MODULE IV SYMMETRICAL & UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Different types of faults in power systems: (1) Symmetrical or Balanced fault : The fault which give rise to the balanced
current ( equal in magnitude & 120 displacement with each other) in the power system is called symmetrical fault. This fault can be analysed on a per phase basis

(2) Unsymmetrical or Unbalanced fault: The fault which give rise to the unbalanced current ( current in the lines are unequal & not displaced by 120)in the power system. This fault cant be analysed on a perphase but it can be analysed using symmetrical components.

Fault Analysis: It mean the determination of voltage & current at different parts of the system during fault. It involves investigation of protective scheme, determination of circuit breaker rating, study of power system stability, selection of proper grounding method.

POWER SYSTEM FAULT

SINGLE LINE TO FAULT (it is the most frequent faultalmost 70%)

LINE TO LINE FAULT (occurrence: only 15%)

DOUBLE LINE TO GROUND (occurrence: only 10%)

BALANCED THREE PHASE FAULT (occurrence: only 5%)

Among these fault, three phase symmetrical fault is the most severest fault. Hence the symmetrical fault analysis must be carried out. It is simple to carry out.

Symmetrical fault analysis

Calculation of short circuit volt ampere and short circuit current. (1) Draw a single line diagram of the complete network. Indicate the Capacity rating, voltage, resistance and reactance of all generators, transformers, transmission lines, loads etc. (2) Select a common base (MVAb) and KVb & convert all the impedance to p.U. values on the same base. (3) Draw the reactance/impedance diagram on per phase basis. Indicate all p.u.values. (4) Calculate total p.u. impedance from the fault point to source by circuit analysis. (5) Determine fault MVA& fault current (short circuit current) using the following equation. |MVA(sc)| = MVA(b) | Zpu | 3 | kVb || I | 1000

|MVAsc|

|I |

| MVAsc | x10 3 3 | kVb |

Simplifying assumptions for short circuit study

(1) Synchronous machines are represented by an emf behind appropriate reactance(Xd, Xd, Xd) (2) For calculation of (a) sub transient current or momentary shortcircuit or current immediately after fault use Xd for synchronous machine. (b) Transient current use Xd (c) Steady state - use Xd (d) Circuit breaker interruption capacity use Xd for Synchronous generator & use Xd for synchronous motor except those which open instantaneously. (3) Load currents are considered negligible in comparison with fault current. (4) Transformer model shunt element on accounting of magnetizing current & core loss are neglected. (5) Transmission line model shunt capacitance neglected. (6) Unless specified, the prefault system is considered as unloaded & hence load impedance are neglected. (7) Unless specified, the prefault system is considered as unloaded & hence load impedance are neglected.

(8) In normal prefault operating condition, the bus voltage of lower system are usually close to the nominal value. Therefore all prefault voltage & prefault voltage at fault point can be taken as 1 0 p.u. This is called flat profile. (9) The effect of D.C component is accounted by using correction factor.ie. in determining rating of the C.B, the correction factor (M.F) depends on the speed of C.B Steps to follow using Thevenins Theorm 1. Obtain steady state solution of loaded system. 2. Replace reactance of synchronous machine with their X/X values.shortcircuit all emf source. This is passive thevenin network. 3. Excite the passive Thevenins impedance network at fault point by ve of prefault voltage in series with fault impedance. Compute V&I at all points. 4. Post fault current & voltage are obtained by adding result of step(1) & (3). The Assumptions made in short circuit computation. 1. All the prefault voltage magnitude are 1p.u 2. All prefault current are zero.

Selection of circuit breakers

The choice of a circuit breaker for particular application depends on the following ratings of the circuit breaker. 1. Normal working power level specified as rated interrupting current or rated interrupting MVA. 2. The fault level specified as either rated short circuit interrupting current or rated short circuit interrupting MVA. 3. Momentary current rating. 4. Normal working voltage. 5. Speed of circuit breaker.

