IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES,

VOL.

MTT-14,

NO.

7, JULY,

1966

337

REFERENCES A. C. LIacpherson, [The center-frequency properties of negativeconductance amplifiers, IEEE Trans. on Circuit Theory, vol. CT-11, pp. 136-145, Llarch 1964. '' NIicrowave tunnel diode devices, ''Sylvania Electric [2] R. D, Hall, Products, Inc., Electronic Defense Labor~tory, Mountain View, Calif., Technical Memorandum Ef)L-M609, March 20, 1964. [3] R. M. Aron, Bandwidth limitations and synthesis procedures for negative resistance and Variable reactance amplifiers, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Ca]if,, ~ech. Rept. 15, August 1960. [+] L. I. Smilen, Atheoryf orbroadbandt unnel diode amplifiers, Rept. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York, N. Y., PIBMR1998-62, Apri120, 1962. [5] E. S. Kuh and J. D. Patterson, Design theory of optimum rIegative-resistance amplifiers, P?oc. IRE, vol. 49, pp. lo+3 1050, Tune 1961. [6] B. T. -Henoch and Y. Kvaerna, (Broadband tunnel diode amplifiers, Stanford Electronics Lab., Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif., Tech. Rept. 213-2, August 1962. [7] tV. J. Getsinger, Prototypesf oruseinb roadbanding reflection amplifiers, IEEE T?ans. on 4~ic~owatle Tkeory and Techniques, vol. IbITT-11, pp. 486497, November 1963. [8] J. O. Scaukm and J. T. Lim, A design theory for optimum broadband reflection amplifiers, IEEE Tram. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-12, pp. 50&511, September 1961. [9] R. L. Kyhl, R. A.hfcFarlane, and M.tl, P. Strandberg, Negavol. 50, pp. tive L and C in solid-state masers, Prczc. IRE, 16081623, July 1962. [10] Itr. H. Ku, [.L broad-banding theory for varactor parametric amplifiers) Parts Iand II, lEEE Truns,orc CircuitTkeo?y,vol. CT-11, pp. 50-66, March 1964. [11] J. O. Scanlanand J. T. Lim, Thee ffectofpa rasiticelementson reflection type tunnel diode amplifier performance, IEEE Tfuns. on Microwave Theoyy and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 827836, November 1965. [j2] E. W. Sard, Analysis of a negative conductance amplifier operated with a ncmideal circulator, IRE Trans. on Microwave Tlzeory and Techfiiqa.s, vol. L[TT-7, pp. 288-293, April 1959. [13] D. H. Travena, Non ideal circulator with negative conducFerranti Ltd., Wythenshami Manchester, tance amplifier; LT. K., Tech. Note 2322, May 1962. [14] W. MacGlashan, D. New tunnel diode preamplifier improves phased array radar, Electronics, vol. 35, pp. 57.59, September ?8 ., ----, 1967 [15] J. H. Lepoff, Howtod esignstable,b roadbandt damplifiers,
[1]

[16]

Microwaves, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 38-45, November 1[964. R. D. Gallagher, A microwave tunnel diode amplifier, .lficro.. wave ~., vol. 8, pp. 6268, February 1965. [171 H. M. Wachowski, A tunable L-band tunnel-diode aznplifier, 1961 IRE Intemat1 Cont. Rec., pt. .3, vol. 9, pp. 6474, l\Iarch
1961

[18] [19]

[20]

[21] [22]

[23]

J, Reindel, .+ coznpact tunable tunnel diode .S-band receiver, Mic?owave 1., vol. 4, pp. 9296, December, 1961., J. Halmasaki, A low-noise and wide-band Esaki chode amplifier with a comparatively high negative conductance dicde at 1.3 Gc/s, IEEE T~ans. OH Micyowave Theory and Teclrn iqaes, vol. MTT-13, pp. 213223, March 1965. 1. W. Bandler, Stabilitv and gain Prediction of micr(jl~,ave {zznnel-diode reflection arnplitiers~ IEEE Trans. on Micf owa~e Theory and Techniques, vol. MT1-13, pp. 814819, November 1965. H.-J. Butterweck, Der I-Zirculator, Arc-h. elekt. ~bert~agangen (Ge?}nany), Band 17, Heft 4, pp. 163-176, .4pril 1963. H. Bosma, On stripline Y-circulation at UHF IEEE Trans. on Microwatle Theory and Teckniqzdcs, vol. MTT-12, pp. 6172, January 1964. C. E. Fay and R. L. Comstock, Operation of the ferrite juz)ction circulator, IEEE Tram. on Micrcrwutle Theory and Techigues, vol. NITT-13, pp. 1527, Jauuary 1965.

[24]

L. ~. Anderson,

Broadband

circulators

for negative

resistance

amplifiers, presented at Internat1 Conf. at the Microwave Behavior of Ferrimagnetics and Plasmas, London, England, September 1965. [25] H. W. Bode, Network Analysis and Feedback A iilpli$er Desizn. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand,, 1945. [26] R. NI. Fano, Theoretical limitations on the broadband ma tching of arbitrary impedances, J. Franklin Inst., vol. 249, pp. 57-8$ 139154, Jazluary and February, 1950. Realizatiozl of broadband matching net[27] B. K. Kiuariwala, Research Laboraworks for arbitrary impedances, Electronic tory, Univ. of California, Berkeleyl Rept. 59, 1957. Broad-band matchmg between load and source [28] D. C. Fielder, systems, IRE Ttans. on Cwcuit Theory, vol. CT-8, pp. 13/3-1 53, June 1961. [29] L. Weinberg and P. Slepian, Takahasis results on Tchebyscheff azld Butterworth ladder networks, IRE T?ans. on Circuit Theo~y, vol. CT-7, pp. 88101, June 1960. [30] R. Lev]-, Explicit formulas for Chebyshev impedancefilters and interstages, P~oc. IEE matching networks, (Lzwrdon), vol. 111, pp. 1099-1106, June 1964. [31] G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, Micvowaue Filters, Impedance Matchin~ Networks and Coupling Stractares. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.

