system. Report cards17 communicate a representative measure of achievement in various subjects over time and help identify where geographic achievement gaps exist within the LG and across schools. Promote better service delivery, especially by public servants, such as teachers, nurses, and doctors through performance based incentive systems which promote improvement. Facilitate district and school level understanding of the link between education service provision, gender equity and equality education. Some LGs have already initiated such reforms which use incentives as the key element to promote improved service delivery but they are not widely disseminated. Benchmarking and Clear Expectations Base teacher evaluations on performance. Teacher evaluations need a stronger performance orientation and should be carried out regularly by school supervisors. Results should then be discussed with teachers and professional development and remedial measures agreed in the form of a learning contract. LGs must be vigilant in ensuring that the weakest teachers do not end up in the weakest schools. Ensure that teachers with the least experience are not placed in the weakest schools. Good teachers and principals are required for underperforming schools and communities where there are high poverty levels. Through an annual evaluation mechanism, the relative strengths and weaknesses of teachers and schools should be identified to enable appropriate mapping of teachers to schools. Initial intake assessments should group new teachers according to ability to ensure that the local education office is aware of the capabilities of its teaching force.
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(17) The World Bank is currently piloting a school-based report card approach in Papua to provide specific insights for parents, students and policy-makers. This could be scaled up to produce individual school report cards which disaggregate information about achievement across school clusters and sub-district governments.
Plan teacher allocation and deployment efficiently and effectively and address issues related to the unequal distribution of teachers. LGs should link teacher allocation planning with the incentives program, as required by Teacher and Lecturer Law No. 14/2005: Teachers working in isolated or special regions should receive the relevant allowance and must understand that these special allowances are on the basis of residence in the village in which they teach. Teacher deployment strategies must not only address the issue of urban-rural bias, but must also look at the individualized needs of schools and students. The most capable teachers should be given special incentives to be relocated to weaker schools to help strengthen the capacity of teaching staff on the job if there are no other mechanisms in place such as a cadre of clinical professional development master teachers.
Publicize or disseminate information and official reports on LG finances and open parliamentary budget sessions to the public. Parliamentary budget sessions are not exclusive events where the legislative meets the executive but are open to the public. In many of strongest performing education systems, the LG administration makes use of the mass media, scheduling public consultations to increase ownership, transparency and accountability in the sector. Strengthen monitoring and evaluation of BOS fund use. Consider BOSDA funding as a mechanism to meet funding gaps. This is required for the program to achieve its objective of widening access to education, particularly for the poor.
Management Control Systems At the LG level, management control systems are crucial for effective governance action. The survey results indicated that these systems are often not in place with decision-making appearing to be frequently ad hoc. Processes particularly prone to corruption are asset management and procurement, reinforcing the need for management control reform. Table 4.4 Recommendations for LG Reform: Management Control Systems
Improve coordination between LGs and exchange lessons learned. Regional clustering could be a vehicle for sharing good practice and promoting horizontal and systematic learning exchanges. Encourage peer to peer learning and the adaption/customizing of good practices to other LG contexts. Enable the systematic measurement and documentation of good practices and facilitate processes which acknowledge and reward innovation. Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems Manage performance and reduce barriers that inhibit the removal of poor-performing teachers and principals. Currently poor performers who are civil servants are typically transferred to another school once their performance becomes severely problematic as removal involves the central government. Schools do not have the ability to remove ineffective civil servants, limiting opportunities to develop a cohesive school team within an environment of accountability for student learning. LGs will need to work closely with the central government to establish a performance management framework that is transparent for the removal of poor-performing teachers and principals. This is complex and may take several years to establish but without this option, the system will continue to be saddled with ineffective teachers and principals who do not meet performance requirements. The removal of poor-performing contract teachers should reflect transparency in the dismissal process. Establish incentive structures, reform teacher pay and reward teachers for measurable increases in student performance and achievement. A strategy which institutes a clear evaluative framework to assess teacher performance and measure academic performance will not be easy to implement but is vital in fostering the development of performance-driven improvement in the education sector. Currently, most LGs use the local education budget to provide financial top-ups to teacher salaries but there are no examples of this disbursement being on the basis of performance.
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Seek local Education Board approval for local education strategic plans that include costing tables, measurable targets, performance indicators and monitoring and evaluation plans. This will enable stakeholders to meaningfully participate in inclusive local education planning. Training may need to be provided to stakeholders to facilitate them in the establishment of process and performance targets. Sufficient Funding, Facilities and Other Resources
Establish a sound local regulatory framework for procurement, asset management and annual stock inventories which includes public scrutiny mechanisms that are disseminated to LG communities. LGs should prioritize the drafting and improvement of local regulations and implementation guidelines for asset management and procurement and ensure that adequate training is provided to relevant personnel such as principals and members of the local education board.
Management Information Systems One of the key elements to set the stage for change and reform is the ability to use data effectively. Measuring progress, setting standards and analyzing information to identify patterns of failure and their causes enables LG education offices and schools to diagnose diminished performance and address specific problems with concrete solutions. Important sources of data include: student test scores; portfolios of work; comparisons of school-wide achievement against LG, provincial and national standards; resource use; teacher deployment; and teacher, student and parent surveys.
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Table 4.5: Recommendations for LG Reform: Management Information Systems

