COMPUTER APLICATION AND SOFTWARE (FP103)

1. Evolution Of The Internet. 2. Meaning Of World Wide Web (www). 3. The Communication Over The Internet. 4. Searching Tools. 5. Search Engine And Meta Search Engine. 6. Some Examples Of The Web Utilities.
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COMPUTER APLICATION AND SOFTWARE (FP103)

THE HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

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The Internet was the result of sime visionary thinking by people in the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. The Internet, then known as AR ANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UC A, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University Of Utah). Then the contract was carried out by BBN Of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969. The internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed.

WHO WAS THE FIRST TO USE THE INTERNET

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Charley Kline at UC A sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969.

THE PERSON WHO CREATE THE INTERNET

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According to a CNN transcript of an interview with Wolf Blitzer, Al Gore said that he is the one who took the intiative on creating Internet when he sevice in the United States Congress. But Al Gore was not yet in Congress in 1969 when ARPANET started or in 1974 when the term Internet first came to use, Gore was elected to Congress in 1976. In fairness, Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf acknowledge in a paper titled Al Gore and the Internet that Gore has probably done more than any other elected official to support the growth and development of the Internet from the 1970s to the present.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

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The vast, global internet of today had rather humble origins when it initiated. Llaunching onto the business scene in 1991, the firsr generation of websites were primarily an online brochure. For business at this time, the Internet was about being seen and about technologically keeping up with their competitors. At this first generation, website presentation was basic, features were limited, and there was no interaction with the viewer. The second generation website was all about the WOW factor with movement, sound and video capabilities. It was most advanced, though, were in the front-end with very few opportunities for costumer interaction or the capture of measureable results. In 1969, the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) develop an experimental network called ARPAnet to link together four supercomputing centers for military research.

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Society continuing to cement its love affair with all things on-line and is constantly increasing its dependence on the internet as a sources of information, communication and even relaxation. This strong upward trend has driven the monumental advances in technology and software that we are experiencing. By far most technologically advanced and user-friendly sites, a 3G websites boasts more advanced options in terms of development, appearance and interaction than ever before.

Reference:

http://websitestandards.org/the-internet-evolution.html http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/history.html http://www.bizymoms.com/computers-and-technology/evolution-of-theinternet.html

WHAT IS WWW
A technical definition of the World Wide Web is all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). y It is also a system of internet servers that support specially formatted documents. y the documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. Reference: http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/World-Wide-Web http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/World_Wide_Web.html
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WHAT IS HTTP
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A underlying protocol that used by the World Wide Web and its define how the messege are formatted and transmitted. The actions of Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. It is also called a stateless protocol because each command is excuted independently without any knowledge of the commands that came before it.

Reference: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/HTTP.html
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COMPUTER APLICATION AND SOFTWARE (FP103)

COMMUNICATION OVER THE INTERNET

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Communication is the most powerful tool we have to prosuade our fellow human beings. The effective communication is writing that clearly communicates intentions, ideas and the strategy which one wants to convey to the listener.

Reference:

http://www.free-press-release.com/news-communication-through-the-internetthe-importance-of-communication-1253127775.html

(E-MAIL)
Electonic mail or commonly called email or r-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. y Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. y Todays email system are based on a stored-and forward model. y An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. y In many cases, e-mail has become the preferred method of communication. y The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originators email address and one or more recipient addresses. y Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standartized in FRG 2045 throgh 2049. y Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). y The basic formula for addressing an email was username@usercomputer. y This standaer has not changed much over the years, other than the user computer now commonly being replaced by the name of an email provider . Reference:
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-email.htm

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(NEWSGROUP)
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Newsgroups are similar to the bulletins board systems (BBSs) of the 1980s. Post or messages sent to the newsgroup appear threaded in sequential order. A newsgroup is a discussion about a particular subject consisting of notes written to a central Internet site and redistributed through Usenet, a worldwide network of news discussion groups. Newsgroups are organized into subject hierarchies, with the frist few letters of the newsgroup name indicating the major subject category and sub-categories represented by a subtopic name. Contrary to the news in the name, newsgroups are rarely about current events, and they cover everything from debates about the origins of humanity. Newsgroup can be an immensely useful resource for information and community dialog, and people of all ages take advantage of the services offered by these communities. In order to access a newsgroup, someone needs to obtain a newsreader, a program which can communicate with usenet but some browsers have built in newsreaders, and many operating system also come with a default newsreader.