Coupled~Transmission~Line Coupled Lines

ED

Directional Characteristic
SENIOR MEMBER, IEEE

Couplers

with

of Unequal
WARD G. CRISTAL,

Impedances

AbsfracfA couplers, Unlike couplers principal directional called conventional

new

class

of coupled-transmission-line directional couplers, the couplers, nonsymmetrical of designs

directional is described. directional The imped-

ante lower tional

level

of the coupled levels

waves, than that

which to have and

may

be changed wave. directivity

to higher These

or

nonsymmetrical directional lines and between that

impedance couplers at and

of the incident infinite

direcinfinite VSWR. are

may be designed all the frequencies and relative

an(i to be

use coupled difference couplers

of unequal

characteristic performance

impedances. nonsymmetrical is the

matched directivity Coupling presented, The

at all frequencies, relationships limitation Techniques limes with coupler

or they design

may be designed a specified equations of both for cases coupling

to have lboth

maximum

of conventional

cases

properties that

are discussed. and the maxisimultaneously additional results 75 ohms of a are

theoretical impedance

on the maximum for are broadbanding described. lines coupled

Manrrscript received hIarch 1, 1966; revised April 3, 1966. The work reported in this paper was supported in part by the U. S. Army Electronics Command Laboratories, Fort LIonmouth, N. J., under Contract DA 28-043 AM C-01271 (E). The author is with Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

mum

transformation

can be obtained Experimental of 50 and

are derived. sections trial presented. 10-dB

by cascading

of coupled

338

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

JULY

lNTRODUCTION N I These samplers, tional filters, THE PAST, couplers of equal are coupled-transmission-line have been designed impedances many applications: detectors, with direccoupled [1][6].

to-end sign structure

geometrical equations have

symmetry, presented end-to-end directional that herein

the electrical couplers satisfy

conclusions require symmetry. may these be

and that

dethe

only

tional lines

While realized the

characteristic used in

nonsymmetrical in many electrical configuration. the voltage

couplers

power direc-

configurations characteristics The and

conditions, of the

reflectorneters, and multiplexer

directional

are independent matrix

physical to [8 ]1

are several.

In

this

paper

admittance

corresponding of Fig. 1 is

new

class

of

coupled-transmission-line

directional

current

coordinates

Y.. +

JToe

1 .

Y..

Y..

1 .

Yoo

Y..

41

St

Yoo +
2s

Y..

til

S2

2
I.ob Voeb

s
1 .

2
Yoob + Yo.b

s
1 .

2s Yoob + 2s S2 Yoob + 2 Y.eb 1 . s Y.. 1 . . s yL, L the y Y.eb dl S2

Yoob

Y.eb 41

S2 s

1
(1)

2
Y*ob

2
Y.ob + 2s Y.eb

s /1

2
YOO~_
yOeb 1

Y.eb <1 S2

2
Y.. +

.s
Yoe <1 S2
s

2
Yoo + Y.,

s 1 s

Y..
2s

Y.,

<1

S2

Y..

2
couplers, is described. couplers, pled lines called In

2
being lines, coupled the s =j

nonsymmetrical contrast to directional characteristic between the

directional conventional couplers

couplers, directional use couThe of of level to non-

where constant important electrical

s = tanh and

complex coupled tan sections, at

propagation section. 0, where and In

1
the 1. in6 is the j = < an even 2. an odd in1 for 2. an 2. an the 2. inodd even equations

length

of the

nonsymrnetrical of unequal

case of lossless length is the finite mode of the

impedances. performance and that

principal symmetrical tional coupled lower

difference directional

Y.,

admittance section with

measured lines at

Port

1 for in the 1 and

couplers is the may than be that

convenof the or as imof the

of coupled voltage

excited Ports at

directional waves, impedance

couplers which levels directional

impedance changed of the

sources measured

higher act with one directional calling

Y.o is the
infinite mode

admittance section with section with admittance voltage voltage

Port

incident

wave.

of coupled sources measured

lines at at at at

excited Ports Port Ports Port excited Ports excited

in the 1 and 2 for in the 1 and 2 for in 1 and

Nonsymmetrical conventional pedance transmission couplers directional combination, in for tional that The pertains tional asymmetrical directional characteristic metry Figure mission-line and used coupled impedances balanced excitation it also or of a single which should

directional at Thus, useful and these For [7], line. the

couplers, couplers two ports

therefore, combined of

yo> is the
finite mode
yOob is the

transformers lines. prove since device. the new coupling

of coupled

lines

nonsymmetrical in applications impedance functions can

sources measured

for in

admittance section with

transforming be accomplished application

finite mode The presented following

of coupled voltage sources simplifies

lines at

example, may wherein the

a practical prove diode useful

device in a line

is in direcmight from

notation and

the adopted: Y.,

design

detectors matched the to coupler. main the It nomenclature

detector impedance

later

is therefore Yoo + A=

be better

of different

nonsymmetrical side-by-side should or not

directional of with lines the

coupler direcB=

2
yOOb + 2 yOeb

(2)

asymmetry be confused symmetrical coupled have use and

cascaded [5], of [6] equal asym-

(3)
Ye,
yOOb _ yOeb

[4] couplers, symmetry, 1 shows directional specifies

cascaded which

~ =

Y..