REACTORS Current limiting reactors

If the fault current is larger than the existing C.B/if the capacity of the existing system increases, then the C.B may have to be replaced by the new one with higher capacity. It may be costly, so current limiting reactors are used to limit the fault current to a safe value. The current limiting reactors with larger value of inductance and low ohmic reactance are introduced in power system to increase the reactance between the source and fault. Design of current limiting reactors is such that they do not get saturated due to high S.C current. Reactors with iron core may get saturated and require larger area. Also they are not economical. So air cored reactors are used.

Depending upon the location of reactors, they are classified into 1) generator reactor 2) feeder reactor 3) busbar reactors Ring system busbar reactor Tie bus bar reactors Generator reactor

(1) Reactors are connected in series with each generator and then to a common busbar to which the feeders are connected. (2) In the event of fault on any one feeder , each generator will feed fault through its own reactors and limit the s.c current. (3) Disadvantage is that there is continuous power loss and voltage drop during the normal full load operation also. (4) The voltage of the common busbar reduces to zero in the event of fault which will accelerate the generstors leading to instability and isolation of generators from the busbar. Feeder Reactor

(1) Reactors are connected in series with feeders after the common busbar (2) In case of a fault current on anyone feeder, all the generator feed the fault current through only one reactor and hence the value of reactor X required will be higher than that of generator reactor. (3) During the fault on any one feeder the voltage of the common busbar doesnot go to zero but will be at the value depending on the voltage drop in the reactor. This may avoid the isolation of common busbar. (4) Main disadvantages are continuous voltage drop and power loss in the reactor during normal load and the fault current cannot be limited for a fault on common busbar itself.

Ring System Busbar Reactor

(1) each generator is connected to a section of busbar to which the feeders are connected. (2) The reactors are connected between 2 section of busbar forming a closed ring. (3) During normal operation there is no voltage drop across the reactors and no current through the reactors. Hence no continuous power loss. (4) During fault on any one feeder only one generator connected to that feeder will feed the fault directly whereas other generators will feed the fault through the reactors. Busbar Reactors in Tie Bus Bar system

(1) each generator is connected to a section of busbar to which the feeders are connected. (2) The reactors are connected between the section busbar and tiebar. (3) During normal operation the voltage of each section busbar is the same and this avoid the voltage drop and power loss during normal operating condition. (4) During fault on anyone feeder only one generator feeds the fault directly and all other generators will feed the fault through its own reactor and one common reactor (X1) connected to the faulty feeder. (5) Additional advantage over ring system of reactors is that fault MVA become independent of number of generators if number of generators is large. This additional generators can be added without adding any reactor. But the cost of tie bar will be more.

Unsymmetrical faults
Unsymmetrical fault results in unbalanced currents, then the method of symmetrical components is suited to determine the current and voltage in all parts of the power system after the occurence of the fault. Various types of faults that occur in power system are I SHUNT TYPE FAULT 1. 2. 3. 4. Single line to ground L-G fault Line to Line ( L-L) fault Unsymmetrical fault Double line to ground L-L-G fault 3 Phase fault ........Symmetrical fault

These faults involve power conductor or conductor to ground or short circuit between conductors. When circuits are controlled by fuses or any device which doesnt open all 3 phases, one or two phase of the circuit may be opened while the other phase or phase is closed. These are called series types of fault. Theses faults may also occur with one or two broken conductors. Shunt faults are characterized by increase in current and fall in voltage & frequency where as series fault are characterized by increase in voltage and frequency and fall in current in the faulted phases.

Series fault : (1) One open conductor. (2) Two open conductor.

Analysis of Unloaded Synchronous Generator. (1) Analysis of single line to ground (L-G fault) Sequence network of Generator.