Collect quality gender-disaggregated data using tools such as the Tool for Reporting and Information Management by Schools (TRIMS). The amount and type of educational data collected at all levels of government in Indonesia must focus less on compliance and more on performance and outputs. Data collection currently focuses on gathering detailed information on system inputs such as teacher salaries or numbers of textbooks and desks. Without more solid educational data, informed policy development becomes nothing more than educated guesswork. With the constitutional mandate of allocating 20% of the national and sub-national budgets to the education sector, too much is at stake to continue basing critical decisions on weak data. The challenge is to focus on quality data of relevance which explains what, why, and how students (girls and boys) learn best and how schools can deliver improved educational services to the general public. LGs must make the effort to ensure that all data collected from schools can help school leaders improve school management, teaching, learning and student retention rates. If the data being collected currently does not fit into this category, LG education offices need to focus on data that will provide key performance information and create a transparent system which provides the necessary information to share with schools, parents, policy makers and the public. The National Education Standards (NES) and Minimum Service Standards (MSS) can also be used to recalibrate data collection and management systems, focusing on data needed to measure performance across these standards. The NES and MSS furnish LGs with a relatively simple set of data from which to begin establishing benchmarks for measuring school and sector performance. Currently, LGs and schools surveyed demonstrate a tendency to collect excessive and irrelevant data. Without data that allows the local education office to be attuned to the needs of individual schools, bureaucratically-driven approaches will continue to limit the effectiveness of the teaching workforce and hamper attempts at improvement at the local level. Compounding this is the fact that most LG education offices do not act on the findings from the data they collect. Information and knowledge generated through the collection of data is only of use if it is used to tackle educational problems.
Develop LG-level longitudinal data systems. Until LGs and educators understand the nature and extent of their educational problems, it will be impossible to make needed changes and improvements. LGs should develop gender-disaggregated data systems that provide specific information about individual students, teachers, and programs and feed that information back to schools and communities. Longitudinal data about teachers would help with management, deployment, and the design of professional development priorities; longitudinal student data would enable LGs to sharpen their understanding about student retention and transition rates, as well as information about the type of programming and teaching pedagogy that is most successful in producing better student outcomes. Improve data collection on teacher absenteeism18 and link it to a system of incentives and disincentives. A recent study on absenteeism in Indonesia shows that 14% of teachers are absent at any given time (SMERU 2009). High absenteeism rates create inefficiencies and are likely to be one of the main contributors to the oversupply of teachers. The ILEGI revealed that many LG education offices do not monitor the attendance of teachers and principals. LG education offices should begin collecting data on teacher absenteeism rates and develop sanctions which are clear to all so as to reduce absenteeism. Develop a straightforward and routine data spot-check and verification system to improve the quality, integrity and consistency of raw data collected at the school level. This system would also require the LG education office to reciprocate by streamlining data request protocols to schools, reduce duplication and cease the collection of unnecessary data. Fewer than half the LGs surveyed stated that they employed any kind of data verification system for school-level data. In addition to low submission rates of school-level data to the LG education office it is often inaccurate and out of date. Sanctions will need to be reinforced for those schools providing inaccurate data. Establish an interactive online database which provides details about good practice in LGs; LGCA and ILEGI results and recommendations; relevant data elements; and sample surveys. Take advantage of technology to improve the management of education. In Indonesia, generally little thought is given to how technology might modernize education delivery and improve teaching and learning. One of the major problems associated with the slow take-up of technology into the teaching and learning process may be teachers lack of technological proficiency. Local governments should make sure that clear learning goals are established before schools purchase computers and help stimulate demand for technology by increasing teachers technological capacity through professional development.
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(18) A multi-country survey of teacher absenteeism in primary schools found that one in every five teachers is absent at any given moment (Chaudhury et al, 2006)
Efficient Resource Use Across the districts surveyed, education spending was generally divorced from results. LG education systems lack a performance culture in which schools and the local government education office are required to meet established performance standards whatever that standard may be. LGs still struggle to find ways to track the return on investment in education. Generally, educators are unable to answer key questions to inform education planning such as whether spending X amount on a new instructional model will yield Y gains on important outcome measures.
Table 4.6: Recommendations for LG Reform: Efficient Resource Use

