REALISEGRID

Active Technologies: FACTS and HVDC

Sven Rberg (TU Dortmund University) Angelo LAbbate (RSE - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico)

REALISEGRID Final Meeting Brussels, May 18th 19th, 2011

Objectives
Objectives
Evaluation of FACTS and HVDC transmission technologies

with the underlying aim to

highlight the features of FACTS and HVDC

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

Approach
Analysis of the impact of the technologies at several levels:
Technical Economical Environmental

Proposal of planning guidelines regarding the implementation of the assessed information in todays networks Validation and consolidation of the results through interaction with other projects, TSOs and manufacturers
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 3

Outline
HVDC
Brief historical background Technical overview Economical aspects Environmental impact

FACTS
Brief historical background Technical overview Economical aspects Environmental impact

Planning FACTS and HVDC Potential in Europe Conclusions

2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 4

HVDC: Brief historical background

Practicability of HVDC is closely connected to the development of converters (rectifiers/inverters)
1940s: FirstapplicationofHVDCusing mercuryarcrectifiers 1950s: proventechnologyinpowertransmission whenthyristors becameapplicable

1990s:

pushofHVDCapplicationbythe developmentofhighpowerIGBTs anddrivenbytheneedtotransmit bulkpowerfromremotegeneration underenvironmentalconstraints

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

HVDC: Technical overview (1)

Basic concept of HVDC transmission

Converter is key component of an HVDC transmission system thyristor controlled converter: line-commutated CSC (Current Source Converter)-HVDC, also known as classic HVDC IGBT (GTO/IGCT) controlled converter: self-commutated VSC (Voltage Source Converter)-HVDC

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

HVDC: Technical overview (2)

Operating range of a CSC-HVDC transmission system
No reactive power feed-in!

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

HVDC: Technical overview (3)

Operating range of a VSC-HVDC transmission system
RectifierMode +P (pu)

Reactive power feed-in possible!

Inductive Q (pu)

Capacitive +Q (pu)

Uac =max. Uac = nom. Uac = min. InverterMode

2011-05-19

P (pu)
8

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

HVDC: Technical overview (4)

System description System ratings in operation System ratings available Future trend of system ratings Operational experience Lifetime Converter losses (at full load, per converter) Availability (per system) Transmission capacity Power flow control Transient stability Voltage stability Power oscillation damping Reactive power demand System perturbation Reactive power injection possible Easy meshing Limitation in cable line length Ability to connect offshore wind farms Investment costs per MW CSC-HVDC VSC-HVDC 800 kV, 6400 MW 150 kV, 350 MW 800 kV, 6400 MW 320 kV, 1000 MW towards higher ratings > 50 years ~ 10 years 30-40 years 30-40 years(1) 0.5-1% 1-2% > 98% > 98% no yes no yes no no no yes

Legenda: Small; Medium; Strong; (1) estimated value, not enough experience yet

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

HVDC: Economical aspects (1)

Quantitative data on HVDC costs
based on publicly available data and on TSO questionnaire

System component HVDC OHL, bipolar(1) HVDC underground cable pair HVDC undersea cable pair HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar
(1)

Voltage level 150..500 kV 350 kV 350 kV 150..350 kV 350..500 kV

Power rating 350..3000 MW 1100 MW 1100 MW 350..1000 MW 1000..3000 MW

Cost range min max 300 1000 1000 60 75 700 2500 2000 125 110

Unit kEUR/km kEUR/km kEUR/km kEUR/MW kEUR/MW

cost ranges correspond to the base case, i.e. installation over flat land. For installations over hilly landscape +20% and +50% for installations over mountains or urban areas have to be factored in.

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

10

HVDC: Economical aspects (2)

Qualitative comparison HVDC <-> HVAC

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

11

HVDC: Environmental impact (1)

Quantitative data on HVDC land use
based on publicly available data and on TSO questionnaire

Land use

System component HVAC OHL, single circuit HVAC underground XLPE cable, single circuit Reactive power compensation unit for HVAC cable line HVDC OHL, bipolar HVDC underground cable HVDC undersea cable HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar

Voltage level 400 kV 400 kV

Power rating 1500 MVA 1000 MVA

min 40000 5000

max 60000 15000

Unit m2/km m2/km

400 kV 150..500 kV 350 kV 350 kV 150..350 kV 350..500 kV

1000 MVA 350..3000 MW 1100 MW 1100 MW 350..1000 MW 1000..3000 MW

2000 20000 5000 0 5000 30000

3000 40000 10000

m2 m2/km m2/km m2/km

10000 60000

m2 m2

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

12

HVDC: Environmental impact (2)

Quantitative data on HVDC visual profile
How to transmit 5 GW of electrical power?