impedances the

end-to-end

respectively. nonsymmetrical coupler voltage paper lines have equal and the of and for current such as two coupled-transform, The coordinates couplers. characteristic constants (even-mode) shown has endin uniformly G. and In tion tion and the at at G6 are the in diagrammatical

2=
terminating and been

(4) 2
admittances that However, results follow, had could of lines excitaexcitabe made a

b, respectively. derivations Port Port 1 has 2 been equations assumed. the

throughout in the that transmission

this figure

structure

is to be regarded unequal propagation unbalanced structure

assumed,

(odd-mode) [1 ]. Although

i B. M. Schiffman pointed out that and Ishii [8] is incorrect with respect the correct matrix is given by (l).

the to

Y-matrix given in C)zaki the signs of its entries;

1966

CRISTAL: COUPLED-TRANSMISSION-LINE

DIRECTIONAL

COUPLERS

339

nonsymmetrical directivity may also without

directional being

coupler matched. the

may (This scattering

halve infi nite

conclusion matrix for

be established coupler in the [9].)

using

a directional Additional scribed tivity

Fig. 1. coupler NonsYmmetrical couPled . transmission with coupled lines of unequal characteristic - line directional
impedances.

consequences section directional presented. (7) and (8)

of couplers may

these

conditions design infinite for

are

defor

later are

in which

equations

mismatched Equations giving

having be solved

d irec(%,

G. ancl

to and the

carry

over following

directly sections matrix exact

FOR

by

an were of (I) all

interchange B. All formulas by obtained directly. values

of

G.

and

Gb on

(9)

an interchange admittance are thus

CONDITION

of A and

presented operating resulting

in the formulas

The (of coupling.

(lo)

for

INFINITE

DIItECTIVITY

Note may be decouat 1. The positive A, may lines B,

that

the

right for all

sides

of

(9)

and

(10)

are values

real of (10) of

The fined pler Ports

directivity as follows.

of Let

a directional each transmission respective

coupler line load

numbers and

physically the right

realizable side of (9)

of the

D. Therefore,
as the

and

be terminated 2, 3, and in

in its 4. Let

admittance at Port

be interpreted a and

characteristic of each

admittances other.

a signal is given

be incident by

b in the

presence

directivity

decibels

VOLTAGE

AND

POWER

COUPLING

RELATIONSHIP!;

(5) IV31 Thus equal A the condition of 1. In the for solving the infinite for the directivity directivity the The is that Va be in

By pendixes case

procedures I and II, is found to be V2 i, = VI

similar the

to

those ratio

discussed vz/il in the

in

Ap-

transfer

lomless

to zero. method is given presentafor and the

jk tan O
k2+jtan0 ratio

1 (11) 4GaGi to be

Appendix tion, infinite only

interest result is found

of shortening here.

final

is given to be~

condition

directivity

coupled

power

is found

f&fh
There not this is no other be real section to they

= AB

D2.
Note that G. and

(6)
G~ need of where

P2
F. = (1

kz tan2 8
(12)

constraint. (6), are

k) + tan

satisfy

although

in the

remainder

so assumed.
FOR IMPEDANCE IMATCHING

CONDITIONS

k=~ /AB
for imonly condiis the P. square root of the power internal that vT k~1 + tan O power at Port coupling 1 from coe Fficient, a current G..

(13)

.4

method

of

determining is given

the

conditions II;

pedance the tions final for

matching results

in Appendix here. They There are

again,

and source

are presented matching.

are two

is the

available

impedance

of strength Similarly,

I with

conductance

it is found
n4

G.

(/)

,k.
.. il 1 G. (1 =
(14)

(14) tanz 0) (15) O u, are and 90 deof Bollof to that same,

GaGh = hTotice cluded Thus directivity. that in the the condition

AB for

D2. directivity matching. must need have not

(8] is ininfinite be so. A

From (I 1)

til-k+jtanfl

infinite impedance coupler

P,
F.
and

k)(1

i-

conditions converse,

for

(1 it at the the

k) -1- tan
that given power couplers

a matched The

directional

however,

is seen all results coupled

m and

grees
z Using a low frequency approximation, Firestone [9] showed that the condition for infinite directivity for coupled open-wire lines is (in our notation) GGG* = Cm/Lm, where Cm and L~ are the mutual capacitance and inductance per unit length of the coupled lines. It can be shown that this equation and (6) are equivalent, so that in fact the expression originally derived by Firestone for electrically short couplers is true in general.

out and [1]

of (15) show

phase with that

frequencies.

Comparisons in Jones and are

(12) jahn those the

bandwidth identical pr-ovidecl

nonsymmetrical of conventional coefficients

directional directional of couplinq

couplers, two

in the

cases are the

340

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

JULY

DESIGN Recall teristic that the coefficient of the

EQUATIONS of coupling coupled lines and are the given characby

admittance

Fig. 2. A type of geometry frequently used in constructing shielded coupled-transmission-line directional couplers. (The lines a and b may be of any useful geometrical form, )

(16)

It tional

is evident coupler when The

from of of the the a

Fig. type

2 and shown

(22) in Fig. C., related following

that

the

electrical direc-

characteristics Equation (4) to yield (16) may be solved in conjunction ~vith (2) specified known. odd-mode

coupled-transmission-line capacitances are by the and the

2 are completely
Cb, C.b

are and

capacitances

to

even-

admittances

relationships: (23) (24)