Education Standards and Quality Assurance Systems Develop financial accountability systems that are outcome-/performance -based rather than input based. The ILEGI found no evidence that any LG surveyed conducts financial accountability reviews on an outcome basis. Without information on outcomes, LGs will not be able to estimate the return-on-investment and if sectoral funds are well and equitably spent. View the budget with a lens that provides a medium-term perspective and is linked to development outcomes. Minimize formalistic planning processes and put more emphasis on medium-term and annual budgeting with a goal of achieving participatory budgeting as an international good practice (for LGs that are advanced in their budgeting process). While the general development planning process is outlined in national legislation, LGs should prioritize activities that enable achievable quality outputs and useful stakeholder involvement. Include an analysis of unit costs in LG planning and budgeting to identify operational and developmental costs associated with the delivery of educational services to levels established in the NES and MSS. An analysis of unit costs will then assist LGs in planning and allocating their budgets appropriately and channeling funds to schools that have difficulties in narrowing budget gaps between available funds and the operational costs of the school. Model BOS and BOSDA mechanisms and allocate local budget using an equitable student-based funding formula. While at the national level, the finance system distributes a larger proportion of its funds through the BOS mechanism on a per-pupil basis, none of the LGs surveyed allocated APBD funds directly to schools based on demonstrated needs. The introduction of such a system would also contribute to increased clarity and transparency, helping to expand the BOS model which has proven to improve the ability of parents and policy makers to judge and assess how effectively educators are using those resources. Simplify funding streams. In most LGs surveyed, complex and confusing funding streams were the norm. These complex systems reduce flexibility and transparency while making it difficult to link specific investment to results. By simplifying funding streams, and linking them explicitly to a prioritized results framework that is linked to the NES and MSS performance and achievement standards, decision makers and communities will be in a position to more easily assess the relative success of programs and recommend corrective action. Establish sound mechanisms to monitor budget absorption and execution rates and patterns of consistency between realized and planned budgets as one of the key strategies for more effective education spending. Ensure that performance indicators are equitable and consider the needs of boys and girls. Simple Excel worksheets combined with clearly assigned roles and responsibilities will be a useful beginning before more complex mechanisms are developed.
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CONCLUSION
Education governance in a decentralized landscape is focused on large scale education reform at central, provincial, district, school and community levels. Although the primary objective of this report is to provide policy guidance and support to LG leadership, some findings can only be addressed through policy dialogue at higher levels. In addition to expanding the scope of dissemination of the study, substantial efforts must be made to improve and maintain effective coordination between national and sub-national partners. The right conditions to foster an environment of continuous improvement and improve the quality and service delivery of the nine-year basic education program in terms of student learning are central to quality and service delivery improvement and effective education governance, management and resource use. The study revealed issues related to education governance that are within and beyond LG control requiring central government support . Local education governance reform -- supported by central government with improved national and sub national coordination is necessary. The most significant reforms will be at LG and school level. LG leadership must take active steps to establish high expectations for schools, teachers and students, supported by policy reform and ongoing capacity development support. Performance indicators
must be established to monitor and evaluate progress with strategies put in place to provide assistance to those schools and students that fail to meet performance standards. Data collection must be streamlined to cease duplication in reporting currently the norm at school and LG levels. Schools must focus on the teacher as the primary agent of change, supported by capable school leadership with supervisors providing quality assurance, mentoring and coaching support aimed at facilitating professional development targeted at improved teaching quality and, effective classroom practices which enrich student learning and educational outcomes. Further LG capacity assessment rounds are needed to better understand the dynamics of education governance processes and service delivery outputs at the local level. This will be facilitated by strengthened data collection and increased access to more reliable data through the TRIMS tool which strengthens PAS and PADATI. Trend analysis and time series data captured, using the customized LGCA and ILEGI diagnostic tools developed for this purpose, have the capacity to demonstrate, encourage and monitor changes in performance. They enable better targeting of capacity building activities and the identification of the strategies and incentives needed to reward good performance and encourage continuous improvement in the provision of quality 9-year equitable compulsory basic education in Indonesia.
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APPENDIX 1: BEC LOCAL GOVERNMENT SCORES PER STRATEGIC AREA
Local Government