Reference:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-newsgroup.htm http://searchexchange.techtarget.com/definition/newsgroup

WHAT IS USENET
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USENET, short for user netwrok, is one og the oldest networks served by the Internet. Originally designed at Duke University in 1979 and developed at Duke and North Carolina Universities a year later. Its purpose was to exchanged text messages between nodes (computers connected to the network). USENET has grown to encompass a wide variety of forums or newsgroups numbering in the tens of thousands. A USENET newsreader makes it easy to navigate USENET, find newsgroup of interest, and participates in discussion. USENET was the precursor to Web forums where discussion takes place at websites between registered members. An advantege of USENET newsgroup is that it is much easier to have an in-depth discussion with multiple participants, as newsreaders automatically quote text from multiple parties in the order the conversation occured, rolling the discourse into a single, differentiated post. This makes it fast and easy to interject your own responses on context.

Reference:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-email.htm
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COMPUTER APLICATION AND SOFTWARE (FP103)

MAILING LIST
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A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients. The term is often extended to include the people subscribed to such a list, so the group of subscribers is referred to as :the mailing list, or simply the list. At least two types of mailing list can be defined: an announcement list is closer to the original sense, where a mailing listof people was used as a recipient for newsletters, periodcals, or advertising. Traditionally was done through the postal system, but with the rise of email, the electronic mailing list became popular. The second type allow members to post their own items which are broadcast to all of the other mailing list members. This second category is usually known as a discussion list.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list

INTERNET RELAY CHAT

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Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a form of real-time Internet text messaging (chat) or synchronous conferencing. It is mainly desingned for group communication in discussion forums, called channels, but also allows one0to-one communication via private message as well as chat and data transfer including file sharing. IRC is generally credited with being responsible for the origin of the modern Internet chat movement. The most widely used chat system on Earth, IRC was developed by a European grad student, Jarkko Oikarinen, at the University of Oulu, Finland. An IRC server is divided into channels profxed by the symbol #. For example, a channel focussed on cats would be called #cats. To indicate a virtual location to meet for chatting on IRC, you have to supply both a server (for example, starchat.net) and a channel (#cats).

Reference:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-internet-relay-chat.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat

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INTERNET TELEPHONE
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Internet Telephone refer to the science or technology of intergrating telephone services into computer network. In essence, the internet telephone converts analog voice signals into digitals signals, transmits them, then converts them back again. Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a common Internet Telephone services. Compared to traditional landlines and mobile phones, internet telephone are much cheaper if it does not free. Reference:

http://evolumedia.com/cgi-bin/wiki.cgi?InternetTelephone,template.html http://www.vonage.co.uk/internet-phone/ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-internet-telephony.htm

VIDEO PHONE
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A telephone with a built-in camera and screen for visual, real-time communications. It was the first form of videotelephony, later to be followed by videoconferencing, webcams, and finally telepresence. At the dawn of the technology, videotelephony also included image phones which exchange still images between units every few second over POTS-type telephone line, as same as slow scan TV system.

Reference:

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/videophone http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone

BLOG
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A blog (a blend of therm web log) is a type of website or part of a website. Blogs are usuallt maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Most of the blogs are interactive, allowing visitors to leave comments and even message each other via widgets on the blogs and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject such as others function as more personal online diaries.

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A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblog), videos (video blogging), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting).