Yoe = Vca
yoo. =

G. -+ kdGaGb (18)

Y.,b

= VC6 2Cab)
Zcab),

<1 yOeb =

k (19)
where which

Yoo = V(C. +
Yoob =

(25)

Gb kdGaGb vI k

V(cb

(26)
in the in medium conjunction dimenin

v is the velocity the waves travel. (17)(20) to yield

of propagation may the be solved

(20)
Equations from tional give The ance plished (19). sarv that (21) which couplers the coupling theoretical transformation simultaneously In order for (17)(20) are the fundamental (or conventional) specifications admittances. the amount that derived can from of be impedaccom(17) and equations directhat

Equations with (23)(26)

following

convenient

sionless

expressions:

nonsymmetrical may be designed and terminating limitation and YO@a and

from on

c.
e Cb

376.

G.

k4G.Gb (27) }

d -{ er

<1 k
Gb kvG@b

coupling

is readily

376. ~ ~ -{ e, 376.7
~ev

(28) <l
k~GmGb

) (29)

YO. to be positive,

it is neces-

cab
e
where the c is the ~~aves of the means to

v1 constant c, is

k of the relative is the medium dielectric impedance [10] in which conof free [12], can thus couplers be the reperto

dielectric

propagate, medium, from of various

the

Equation (or the equal ratio. Thus, has ratio Iotol. Figure of geometry are a of couple~ to

(21) be taken the for 2 to

may

be stated than

in words: ratio

Let the impedance of the di~ectional of or than the reciprocal transformation 3.01-d B coupler has ratio a of

stant space, By lated mitting

and

376.7 available given

admittance) Power coupling

transformation as larger coefficient

calculated

~po)eo. data in of (2 7)(29) structures, of the

1, Then,
must

be greater

normalized

capacitances physical several possible

impedance

(OV admittance)

dimensions

realizations

example,

a single-section limit of impedance

be made. BROADBANDIATG MATCHED NONSYMMETRICAL COUPLERS directional couplers may couplers, couplers. asymmetri[4] [6] may nonthe be

theoretical limit of

transformation DIRECTIONAL Matched nonsymmetrical just two existing to in proved mathematically the

1; a single-section impedance

10-d B coupler transformation

theoretical

2 shows

in diagrammatical used in directional capacitances in the associated operated matrix

forma constructing

general

type Also

broad by cal be

banded, cascading the

as conventional or more tables multisection designs couplers proper that way.

directional single-section for

frequently the several when

shielded with Fig. 2 is the

coupled-transmission-line shown coupled The lines

couplers. associated TENI with mode.

Moreover, and applied

of designs couplers for by

symmetrical directly directional

multisection interpreting

capacitance

c==

C.

symmetrical tables It is readily are

of designs

cub

cab Cb + (&

cab

(22)

nonsymmetrical equivalent

directional to conventional

couplers

1966

CRISTAL: COUPLED-TRANSMISSION-LINE

DIRECTIONAL

COUPLERS ~(l)
~(z)

341

directional both ports

couplers

with

transformers lines. the matrix Next, ylB/A. To

connected show now this,

at first Finally, malized from (27)(29),

064243
0.1450. is determined two sections that are the

(31) (32) nor-

of one of the A in

coupled

rep~ace

B by

(1) so that

represents rows operawith trans2 and and 3 Section 2 C~~(l)/e Ca(1/C cb(2)/,
Cab(2j/E

a conventional 2 and tion replaced operation formers of the A =A, the proof 3 and returns by

directional columns the ND. 2 and matrix Since

coupler. 3 by to the equivalent ratio I: ~B/A its N=

multiply This form

it for

capacitances Section 1

the

original to

Cat)/c cb(l)/,

= 5. 438/~~ = 2. fjfj4/4; = 2. 882/~~ = 6. 713/d c, (33)

preceding

mathematical connecting to Ports the

is physically [14 ] of conventional N= is the ~B/A, complete. primed turns

directional and In symbols directional to those of shows of the the that the

coupler,

equivalence preceding

D = D/N refer

is established,
to the parameters and the

= 4. 174/4;
= O. 9018/~-~.

immediately

equations the

of unhmiSmatChed

(34)

nonsymmetrical symbols into these

coupler, conventional and coupling the

primed coupler. rameters under

directional unprimed is invariant

that

DIRECTIONAL INFINITE

COUPLERS

HAVING

Substitution (13) operations. of this

primed

paThe equations nonsymmetrical and that purposely to be still

DIRECTIVITY in previous couplers directivity. advantages nonsymmetrical to sections may shc,wed be misbeen

presented

directional have are infinite

On the basis mathematical lines over the tion taken For the tional have tables. [5], and same

result,

it can be concluded between stepped couplers couplers of designs couplers rnultisection for

that

the

matched found by

1 t has be

equivalence conventional argument, the

impedance [15 ] carries as well. multisecbe By

there

certain

obtained

directional directional tables directional

designing mismatched:

directional

to nonsymmetrical conventional over for

couplers

for ratio be

a given and

coupling larger

cc)effiaddisequaby (6)

cient,

both

greater transformation

bandwidth

maximum These the

[4 ] [6 ] may nonsymmetrical

impedance vantages advantages are tions, The was

are obtained. weighed The against exact with data.