54.29% 63.10% 75.24% 50.71% 62.98% 55.83% 61.43% 56.43% 47.62% 44.05% 61.43% 49.29% 55.00% 52.98% 45.71% 61.90% 52.38% 40.48% 30.48% 44.05% 42.14% 40.48% 57.14% 44.05% 52.98%

64.76% 71.58% 54.60% 62.78% 80.95% 80.36% 50.94% 70.87% 54.46% 67.92% 76.82% 63.86% 49.96% 60.69% 62.53% 51.55% 44.51% 48.25% 57.94% 37.36% 58.01% 55.36% 60.99% 43.81% 71.67%

40.77% 76.91% 84.23% 59.13% 23.71% 59.13% 72.62% 78.27% 82.19% 80.56% 83.23% 63.59% 73.71% 29.37% 78.27% 46.33% 77.68% 71.63% 75.79% 76.39% 70.83% 76.09% 27.68% 67.26% 20.83%

77.47% 61.94% 20.83% 63.03% 64.78% 55.04% 73.60% 46.51% 41.67% 36.66% 25.00% 54.74% 43.69% 43.46% 38.78% 28.36% 33.71% 42.38% 37.19% 41.30% 30.87% 21.70% 42.45% 13.18% 31.70%

72.50% 28.75% 66.25% 61.25% 63.33% 45.00% 35.00% 39.17% 59.17% 53.33% 22.08% 31.25% 37.50% 69.58% 30.00% 60.83% 40.42% 43.75% 39.17% 39.17% 33.75% 41.67% 40.00% 57.50% 45.42%
Total
Sleman Bojonegoro Kebumen Bondowoso Wonogiri Sragen Probolinggo (City) Pacitan Sampang Purworejo Ngawi
61.96% 60.45% 60.23% 59.38% 59.15% 59.07% 58.72% 58.25% 57.02% 56.50% 53.71% 52.55% 51.97% 51.21% 51.06% 49.80% 49.74% 49.30% 48.12% 47.65% 47.12% 47.06% 45.65% 45.16% 44.52%
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Nganjuk Probolinggo Blora Bangkalan Trenggalek Majene Aceh Utara Jombang Wonosobo Aceh Besar Lhokseumawe Demak Purbalingga Rembang
Brebes
44.05%
49.63%
49.60%
12.84%
64.58%
44.14%
Local Government
Transparency and Accountability 48.81% 44.05% 49.29% 49.40% 42.14% 40.48% 40.48% 45.71% 25.48% 40.48% 37.62% 27.38% 41.67% 30.48% 42.14% 10.71% 23.33% 49.29% 27.38% 28.69% 10.24% 16.67% 22.02% 3.57% 42.87%
Education Service Provision Standards 45.52% 43.02% 48.26% 47.21% 42.06% 48.59% 40.81% 43.89% 34.86% 28.76% 37.11% 44.91% 42.63% 27.46% 29.95% 61.02% 23.37% 47.60% 36.59% 41.84% 44.90% 19.49% 18.90% 33.93% 49.70%
Management Control Systems 59.90% 38.29% 18.43% 48.66% 14.78% 68.75% 11.61% 12.10% 45.59% 36.11% 45.81% 37.40% 37.90% 29.69% 27.28% 19.25% 27.58% 11.61% 17.36% 13.19% 10.02% 14.19% 24.11% 24.11% 46.79%
Management Information Systems 28.10% 51.65% 54.56% 41.41% 22.14% 15.29% 31.64% 41.67% 30.30% 21.68% 20.83% 37.50% 26.97% 27.21% 20.83% 8.33% 4.37% 29.17% 0.65% 5.23% 4.49% 24.32% 4.96% 4.61% 32.28%
Efficient Resource Use 32.08% 34.17% 39.17% 21.25% 70.00% 15.83% 60.83% 40.83% 46.25% 51.25% 31.25% 25.42% 23.33% 43.75% 35.00% 54.17% 70.83%z 10.83% 30.42% 21.67% 38.33% 30.42% 25.42% 29.17% 42.04%
Total
Jayapura Polewali Mandar Ternate Banjarnegara Aceh Tenggara Bireuen Aceh Barat Seruyan Kepulauan Sula Kaimana Halmahera Selatan Kulon Progo Sorong Selatan Nabire Nagana Raya Aceh Barat Daya Mamasa Teluk Wondama Manokwari (City) Palangka Raya Kotawaringin Timur Jayawijaya Pegunungan Bintang Paniai Sample Average
42.88% 42.24% 41.94% 41.59% 38.22% 37.79% 37.07% 36.84% 36.49% 35.65% 34.52% 34.52% 34.50%
57
31.72% 31.04% 30.70% 29.90% 29.70% 22.48% 22.12% 21.60% 21.02% 19.08% 19.08% 42.84%
APPENDIX 2: EDUCATION MINIMUM SERVICE STANDARDS (MSS)