1)

2)

3)

1) 800 kV HVAC, 2) 600 kV HVDC, 3) 800 kV HVDC

2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 13

Potential of HVDC in future power grids

Increase of transmission capacity
Best suited for bulk-power transmission No limitation in cable line length (no charging current) No contribution to the short-circuit current (no upgrade of existent equipment necessary)

Improvement of controllability
Easy and quick bi-directional control of active power flow Easy and quick bi-directional control of reactive power balance (in case of VSC-HVDC) HVDC lines stop fault spreading (fire wall)

Contribution to environmental protection

Enabling to go underground without limitation in line length Less land use* Lower visual profile of HVDC OHL*
*compared to an equivalent HVAC transmission system 14

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

FACTS: brief historical background

EPRI (USA) firstly proposed FACTS definition in the 80s (N. Hingorani) FACTS technology embraces a family of power electronicsbased devices able to enhance AC system controllability, flexibility and stability and to increase power transfer capability Devices based on a combination of conventional (capacitors, transformers eg.) and semiconductor technologies like: transistors thyristors GTOs, IGBT, IGCT Very fast response, absence of mechanical wear

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

15

FACTS classification
Shunt Devices
Static Var Compensator (SVC) Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Series Devices
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Combined Devices
Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) Dynamic Flow Controller (DFC) Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

16

FACTS: key technical features

FACTS device SVC TCSC TCPST DFC1 STATCOM SSSC IPFC UPFC

Transmission capacity increase

Power flow control

Transient stability enhancement

1)

Voltage stability enhancement

Power oscillation damping

Legenda: Small; Medium; Strong; (

not enough experience yet

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

17

FACTS: key technical features

Device description Device ratings (MVA/MVAR) Future device trend Operational experience Lifetime (1) Converter losses (full load, per converter) Availability SVC 100-850 Higher ratings >30 years 40 years 1-1.5% > 98% STATCOM 100-400 Further deployment >20 years 30 years 1-2.5% > 98% TCSC 25-600 Further deployment >15 years 30 years 0.5-1% > 98% Pilot 30 years Pilot 30 years No Pilot 30 years 2-3% Pilot >10 years 30 years SSSC 100-400 TCPST 50/150 (2) DFC1 IPFC 200 UPFC 100-325

Small; Medium; Strong; (1) estimated values, not enough experience yet; (2) TCQBT and TCPAR respectively

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

18

FACTS: key economic features

Review of FACTS devices costs (average values):
Components SVC STATCOM TCSC SSSC UPFC Voltage Level (kV) 400 400 400 400 400 Available Power Rating (MVAR/M VA) 100-850 100-400 25-600 100-400 100-325 Cost Range Min 30 50 35 50 90 Max 50 75 50 80 130 Unit kEUR/MVAR kEUR/MVAR kEUR/MVAR kEUR/MVAR kEUR/MVA

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

19

FACTS: key environmental features

Increased size of the substation Usage of environmentally friendly materials Decreased need of new high voltage transmission lines

Device SVC STATCOM TCSC UPFC

Surface occupation 5-20 m2/MVAR 3-5 m2/MVAR 3-10 m2/MVAR 3-20 m2/MVA

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

20

FACTS potential in Europe

Key features of FACTS for the future pan-European transmission system development: Transmission capacity increase Congestion relief Active power flow controllability Reactive power flow controllability Voltage support RES integration Dynamic support Oscillations damping

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

21

Planning FACTS and HVDC

Typical issue to be solved by transmission planners: transmission capacity increase General approach to transmission capacity increase issue: Upgrading/uprating of existing assets Rationalisation measures (also downstream) Possible exploitation of other means (e.g. hydro-pumping) Building up of new assets Alternative approach to transmission capacity increase issue: Use of new technologies (HTC, FACTS, HVDC, PST, RTTR..)

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

22

Planning FACTS
Power flow control
Transmission capacity increase Shift of power to under-utilized lines / zones Slow control by PST Fast control by FACTS (dynamic stability limit) Fast installation within a short time horizon No new transmission lines necessary Only small / medium investments Review of the (n-1) security criterion application Potentially limited increase of transmission capacity
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 23

Planning FACTS

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

24

Planning HVAC vs. HVDC

Upgrading / Uprating of existing assets
Increase of operating voltage Increase of power capacity (by HTC) Fast installation within a short-time horizon In general no new / additional right of way necessary Only small / medium investments Only limited increase of transmission capacity Maximum configuration may be already reached

Conversion of HVAC to HVDC

2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 25

Transmission capacity increase

Planning: HVAC vs. HVDC

Upgrade to 380kV possible?