designs

of

must, of

of the in this

course, mismatch. section, and infinite

directional design coupling

couplers. nonsymmetrical is to cascade which, coefficients the data when di rectional nonsymmetrical considered to those Toulios given the the
1

relationships cou]pling

multisection method couplers

couplers direcin the Todd of of rela-

presented design condition

along other directivity

equations, for

individually,

as given

corresponding of Levy [6] impedances, from

2002 _

Because and Cristal

[4], are

and in

and

Young

terms

GUG6 = If only this constraint

V4

AB

D2.
it is found
tanz 6

normalized coupling tionship

even-mode may be obtained

coefficients by the

is used,
Gb~~ -+

that

tables

(35) GaGb + jAGb tan 0 6 (36) GaG6 + iAGb tan O of energy,

k=

z.., + 1
In Choose multisection icient the the will It to for eveneach and practice, the design design 2) by procedure from calculate means of one is of the as the follows: tables

(30)
1j for By applying

il 112 . il the

jD

tan

a suitable couplers; section

principle

of conservation

coupling 3)

coeffobtain or

we obtain I ~~1 Re Substituting (35) (Z;fi) and = (36) \ w\2Gb+ and solving I VZIG(Z. for the Re (37) (.Z,n)

(30) ; and by

odd-mode by to to

admittances of this a Let

(17)(20), An example coupler a 4 to that

capacitances be given is desired less have

means

(2 7)(29). procedure.

illustrate design 0.55-dB

10-dB ripple and it also [4] it

directional to have be assumed is found that meets the and the (30),

gives 1 (1 G. Re (.Z,n) = (1k2)+Rtan20 where at Port From follows : R = A Gb/BG. 1 at (38), O =90 we can is the degrees. readily reconstruct [13] Z,,,(s) as normalized input admittance k) + tan O (38)

than

equal-ripple impedance From section for Levys

bandwidth. transformation design The

an

of 50 to 75 ohms tables directional coupler from where from

is required. a twothe recalls second

asymmetrical design

quirements. one section section indicates of each

obtained

tables the

to haveZO.(lJ/ZO=1.57;!9, ZO,,fzJ/ZO = 1.1573, number. The is then computed section

to have the section

superscript of coupling giving

coefficient

GaZ,n(s) =

v1

kz +

(1/vR)s

(39)

~1k+~~s

342

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

JULY

Lastly, ratios

from and

(35),

(36), power

and ratio

(39), are 0

the

power

coupling

P/Pa

will

be 3 dB

down

from

its

maximum
1

value

when

reflected

obtained:

6W2
(40)
1+(3M=

P2
x= (1

k2 tan k) +

(50)
Z-

R:R1)2
tan0)

tanz

Solving

(50)

gives ~ = &l/2 (51)

P4
F. = (, -

(1 k,)+

k) (1 + R+ 4R

(41) 1)2 ,an,~

Therefore,

24Ymm os d, = tan- <l ka ?max+ (50). is a monotonic for formula given by decreasr~sx = 1. 1} (52)

R~2

tanz O

{
(42) where Note ing Since 93 dE is the that the for of 3-dB function angle a given r~.., bandwidths satisfying

P.
T. = (1

() 24E
k) + R ~R1)2 tan ~

k, &
and is

dB

a maximum

are

From r~a.

(42) =

it is found (vswr)~.. or ~

that (53)

= R

(whichever

is greater

than

1)

(43)

it is readily nonsym creased by

demonstrated directional the coupling bandwidth of weak 3-d B designing for in

that

the

3-d B bandwidths are to be 1) and than always mismatched. rm,x <2, 3.8

of inthe

metrical

couplers couplers (kz <0. is Iess

and It

that

r~~~ occurs pointing the gives from (35)

at O = 90 degrees. out previous several conclusions First, that may expressions. dividing

is worth

However, increase and for

be drawn (36) by

percent; in for bandin

larger

values For and several

k, the
r~ax = 2, The of

percentage ( 3.01-dB the increase fractional coupling

increase coupling in bandwidth3 is shown

bandwidth v .
V4

is less. couplers) is onlv for 2.9 r~.X

k =0.707

jD

sin O (44)
(%

matched width versus

percent. values

Thus

v, and the

V4 are ratio

90 degrees of Pt

out

of

phase

for

all

fre-

Fig.

3.

quencies. Second, to Pd is

(45)

which Ports Third,

shows 2 and from

that (39)

the

ratio

of the of the

power amount that

split

between

4 is independent it can

of mismatch.

be shown

Yin(s) {G.Z,.(S)}W
I = ~ . Port

(46)
Fig. 3.

{}
Thus the reflection of each the ratio coefficients other. of PJP.
(P2/Pa) (p2/pa)m.x = 1 +

VSWR Fractional bandwidth vs. maximum VSWR for nonsymmetrical directional couplers.

at

Ports

1 and

2 are by

negatives Fourth,

to

(PJPJ~~~
m (%4

is given

DESIGN

EQUATIONS

FOR

IVIISMATCHED

NONSYMMETRICAL

DIRECTIONAL

(47)
Recall that

COUPLERS

as defined at or in Port its the

by 1 when

(38)

is the and the of

normalized is also directional below, R the

where ~= <1 tan O h

input coupler.

admittance VSWR Therefore,

0 = 90,

maximum

reciprocal design

(48)

equations
as

3 The

fractional-bandwidth

w, is defined

~.

(rmax+ 1)
(49)

4Ym.x

={%+[

1966

CRISTAL: COUPLED-TRANSMISSION-LINE

DIRECTIONAL

COUPLERS

343

should reciprocal) Either same

be chosen

equal

to by

the the

maximum design of R will

VSWR

(or

its

tively, was

was

constructed that CJE CJe CJt

and

tested.

