Code No: RR221702 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics & Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Give a neat sketch of a telephone relay and explain its working.
(b) A telephone relay having a resistance of 1500 ohms and an inductance of
3 Henries has an operating current of 20mA and release current of 8 mA.
Calculate time lag in operating and in releasing when the relay is working
across a 50v supply. Assume the relay short circuited under release conditions.
[8+8]

2. (a) Explain the frequency discriminator method of generation of SSB.

(b) Derive the expression for a VSB modulated wave containing a vestige of the
upper sideband. [8+8]

3. (a) Derive the expression for FM wave in terms of modulation index and carrier
frequency.
(b) The equation of an angle-modulated voltage is v= 10sin(108 t+3sin104 t). What
form of angle modulation is this? Calculate the carrier and modulating fre-
quencies, the modulation index and deviation, the power dissipated in a 100-
ohm resistor. [8+8]

4. (a) Compare various FM demodulation techniques.

(b) Explain the Foster-Seely discriminator. [8+8]

5. (a) Write short notes on the following :-

i. Harmonic generators.
ii. transmitter power supplies.
(b) Explain with suitable block diagram the various stages of a frequency modu-
lated broadcast transmitter. Draw the block schematic of a crystal controlled
frequency modulation broadcast station operating on 96.5MHZ.The modu-
lating frequency employed cover the range 60 to 12000 HZ .and a maximum
deviation of 75 KHZ is desired. [6+10]

6. (a) Distinguish between simple AGC and delayed AGC.

(b) Draw a block diagram of a superheterodyne receiver and explain the function
of each stage.
(c) What is meant by the term “tracking error”? Explain. [4+8+4]

7. (a) Differentiate between simple, delayed and amplified AGC and explain their
action with the help of simple circuits blocks. [6+5+5]

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 1
(b) Discuss briefly similarities and differences between FM and AM receivers.
(c) Write in detail about the limiter used in FM receiver.

8. Derive expressions for SNR and Figure of merit in AM receivers. [16]

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics & Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain how the picture signals in the facsimile telegraphy are processed.
(b) If 1000 subscribers originate 60 Erlangs of traffic in the busy hours of a tele-
phone exchange with an average holding time of 2.4 min. what is the busy
hour calling rate per subscriber? If these subscribers lose 30 calls in the busy
hour, what is the grade of service? [8+8]
2. (a) Describe the VSB transmission system. What are its applications?
(b) Explain the Phase Shift method of suppressing the unwanted sideband. [8+8]
3. (a) Distinguish between phase and frequency modulation. Show that FM can be
derived using PM and vice versa with the help of differentiator or integrator
networks.
(b) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having
a frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
(c) In a FM system the frequency deviation constant is 1KHz/v. A sinusoidal
modulating signal of amplitude 15 V and frequency 3 MHz is applied. Calcu-
late
i. Peak frequency deviation
ii. Modulating index
[6+4+6]
4. (a) Explain the operation of a square law detector and compare it with envelope
detector.
(b) The signal v (t) = (1 + 0.1 cos ω1 t + 0.1 cos 2ω1 t) cos ωc t is detected by a
square law detection Vo = 2V2 .Put the amplitude -frequency characteristic of
Vo (t). [8+8]
5. (a) An AM transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated. Calculate the power
transmitted if it is transmitted as SSB.
(b) Calculate the filter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Signal, given
that the two side bands are separated by 200HZ. The suppressed carrier is 29
MHZ.
(c) Give and explain 3 areas of applications where standard FM transmission is
needed? [4+6+6]
6. (a) Briefly explain the function of each of the block in the superheterodyne re-
ceiver.

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 2
(b) Calculate the image rejection of a receiver having an RF amplifier and an IF
of 450 Hz, if the Qs of the relevant coils are 65 at an incoming frequency of
i. 1200 Hz
ii. 20 MHz. [8+8]

7. (a) Define the terms

i. sensitivity,
ii. selectivity,
iii. fidelity and
iv. noise figure of a radio receiver.
(b) Explain with a diagram, the procedure for measurement of the above.
(c) Write about variable selectivity and sensitivity. [4+8+4]

8. The signal g(t) = 4(1+.2cos2 ∗ 104 t) is applied to a filter which rejects lower side
band frequency components. Determine the expression and show that go (t) is an
angle modulated waveform. [16]
5
go (t) = A(t) cos (2π × 10 t + φ(t))

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics & Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the terms and explain x

i. Busy hour
ii. Traffic units
iii. Full availability
iv. Grade of service
(b) What is the difference between
i. Grading and Trunking and
ii. Smooth and pure chance traffic [8+8]

2. (a) Explain filter method of suppressing unwanted sideband.