Yes

Upgrade equipment to 380kV

No

No

Ampacity upgrade possible?

Yes

Change overhead conductors

New transmission capacity sufficient?

Yes

done

No

Conversion to HVDC feasible?

Yes

Convert to HVDC

No

Built new line

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

26

FACTS and HVDC in Europe

Source: ENTSO-E
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 27

FACTS projects in Europe

SSSC in Spain (pilot project) SVC/STATCOM in Italy (under study) SVC/series controllers in Germany (planned/under study) SVC in Finland (completed) SVCs in France (Brittany) (completed) Series controllers/SVC in Poland (under study/planned) SVCs in Norway (completed) Series controllers in UK (England-Scotland) (planned) Series controllers in Sweden (under study)

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

28

Further HVDC potential in Europe

Ongoing / planned projects of HVDC embedded in the AC system in Europe:
France Spain (2000 MW, 320 kV, 2x65 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC) Sweden Norway (1200 MW, mixed OHL / underground cable, MT-VSC-HVDC) Italy France (1200 MW, 320 kV, 2x190 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC) Finland Sweden (800 MW, 500 kV, 103 km DC OHL, 200 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC) UK (England) UK (Scotland) (1800 MW, 500 kV, 365 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC) UK (Wales) UK (Scotland) (2000 MW, 500 kV, 360 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC)
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 29

Further HVDC potential in Europe

Point-to-point, long distance links Bulk power transmission Electricity Highways as backbones of a potential overlay network (Supergrid)

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

30

Further HVDC potential in Europe

A mid-term (2020 and after) vision: from onshore to offshore grids

Source: EWEA
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 31

Further HVDC potential in Europe

MedRing

Source: MedRing update study / ENTSO-E

2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 32

Conclusions
Inserting innovative devices (like FACTS, HVDC) in the transmission planning processes is a key issue for TSOs FACTS and HVDC technologies may play a crucial role in the development of future European system towards RES integration targets (2020 and beyond): these technologies will deliver their full benefits when properly coordinated The installation of FACTS devices can bring a system efficiency increase permitting the exploitation of existing assets while overcoming some crucial issues in the short-mid term horizon In addition to traditional HVDC applications, VSC-HVDC is expected to be further extensively used in Europe for multiterminal offshore grids and for embedded links within the synchronous system For the long-term (2030-2050), the HVDC potential for a Supergrid vision at pan-European level combining offshore (HVDC/HVAC) grids, enlarged HVAC continental network, EUMENA interconnections and MedRing is very large, upon resolving different technical, economic and regulatory issues In any case a sound cost-benefit analysis is required
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 33

REALISEGRID on FACTS and HVDC

D1.2.1: Improving network controllability by Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) and by High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems (S. Rberg, H. Ferreira, A. LAbbate, U. Hger, G. Fulli, Y. Li, J. Schwippe) D1.2.2: Improving network controllability by coordinated control of HVDC and FACTS device (U. Hger, J. Schwippe, K. Grner) D1.3.3: Comparison of AC and DC technologies for long-distance interconnections (S. Rberg, A. Purvins) D1.4.2: Final WP1 report on cost/benefit analysis of innovative technologies and grid technologies roadmap report validated by the external partners (A. Vafas, S. Galant, T. Pagano) IET AC-DC 2010 Paper: The Role of FACTS and HVDC in the future PanEuropean Transmission System Development (A. LAbbate, G. Migliavacca, U. Hger, C. Rehtanz, S. Rberg, H. Ferreira, G. Fulli, A. Purvins) IEEE PowerTech 2011 Paper: Advanced transmission technologies in Europe: a roadmap towards the Smart Grid evolution (A. LAbbate, G. Migliavacca, T. Pagano, A. Vafas)

2011-05-19

TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID

34

Acknowledgements
Main contributors: TU Dortmund (S. Rberg, U. Hger), JRC-IE (H. Ferreira, A. Purvins, G. Fulli), RSE (A. LAbbate) REALISEGRID WP1 partners: Technofi, Prysmian REALISEGRID TSOs: RTE-I, APG, TenneT, Terna External TSOs, manufacturers and stakeholders
2011-05-19 TREN/FP7/EN/219123/REALISEGRID 35

Thank you for the attention

sven.rueberg@tu-dortmund.de angelo.labbate@rse-web.it

REALISEGRID project http://realisegrid.rse-web.it