From

(27)(29)

it

permitted choices for

specifications. result in the coupler. the design coupler equacou-

determined

of the power

the

value for the

relationships will of the

directional to :realize The

= 5.891 = 3.244 = 2.050, 2 refer the Using to the coupler the were data

(62) (63) (64) 50- a,nd 75-ohm using of shielded Getsinger

However, physically tions plers for are

it generally for one

be easier two

choices.

mismatched as follows: ~ 0, ~ ~ _

nonsymmetrica.1

directional

where lines, ~R Ga ~1 G. v1 +
<1

the

subscripts decided

1 and to construct bars.

respectively. rectangular the following t/b (w/b),

k4GaGb ki k~GaGb (55) k k4G.Gb (56) k kVGmGrj (57)

(54)

It was coupled [10],

dimensions = 0.400 = 0.508 = 0.111 = 0.233. plane w

determined. (65) (66) (67) (68)

~ _ ~~ 00

(chosen

arbitrarily)

yoeb

Gb/4R

(w/b), s/b Here the b is the rectangular bar, trial The plane

yoab

Gb/~R

+
~~k

ground bars, and

spacing, is was the spacing

t is the width of

thickness a with nc)minal coupled coupled ~-inch

of

For in

directional Fig. 2, the

coupler following

geometries equations

such apply:

as that

shown

rectangular bars. ground

s is the

between

coupler

constructed The

spacing was 1.5

in air Gc/s.

dielectric. A drawing is given coupler

cen-

c.
e Clj e cab e The and that theoretical

376.7 V;

~R

G. ~1

k~GaGb ji k~G.Gb ~~ (59) (58)

ter

frequency

of tlhe in Fig. is given

coupler, 4, and in Fig. a 5.

showing photograph

important of the

dimensions, constructed

376.7 de,

G,/4R ~~ k~GaGrj

376.7 4E, limit

(60) ~1 on the k2 amount of impedance by (54)

transformation (56). For

and

coupling

is now

determined

YO, and

YO,b to be positive,

it is necessary
PORT 2 (50i-1) 0.125 thk REXOLITE 1422 BEAD INNER DIA. = 0,090 (3 PLACES)

L>
k2

RGa
(Jb

and

Gh RG.

(61)

Fig. 4.

Drawing coupler

of a trial nonsymmetrical 10-dB directional with coupled lines of 50 and 75 ohms.

whichever If words: tion than ratio one. Let

is greater. advantageously impedance directional the reciprocal than (or coupler (61) may be taken be stated transformaas greater co(or coupling in the of the Then, admittance) of the power or equal ratio Thus impedance coupling ratio

R is chosen

efficient

must

be greater transformation

to the impedance by the maximum of designing ratio, possible; a larger possible.

admittance) VSWR is that, larger ilarly, ance nonsymmetrical for for

divided to

of the coupler. a given a given

another couplers is theoretically coefficient.,

result

Fig.

5.

directional coefficient

be mismatched a Type 2, and sliding ohm pated for a trial 75 ohms, nonsym 10-d B respecbe the simimped-

Photograph of a trial nonsymmetrical coupler with coupled lines of 50 and

10-dB 75 ohms.

directional

transformation

coupling transformation

N load.

connectors Port chosen that without at Port The was

of 50 ohms 4 was for the connector

were at

used Port It

at

Ports in anticicould

1, a 75-

3, while port)

terminated convenience.

internally 1 (the was

is theoretically RESULTS results

50-ohm

EXPERIMENTAL To metrical coupler substantiate matched having the analytical

beforehand mismatch.

required

measurements
adfected.

performed The VSWR

being 3 was

substantially measured

by 2

directional coupled lines

couplers, of 50 and

with

Port

344

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

JULY

terminated decoupled not VSWR the The minated 4 was seen.

in from The when

well-matched 3, the at Port Port 4

load. discontinuity had

Since at did

Port Port not Port load at and

1 is 1 was low affect 2 terPort next it was shifted shift,

Originally surements ever, VSWR large to then Port during of the make decided 4) and

it using the

was

intended

to

make it was

directivity method. found load load itself (the that It

meaHowthe was at

Port load

a double-sliding-load measurements of the a single Port the measurements sliding

a sufficiently it also

seen at at Port

1 so that

connector to use

sliding

was too load load. a single to Port by Port load the load out of load 3; let 2

measurements. VSWR 1 was measured The with

meaningful.

in a well-matched adjusted to give VSWR. whether or not. at Port If first During the there 1 was
7 =

load.

sliding

to terminate the

2 in a matched procedure is made as R-dB) at Port (by unity maximum Next, of power let A equal using incident

a maximum these was

VSWR

Basically, sliding load

measurement Power

a minimum also noted 90 degrees the VSWR

measurements minimum phase

is as follows. level power in stub at value give hIin-d

standing-wave

1. A reference measuring is terminated and a double available 3; let this to be B and Port power the

(denoted available

is established 2. Next, using The the at the a good and sliding power sliding Port

a 90-degree by

determined

a matched tuner Port to

load to give give

VSWR),

drmdrmi..

3 is monitored.