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog/

SOCIAL NETWORKING
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A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site tha focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, who, for example, share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a repsentation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a boarder sense, social network service usually means as individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social network sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect with friends ( usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked trust. Popular methods now combine many of these , with facebook and twitter widely used worldwide, Nexopia (mostly used in Canada),Hyves (mostly used in the Netherlands), Draugiem.lv (mostly used in Latvia), StudiVZ (mostly used in Germany), iWiW (are mostly used in Hungary) and many more. Web based social networking services make it posible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic bordres. Though e-mail and instant messaging, online communitis are created where a gift economy and reciprocal altruism are encouraged through cooperation.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Networking

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SEARCHING TOOLS
 The World Wide Web is a collection of interconnected hypertext documents located all over the Internet.  This documents are kept on a computers called servers.  Access is provided through a search box into the contents of database in a computer somewhere on the internet.  Any topic can be searched, no matter how trivial.  It can be commercial, task-specific, or a rich treasure devoted to your topic  Keyword searching also utilized with many of these collections.  Examples of search tools; allonesearch.com, answer.com, beaucop, direc search, findspot, HighBeam Web Research, and many more.  World Wide Web is not organized by anyone: i) Anyone can publish any kind of information on the web. ii) A complete list of websites does not exist. iii) Sites constantly change; new sites are created and old sites dissapear.  Thats why we need tools that provide access to the Webs unorganized information. Reference:
http://hanlib.s http://www.samlib.com/SearchTools.aspx http://www.itcompany.com/inforetriever/inet_src.htm

SEARCH ENGINE AND META SEARCH ENGINE

 A search engine is a software program that search for sites based words that you designate as search terms.  A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web (WWW) and FTP servers.  The search result are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits.  The information may consists of web pages, images, information and other types of files.  Some search engine also mine data available in database or open directories.  Typically, a search engine works by sending out a spider to fetch as many documents as possible.  Another program called an indexer, then reads these documents and creates an index based on the words contained in each document.  Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indices such thatm ideally, only meanigful result are returned fot each query.

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 A metasearch engine is a search toold that sends user request to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source.  Metasearch engines enables users to enter search criteria once and access several search engines simultanously.  Metasearch engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the result from several search engines.  This also may save the users from having to use multiple search engines separately.  The term metasearch is frequently used to classify a set of commercial search engines, see the list of search engines, but is also used to describe the paradigm of searching multiple data sources in real time.  The National Information Standards Organization (NISO) uses terms Federated Search and Metasearch interchangeably to describe this web search paradigm. Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Search_Engine/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_Engine/

WEB UTILITIES (TELNET)

 Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local are networks (LAN) to provide a bidirectional interactive text- oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection.  User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol(TCP).  telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 854, and standartized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standart STD 8, one of the first Internet standarts.  Historically, Telnet provided access to a commacd-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host.  Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP stack support a Telnet Service for remote configuration (including system based on Windows NT).  Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned in favor of SSH.  The term Telnet may also refere to the software that implements the client part of protocol.  Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet/

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FTP
 FTP is a short of File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet.  FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server.  FTP works in the same ways as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a users browser and SMTP fot transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Intenets TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.  The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax.  Graphical user interface clients have since been developed for many of the popular desktop operating system in use today.  FTP also commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g, uploading a Web page file to a server). Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol/

PLUG-INS
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In computing, a plu-in (or plugin) is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application. If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the functionality of an application. Plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. Well known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player and QuickTime. Plug-ins appeared as early as the mid 1970s, when the text EDT text editor running on the Unisys VS/9 operating system using the Univac 90/60 series mainframe computer provided abilty to run a program could make calls to the editor and to allow such a program to access the editor buffer, thus allowing an external program o access an edit session in memory. The plug-in program could make calls to the editor to have it perform text-editing services upon the buffer that the editor shared with the plug-in. Types of plug-in: y Java Plug-in Framework (JPF) uses mechanism adapted from Eclipses plug-in mechanism from its pre-OSGi era.

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OSGi standartized dynamic component system suited for plu-in programming, used in Eclipse many commercial Java EE aplication servers, Spring Framewrok, and embedded applications. Jin-plugin, minimal frameworj for Jave, PHP.

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-In_(Computing)

FILTER
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A program that accepts a certain type of data as input, transforms it in some manner, and then outputs the transformed data. As example; a program that sorts names is a filter because it accepts names in unsorted order, sort them, and then outputs the sorted names. Utilities that allow you to import or export data are also sometimes called filters. A pattern through which data is passed. Only data that matches the pattern is allowed to pass through the filter.

Reference:
http://www.webope ia.com/TERM/F/filter.html/

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