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p
p
SPL
10
log 20
8
Root mean square (r.m.s.)
2
1
0
2
) (
1
. . .
T
dt t p
T
s m r
5
9
How are decibels perceived?
The reaction of a person to changes in decibels can be
summarised by:
Change in dB - level Human reaction
1 dB
3 dB
( Actual doubling of sound level) 6 dB
10 dB
Barely perceptible
Noticeable
Clearly noticeable
Perceived as doubling in sound level
A pure tone, a single frequency sinusoid, can be heard even
if it is 10 dB below the ambient noise level.
10
Decibel is a measure of energy
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s m r
ref
s m r
p
p
p
p
SPL
. . .
10
2
. . .
10
log 20 log 10
Decibel relate the level of energy in a signal, expressed as the
r.m.s. level, to a reference value
Quantity Reference Value
Sound pressure level
Acceleration
Velocity
Force
Power
Energy
20 Pa
10
-6
m/s
2
10
-9
m/s
10
-6
N
10
-12
W
10
-12
J
6
11
How does one add decibels?
Adding dBs must be done carefully:
dB dB dB 120 60 60 +
dB dB dB 63 60 60 = +
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10 10 10 10
10
10 10 10 10 log 10
3 2 1 pn p p p
L L L L
Tot p
L L
12
How does one add decibels?
7
13
How does one subtract decibels?
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10 10
10
10 10 log 10
Background p Tot p
L L
result p
L