Education Minimum Service Standards are benchmark standards for formal basic education services for which all sub-national governments and schools have obligatory responsibility. First drafts of MSS were developed for primary, secondary and vocational education by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) in 2004. At that time, the expectation was that all district governments would aspire to achieve these standards as a minimum. This first iteration of the MSS was criticized as too quantitative and lacking of clear timelines for school and district government level compliance. Other notable weaknesses included the omission of benchmarks for minimum facilities, infrastructure and standardized teacher credentials. In July 2010, a second iteration of the MSS for basic education was issued by the Minister of National Education, Indonesia under Law No. 15/2010. A number of qualitative indicators were introduced as well as standards for teacher qualifications and professional certification. A timeline for achieving compliance was also included for both school and district level indicators. The architecture for the Education Service Provision Standards strategic area of the ILEGI was developed in January 2010. It used the 2010 draft version of the MSS which accounts for slight differences between ILEGI indicators for this strategic area and the final version of the MSS.
Education Minimum Service Standards Law No. 15/2010

TYPE OF SERVICE
No. SPM
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
ATTAINMENT TARGET
STANDARDS FOR DISTRICT / CITY Each community living in a permanent settlement will have a primary school within a safe walking distance of 3 km and a junior secondary school within 6 km safe walking distance. The maximum class size for SD/MI should not 32 students and 36 students for SMP/ MTs. Each learning group should be provided with one classroom and equipped with enough desks and chairs for students and teacher and at least one blackboard. Each SMP and MT is equipped with a basic Science Laboratory with sufficient desks and chairs for 36 students and at least one set of science equipment for demonstration and observations of experiments. Each SD/MI and SMP/MTs is equipped with at least one teacher room, furnished with a desk and chairs for every teacher, non-teaching personnel and the school principal; and for each SMP/MTs the Principals office is separated from the teacher room. Each SD/MI and SMP/MTs provides one teacher for every 32 students and 6 teachers for every school, and for specific condition schools at least 4 teachers available in each school. Each SMP/MTs provides at least one teacher for each subject and for specific condition schools one teacher for each group of subjects. Each SD/MI has at least two teachers who meet the minimum educational qualifications of S-1 or D-IV and two teachers who hold a teaching certificate. Each SMP/MTs has at least 70% of teachers who meet the minimum educational qualifications of S-1or D-IV and half of them (35% of total teachers) hold a teachingcertificate, with specific condition schools with 40% and 20% respectively. Each SMP/ MTs provides at least one teacher in each of the core subjects of Math, Science, Bahasa Indonesia and English who meets the minimum educational qualifications of S-1 or D-IV and holds a teaching certificate. All (100%) SD/ MI principals in each district/city have a minimum educational qualification of S-1 or D-IV and hold a teaching certificate. All (100%) SMP/MTs principals in each district/city have a minimum educational qualification of S-1 or D-IV and hold a teaching certificate. All (100%) school supervisors in each district/city have a minimum educational qualification of S-1 or D-IV and hold a teaching certificate.
2013
2 Facilities and Infrastructure
2013
58
2013
2013
2013
6 7
2013 2013
8 Teaching and Education Personnel 9
2013
2013
10
2013 2013
11
12
2013
STANDARDS FOR DISTRICT / CITY Curriculum 13 The district develops and implements a plan to provide support to schools for curriculum development and effective teaching processes. The school supervisor visits each school one a month, each visit is a minimum of 3 hours for the purpose of monitoring school performance and providing assistance for improvement.
2013
Education Quality Control
14
2013
STANDARDS FOR SCHOOLS Each SD/MI provides a set of textbooks that have been certified by the Government, covering four subjects (Math, Bahasa Indonesia, Natural Sciences, Social Science, at a ratio of one set for every student. Each SMP/MTs provides a set of textbooks that have been certified by the Government covering every subject at a ratio of one set for every student. Each SD/MI provides ones set of science equipment and resource materials comprising at least: a model of a human skeleton, model of a human body, globe, examples of optical equipment, science equipment for basic experiments and posters for natural science. Each SD/MI provides 100 items of enrichment materials and 10 reference books and every SMP/MTs provides 200 items of enrichment materials and 20 reference books. Each full-time teacher must be on duty in the school for 37.5 hours per week, which includes face to face teaching, preparing a teaching plan and accompanying materials, reviewing and grading student tests, providing