(b) A SSB-SC transmitter operating at a 16MHz has frequency stability of 1 part
per million. If its transmission is reproduced by a receiver whose stability is
8 part per million, what is the maximum frequency error at the output of the
receiver could have in reproducing the transmission. [16]

3. (a) With a neat circuit diagram explain the principle of operation of reactance
modulator. Derive the expression for equivalent reactance offered by the cir-
cuit. Discuss how it can be used for generating FM wave. [3+5+2]
(b) Explain why heterodyning does not vary the frequency deviation ratio of a
FM signal but frequency multiplication does. [6]

4. (a) Distinguish between negative peak clipping and diagonal peak clipping in an
envelope detector. The output of a diode envelope detector is fed through a
DC blocking capacitor to an amplifying stage, which has an input resistance
of 10 kilo-ohms. If the diode load resister is 5k-ohm, determine the maximum
depth of sinusoidal modulation the detector can handle with out negative peak
clipping.
(b) Consider a composite wave obtained by adding a non coherent carrier Ac cos (2 π fc t + φ)
to DSB-SC waveX (t) cos (2 π fc t) whereX (t) is the message waveform. This
composite waveform is applied to ideal envelope detector. Find the resulting
detector out put. Evaluate this for .
i. φ = 0 and
ii. φ =
6 0 and | X (t)| << Ac [8+8]

5. (a) Explain how frequency stability is achieved in modern transmitter.

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 3
(b) Describe with aid of suitable diagram, the principal method of SSB power
generation.
(c) Describe the advantages of a SSB system for high frequency point to point
communication and explain why it is unsuitable for broadcasting. [4+6+6]

6. Write short notes on the following:-

(a) Automatic Gain Control

(b) Diode Detector.
(c) Mixers. [4+5+7]

7. (a) Explain the phenomena of fading in detail.

(b) Describe different diversity reception techniques including the MUSA system
to combat fading. [8+8]

8. Draw the schematic diagram of the modulator-demodulator for FM and prove the
signal to noise power ratio at the demodulator output (SNR)o, f m = 3Ac2 kf 2 p/2NoW3 .
fm = 3A2c Kf 2 P/2No W 3 . [16]

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
(Electronics & Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Give a neat sketch of a telephone relay and explain its working.
(b) A telephone relay having a resistance of 1500 ohms and an inductance of
3 Henries has an operating current of 20mA and release current of 8 mA.
Calculate time lag in operating and in releasing when the relay is working
across a 50v supply. Assume the relay short circuited under release conditions.
[8+8]
2. (a) Explain with the circuit diagram, the balanced modulator.
(b) When the modulation percentage is 75, an AM transmitter produces 10KW.
How much of this is carrier power? What would be the percentage power sav-
ing if the carrier and one of the sidebands were suppressed before transmission
took place? [8+8]
3. (a) Draw the complete block diagram of the Armstrong frequency modulation
system and explain the function of the mixer and multipliers. In what cir-
cumstances can we dispense with the mixer?
(b) The equation of an angle-modulated voltage v (t) = 10 sin (108 t + 3 sin 104 t) .
what form of angle modulation is this? Calculate the carrier and modulating
frequencies, the modulation index and deviation and power dissipated in a
100-ohm resistor. [8+8]
4. (a) Explain the method of FM demodulation.
(b) Explain the envelope detector circuit for the detection of AM waves. [8+8]
5. (a) Explain how frequency stability is achieved in modern transmitter.
(b) Describe with aid of suitable diagram, the principal method of SSB power
generation.
(c) Describe the advantages of a SSB system for high frequency point to point
communication and explain why it is unsuitable for broadcasting. [4+6+6]
6. Write short notes on the following:-
(a) Automatic Gain Control
(b) Diode Detector.
(c) Mixers. [4+5+7]
7. (a) Differentiate between simple, delayed and amplified AGC and explain their
action with the help of simple circuits blocks. [6+5+5]

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Code No: RR221702 Set No. 4
(b) Discuss briefly similarities and differences between FM and AM receivers.
(c) Write in detail about the limiter used in FM receiver.

8. (a) In FM by what factor does the output SNR improve for each doubling of the
transmission bandwidth? Assume small noise. [4x4=16]
(b) State the FM threshold effect?
(c) What is capture effect?
(d) For large noise what is the effect of a practical PLL on the threshold region?

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