Va1 Ea Z 1 Va = 0 - 0 2 Va 0 0 0

0 Z2 0

0 0 Z0

Ia1 Ia 2 Ia 0

Case I Fault through Impedance Zf The circuit diagram for single line to ground fault through impedance Zf on an unloaded synchronous generator is as shown

Terminal Condition 1.Va = Ia Zf 2. Ib = 0 3. Ic = 0

1 a Ia1 1 We know Ia 2 = 1 a 2 3 1 1 Ia 0

a2 a 1 =

Ia Ib Ic

here a = P

Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 =

1 3 1 3 1 3

Ia + aIb + a2Ic

1 Ia 3

Ia + 0 +0

1 Ia 3 1 Ia 3

Ia + 0 + 0

Ia ----------------------(1) 3 also Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0 = IaZf -----------------(2)

ie. Ia1= Ia2 = Ia0 =

Va1 = Ea-Ia1Z1, Va2 = - Ia2Z2, Va0 = - Ia0Z0 Eq(2) becomes @Ia1 = Ia1 + Ia2 + Iao Zf = Ea- Ia1Z1 Ia2Z2- Ia0Z0 where Z0 = Zg0+3Zn

Ea Z1  Z 2  Z 0  3Zf

Fault current Ia=If = 3Ia1 =

3 Ea Z1  Z 2  Z 0  3Zf

When Zn = 0 For LG fault

ie.solidly earthed. Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0

Case II

Direct Short Circuit

Here Zf = 0 then the equation becomes, Ia =

3 a Z1  Z 2  Z 0

In case if neutral is not grounded ie.Z0 = g (open circuit) Then Ia =

3 a =0 Z1  Z 2  g

If the neutral is not grounded then zero sequence network is open circuit (Z0= g ), so Ia1 =Ia2 = Ia0 = 0. No path exist for the flow of current in the fault unless the generator neutral is grounded.

Connection of sequence network of an unloaded generator (LG Fault)

(2)Line to line fault (L-L) Fault Case I Fault through Impedance Zf

Terminal Conditions 1, Ia =0 2. Ib=-Ic=If 3. Vb-Vc = IfZf

------------------(1)

We know

Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia0 =

1 3 1 3

Ia + aIb + a2Ic

Ia + a2Ib + aIc

------------------------(2)

1 Ia + Ib + Ic 3 From set of equation (1) & (2) we get,

Ia0 =

1 3 1 3 1 3

0+Ib-Ib

=0
1 3 1 3

Ia1 =

0+aIb-a2Ib

(a-a2)Ib
1 3

--------------(3)

Ia2 =

0+a2Ib-aIb

(a2-a)Ib

=-

(a-a2)Ib

From (3) we get,

Ia1 = -Ia2

---------------------(4)

We know Va = Va1+Va2+Va0 Vb = a2Va1 +aVa2 +Va0 Vc = aVa1 +a2Va2 +Va0 And Ib = a2Ia1 +aIa2 +Ia0 = (a2-a)Ia1 Substitute in eq(3) in Terminal condition ie Vb Vc = IfZf , If =Ib Ia1 =
a Z1  Z 2  Z 0

then we get

LL fault doesnt involve ground, ie.In =0 so the presence or absence of grounded neutral doesnt affect the fault current. Ie. Aero sequence component not enter in this type of fault.

Connection of sequence network of an unloaded generator (LL fault) Fault current If =Ib If = Ea(a2-a) Z1+Z2+Zf

Case II Direct Short circuit ie.Zf=0 So If = Ea(a2-a) Z1+Z2

(3)Double line to ground faults in power system (LLG Fault)

Terminal condition 1. Ia=0 2. Ib+Ic =If 3. Vb = Vc =IfZf Here Ia1 = Ea Z1 + Z2(Z0+3Zf) Z2+Z0+3Zf

Fault current If = 3Ia0 Connection of sequence network of an unloaded synchronous generator during (LLG Fault)

Case II Direct short circuit ie.Zf =0 Then Ia1 = Ea Z1+ Z2Z0 Z2+Z0 For ungrounded generator Zn = g so Z0 = g

We get Iao = 0 We know Ia1 +Ia2 +0 =0 therefore Ia1 = -Ia2 Ie. Ia1 =
a Z1  Z 2

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