If

there by

was

no

phase

shift,

the

VSWR

was

deter-

at Port

4 is adjusted

mined

be lLlax-dB. a minimum B. Also, Then

is adjusted
? =

~Tm.ximin. measurements to be quite about low. 1.5 on from frequency varies as measured much band, are shown. It 0.8 (it a this is less to 2.3 should 50-ohm value resoout that

this

value

difference that the

In Fig. The than Gc/s. be slotted except nance only from that, due Port the The VSWR 1.08 At

6 the at over Port 1.5 line)

results Port most 1, the in without and to effort 0.9

of these 3 is seen of the VSWR departing Gc/s, It

of Max-d intrinsic

IMin-dB.

it can

be shown

directivity

is as follows:

S122
Directivity = 10 logl~ ~ 1 f = (R Max) 10log10 { The ambiguity an not in the appropriate done of the in the above above formula can lolA/2ol 2 } be resolved However, the as the made and 1 and coupler were and are located fixed The given in were minidirecwithun1.5 of by 2 dB.

exactly at 0.8

theory,

where should to

an unexplained be pointed perfect 75-ohm VSWR the strip at

appears a small the

occur. was

made

transition line, Port and 1 is from Port loss. I. 1

coaxial

connector a portion itself. 1 was

to the

making this mum tivit out y. Initially, was

phase present formula

measurement. case; was instead, taken were

undoubtedly, to the transition Port 2 to

of the The

power without VSWR 0.2-d are

coupling of 1.5 at B mismatch

value

measured 1. The less than

compensating

discontinuity results of the

at Port to slightly

directivity the The to (see the the for

measurements junctions of the directivities 18 dB. used 5 of y at in their 2.3

corresponds

compensating lines. were similar

coupled at 3-dB

measurements

given

in

Table

coupled Gc/s blocks to in

measured those Fig. the

approximately

Next, the Gc/s paper)

compensating

2.0 1.8 K 1.6 3 9 1.4 1.2 1.0 0

Fig.

Shimizu-Jones maximize that II. of location

directivit directivity

remaining

measurements.

results Table

measurements

1.0 1.2 1.4 [,6 1.8 2.02.2 FREQUENCYGC

TABLE DIRECTIVITY Frequency (Gc/s) 1.0 1,25 1.50 1.75 2,00 2.30

II MEASUREMENTS

6. VSWR at Ports 1 and 3 of trial nonsymmetrical 10-dB directional coupler. (The VSWR at Port 1 is with respect to a 50-ohm line.)

Directivity (dB)

TABLE POWER-COUPLING Frequency (Gc/s) 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.500 1.800 2.2,50 2.700

FROM PORT 2 TO PORT 1 Measured (dB) 12.5 11.7 11.2 10.3 10.9 12.5 19.2

26.5 ;:.5

Calculated (dB) 12.4 11.1 10.4 10.0 10.4 12.8 19.8

CONCLtTSIONS

Nonsymmetrical to conventional transformers lines, They at the may

directional directional two ports

couplers couplers of one to have

are with

equivalent impedance

of the infinite

transmission directivity

be designed

1966

CRiSTAL: COUPLED-TRANSMISSION-LINE

DIRECTIONAL

COUPLERS

345

and

to

be to

matched have

at infinite

all

frequencies; directivity mismatch. couplers were at

or all

they

may

be

where G~ I G=10 G, I OOG. Equations the (69) and (71) are easily 01. J combined, and upon (72) O 0)

designed and

frequencies, nonto have direccases the Both of can Solving elimination of 12 and
YJ

a specified

maximum directional than although will matched theoretical impedance

Mismatched shown

symmetrical greater tional increased mismatched couplers coupling be obtained cal than taken VSWR tional tional signs couplers design directional samplers, vantageously mitting lines. pedance cascading to make A Several of the or have and

bandwidth couplers, bandwidth and

matched in

nonsymmetrical most practical four on[ rule the

be less than limits transformation The coefficient

percent. amount that be the

nonsymmetrical ratio is that must

directional

VI yield
Y12

YJ
~1= yll

(G -1- Y22)

simultaneously. power to coupling the

reciprogreater ratio,

{
Vz gives v,

yll

1
hij ~-l.

V2.

(73)

for

equal greater of the

impedance one, divided

transformation b,y by Existing and by paper. for the

HY#Il, having yll(G entries + 4 are F,,) given

(74)
bIy

than coupler. may

maximum direcaddiof deThe the voltages at Ports V2

V3 V4 1)[1 =

Matched be broadbanded couplers. asymmetrical over in directly this

nonsymmetrical cascading tables interpreting

w-here

is a 3 X 3 matrix H =

couplers

{ Y1,~ Y12

(75) by

nonsymmetrical for data multisection may be taken as described possible couplers and to the of are

symmetrical

2, 3, and

given

100 o 001
is given by 1

applications as directional they

nonsymmetrical detectors, power adperThus the by

0 H17#11.

(76)

reflectometers; design

may

be applied filters of the

of directicmal level the dc

directivity

a change novel

impedance is

resonant of im(77)

application having

construction isolation directional by

transformers several a O-dB coupler.

properly couplers and the condition hlzylz for + infinite directivity h23yld = h,j and is

nonsymmetrical

lLzzy13 + for D2 =

O.
y,, results in

(78)

APPENDIX DERIVATION OF THE

I FOR INFINITE

Substituting

in

the

values AB

CONDITION

DIRECTIVITY

GuGb.

(79)

The

Y-matrix

of

the

nonsymmetrical coupler was given the deiining

coupled-transin (1). For the as

DERIVATION APPENDIX OF THE IMPEDANCE

mission-line following

directional derivation

II
CONDITION MATCH FOR AN

let us write

equations

(69)

The the tions

Y-matrix

of the derivation

nonsymmetrical coupler let was us write the

coupled-transgiven in (1). For eq uadefining

mission-line where yij = the i,.j

entry

directional

following as II Iz ()(

of the matrix

of (1)

11 = il 12 = Col (iz, ;3, ii) VI

V2 F12 Y12T

Y-11

Yll(tc)
c Y,,c )(

VI
v,)

(K)

Y,,

(80)

= VI
= = = Col row (ZJ2, U3, Z4) (ylz, y13, YIJ of Y12

where 11 = Iz
v,

Col (ii,
CO] (i3,

;2,)
;4) v,)

=
=

transpose y22 y23 yz2 ylz 2,

Col (Vi,

y24 y12 yll 3, and 4 .