consultation to students, and other related duties. Students receive teaching instruction for at least 34 weeks per year with face to face teaching as follows:: Grade I II: 18 hours per week Grade III: 24 hours per week Grade IV VI: 27 hours per week Grade VII IX: 27 hours per week Each school and Madrasah develops and implements a school level curriculum (KTSP) in accordance with the pertaining regulations. Each teacher develops and implements lesson plans based on syllabi for every subject taught. Each teacher develops and implements a learning assessment program for students to assist them to improve their learning. Each school/Madrasah principal undertakes classroom observation and provides feedback to each teacher on their performance at least twice per semester. Each teacher reports assessment results for each student in each subject to the school principal at the end of each semester in the form of learning achievement grades. Each school/Madrasah principal reports the results of final semester test and final exams to parents and the Dinas/Kandepag at the end of the semester. Each school/Madrasah implements the principle of school-based management.
15
2013
16 Facilities and Infrastructure 17
2013
2013
18
2013
19
2013
59
Teachers and Education Personnel
20
2013
21
2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013
22
23
24 Learning Evaluation 25
26 School Management
27
APPENDIX 3: DISTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONS WITHIN AN EDUCATION QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM

This conceptual framework can be used to analyze the distribution of functions within the Indonesian education quality assurance system. It was drawn from a World Bank19 comparison of education quality assurance systems and institutions in selected countries focused on strengthening quality assurance for basic and secondary education. It helps to clarify the assignment of roles and functions for the key dimensions of a national quality assurance system, across different levels of government and stakeholders -- identifying where overlap, duplication and inefficiencies exist to inform decision making about the priorities for corrective action.
Policy Institution A Students Teachers Set Performance Goals Schools Local government Nation Students Teachers Set Performance Goals Schools Local government Nation Students Teachers Reports on Performance Schools Local Government Nation Students Teachers Evaluates Impact of Policies and Programs Schools Local Government Nation Students Teachers Sets Requirements to Operate Schools Local Government Nation Students Teachers Ensures Adequate and Equitable Resources Schools Local Government Nation Students Teachers Provides Technical Pedagogical Support Schools Local Government Nation Students Teachers Accountability and Consequences Schools Local Government Nation Institution B Oversight Institution C Provision Institution D
60
(19) World Bank 2009
61
REFERENCES
Barber, M. Mourshed, M. 2007. How the Worlds Best Performing Schools Come Out on Top. McKinsey and Company, New York, USA. Bertelsmann Stiftung. Shaping Change Strategic of Development and Transformation. Bertelsmann Transformation Index. Viewed June 2010 http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/en/bti/ Chaudhury, N. Hammer, J.S. Kremer, M. Muralidharan, K., Halsey Rogers, F. 2006. Missing in Action: Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Developing Countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives 20(1): 91-116. International Finance Corporation. Doing Business 2010: Measuring Business Regulations. Economy Rankings June 2008 through May 2009. The World Bank Group. Viewed May 2010 http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/. Kemitraan Partnership. 2008. Annual Governance Assessment Partnership Governance Index. Viewed May 2010 http://www.kemitraan.or.id/govindex/ Orin Basuki. 2009. Mardiasmo, Director General for Fiscal Balance. Kompas. Viewed June 2010 http://m.kompas.com/index.php/news/read/data/2009.01.20.01310258 Quantitative Micro Software. EViews 4 Users Guide. March 11 2002. Viewed May 2010 http://www.eviews.com
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The Jawa Pos Institute of Pro-Otonomi Award. 2006. Viewed June 2010 http://www.jpip.or.id/pages/otonomi_award/ Transparency International. 2009. Corruptions Perceptions Index 2009. Viewed May 2010 http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009 The SMERU Research Institute. 2009. Teacher Remote Area Allowance and Absenteeism Levels for Teachers in Remote Areas Baseline Survey. Viewed June 2010 http://www.smeru.or.id/publicationdetail.php?id=246 World Bank. 2007. Investing in Indonesias Education: Allocation, Equity and Efficiency of Public Expenditures. World Bank. 2007. Investing in Indonesias Education the District Level. World Bank. 2009. Chile: Strengthening the Quality Assurance System for Basic and Secondary Education. A Comparison of Educational Quality Assurance Systems and Institutions in Selected Countries. World Bank. 2009. Governance Matters. Worldwide Governance Indicators 1996 2008. Viewed May 2010 http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp
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BEC-TF Secretariat Directorate General of Primary and Secondary Education

Ministry of National Education Jl. Jend. Sudirman Gedung E, 17th Floor Jakarta 10270 T (021) 579 00349 F (021) 579 00450 E bec_mone@yahoo.com http://dit-plp.go.id/bec

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Governance Matters To Education Outcomes

List of Boxes, Figures and Tables

THE STUDY DESIGN

THE ANALYSIS: A Local Government Education Governance Report Card

THE ROADMAP TO REFORM

Basic Education Capacity Trust Fund (BEC-TF)

Capacity Development Plans (CDP)

Local Basic Education Capacity Grant (L-BEC) Local Government (LG)

Local Government Capacity Assessment (LGCA)

Transparency and Accountability

Tool for Reporting and Information Management (TRIMS)

Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun/ Wajar

Section 1: Assessing and Monitoring Decentralized Education The Context

Assessing and Monitoring Decentralized Education The Context

Education Governance: Assessment & Monitoring

Section 2: Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study

Diagnosing Local Government Performance The Study

Figure 1.1 Education Governance Strategic Areas

Efficient Resource Use

Education Service Provision Standards

Management Information Systems

Management Control Systems

Jarque - Bera : Probability :

(3) SMERU, 2009: EViews Users Guide.

Table 2.1 Indicator Aspects and Weightings

Table 2.2 Transparency and Accountability: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

Table 2.4 Management Control Systems: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

Process Regulation Process Regulation

33% 17% 33% 17%

Performance Performance Process Regulation Regulation

50% 50% 33% 17% 17%

Table 2.5 Management Information Systems: Indicators, Aspects, Weightings

Table 2.6 Efficient Resource Use: Indicators, Aspects and Weightings

Section 3 : Education Governance Matters The Analysis

Education Governance Matters The Analysis

Figure 3.1 A Perfect Score on Each ILEGI Index

Education Service Provision Standards

Efficient Resource Use

Management Control Systems

Transparency and Accountability

Education Service Provision Standards

Management Information Systems

Management Control Systems

The Score Card

Figure 3.3 ILEGI Color-coded Capacity Assessment

Figure 3.4 ILEGI Results for LGs Extablished Post-Decentralization

45.00% AVERAGE BEC DISTRICTS 40.00% 36.84% 36.49%

35.65% 34.50% 31.04% 30.70% 29.90% 29.70%

Figure 3.5 Best and Worst Performance by Strategic Area8

Best district: Sleman

Worst District: Pegunungan Bintang

Average BEC Districts

90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00%

Correlating Education Governance with Education Outcomes

Figure 3.6 Correlation between Education Governance and Education Outcomes

Gross Enrollment Rate Primary 160 140 120 100 80

Gross Enrollment Rate Junior Primary 200 150 100 50