V2=
(70)

Col (V3, v,)

l2z =

y23 J13 [1

t=dls~

(81)

c=
in their respective Y,,=;(l is applied:

By loads,

terminating

Ports

10 ()
A D )/

the

following

constraint 1> =

GVZ,

(71)

346

IEEE TRANSACTIONS

ON

MICROWAVE

THEORY AND

TECHNIQUES

JULY

By the

terminating following

Ports constraint

3 and

4 in their

respective

loads,

Substituting and zero, equating yields

the

appropriate of

values the

for

M,i si

into equal

(91), to

is applied: (CGC)VZ, (82)

coefficients

variables

12 =
where

G. Gb G=

.1 B \ . (92)

()
may V.2, yield
t2(G

G.

O (83)

GaGb =

AB -

Dj

oGb
be combined, and

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Equations elimination
II

(82)

and

(80)

upon the

The

author trial

wishes who due trial M.

to thank made also the to L.

R. Pierce directional laboratory Robinson for coupler, with whom to clarify

who tests. who and the

constructed and Acknowlsuggested the to author direcDr. L. had points

of IZ and
= ~11{

nonsymmetrical are possible

coupler,

.gz

~11)1

Vu}

~1,

(84)
(84) may

E. Fernandes edgments several tivity Young of and paper.

where

92 is a 2 X 2 identity by noting that

matrix.

Equation

techniques directional Schiffman which

measuring

be simplified

the B.

T(G

Y1l) T (85) y,,)]

(G +

Y,,)-

= I (G +

several in the

discussions

helped

several

where

REFERENCES

01 T= () lo
and Thus, T(G i? + lG+ matrix T(G
M=Y1l
92+t

(86)

I (G+

YIJ

I is the

determinant

of the

matrix

G+

Y1l.

YIJ Y,,\ be M,,, +

TYn (87) } and 1 let

II

Yll

92 +

{
Let the entries of an M

YIJTY1l (88)

{
Then
Mll ikt12 ; = (Y,n)a =

IG+Y,,

M12

Gb +
Gb + ~22

M22

I
(89)

=
The condition

J/fll

M122
Gb + kf22

for

a match G.

at Y,.

Port = (89) O,

2 is

(90)
yields the following

which

when

combined equation: of { GaGb +

with

determining Numerator

G~Mn

G6M11 MIZ2) ~ = O.

(M,,kfn

(91)

Coupled-strip-tran emission[1] E. M. T. Jones and J. T. BoIljahn, line filters and directional couplers, IRE Trans. on Microwave Theo?y and Techniques, vol. MTT-4, pp. 75-81, April 1956. and E. M. T. Jones, Coupled-transmission-line [2] J. K. Shimizu Trans. on Microwave Theory and directional couplers, IRE Techniques, vol. MTT-6, pp. 403410, October 1958. in cascade transmission[3] H. Seidel and J. Rosen, Multiplicity line synthesispart 2, IEEE Trans. on Mzcrowave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 398-407, July 1965. Tables for asymmetric multi-element coupled[4] R. Levy, transmission-line directional couplers, IEEE Tran$. on Mic?owave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-12, pp. 2752 79, May 1964. [5] P. P. Toulios and A. C. Todd, Synthesis of symmetrical TEMmode directional couplers, IEEE Trans. on Micyowave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 536544, September 1965. and L. Younz. Theorv and tables of oDtimum [6] E. G. Cristal symmetrical TEM-mode c;upled-transmission-line directional couplers, IEEE Trans. on Micyowave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 544558, September 1965. detection, and monitor[7] New coaxial couplers for reflectometers, ing, Hewlett-Packard J., vol. 16, pp. 25, February 1965. H. Ozalii and J. Ishii, Synthesis of a class of strip-line filters, [8] IRE Trans. on Circuit Tkeory, vol. CT-5, pp. 104109, June 1958. Analysis of transmission line directional [9] W. L. Firestone, couplers, Proc. IRE, vol. 42, pp. 1529-1538, October 1954. Transmission-line directional (See also W. L. Firestone, couplers, Ph. D. dissertation, Northwestern Universit y, Evanston, Ill., May 1952.) Coupled rectangular bars between parallel [10] W. J. Getsinger, plates, IEEE Trans. on ib~lcrowaze Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-10, pp. 6572, January 1962. Coupled circular cylindrical rods between parallel [11] E, G, Cristal, ground ~lates, IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-12, pp. 428439, July 1964. Fringing capacitances for offset coupled strips [12] W. J. Getsinger, in shielded strip lines, Lincoln Lab. Rept., Cambridge, Mass., Tech. Note 1965-33, Contract AF 19(628)-5167, Air Force Systems Command, July 1, 1965. [13] M. E. VanValkenberg, Int~oduction to Modern Network Synthesis. New York: Wilev. 1960. ch. 8. Cowu&nication Networks, Vol. II, New York: [14] E. A. Guillemin, Wiley, 1935, ch. 6. The analytical equivalence of TEM-mode directional [15] L. Young, couplers and transmission-line stepped-impedance filters, Proc. IEE (London) vol. 110, pp. 275-281, February 1963.