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Commentary By
Madhvācārya
Vedānta Deśika
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana
Bhaktivinoda Thākura
Translated by
H.H.Bhānu Swāmī
DEDICATION
Introduction 1
Mantra 1 5
Mantra 2 19
Mantra 3 24
Mantra 4 28
Mantra 5 34
Mantra 6 38
Mantra 7 41
Mantra 8 46
Mantra 9 53
Mantra 10 58
Mantra 11 62
Mantra 12 68
Mantra 13 73
Mantra 14 75
CONTENTS
Mantra 15 jg
Mantra 16 34
Mantra 17 94
Mantra 18 104
INTRODUCTION
1
2 īśopanisad
Iśopanisad takes its name from the first word of its first verse.
It is the last chapter of the Śukla-yajur-veda c o n t a i n i n g 40
chapters. Because it is contained within the Vājasaneya-samhitā
s e c t i o n it is called Vājasaneya-samhitopanisad. Its 18 mantras
describe the Paramātmā, jīva and the jīva's goal.
TRANSLATION
The unmanifest brahman is perfect. The manifested brahman
is perfect. From the unmanifest brahman appears the mani
fest brahman as various avatāras. When the manifested forms
emerge from the u n m a n i f e s t brahman the u n m a n i f e s t
1
brahman remains .
1
This is technically not part of the Upanisad. Translation has been taken from
Baladeva's commentary on the Vedānta-sūtra 1.1.9.
4
MANTRA 1
īśāvāsyam idam sarvam
yat kiñca jagatyām jagat
tena tyaktena bhunjīthā
mā grdhah kasya svid dhanam\\1\\
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
The entire universe, whatever exists in prakrti, is pervaded
by the Lord. Enjoy what is given by the Lord but do not
desire the wealth of others.
COMMENTARY
I offer respects to Hari, the support of all eternal and n o n -
eternal objects, w h o has an eternal body, made of k n o w l e d g e
and c o m p l e t e bliss, and w h o is the enjoyer of all sacrifices.
2
Bhāgavatam 8.1.10 has this mantra:
ātmāvāsyam idam viśvam yat kiñcij jagatyām jagat
tena tyaktena bhuñjithā mā grdhah kasya svid dhanam
5
6 īśopanisad
3
According to a commentator, the description gives the four anubandhas: the
mercy of Visnu is the abhidheya or subject (visaya), the liberation of the
devotee is the prayojana or result, the adhikārī or qualified person for the
mantras is a devotee like Svāyambhuva Manu, and the sambandha or element
connecting the other three elements is Visnu and his greatness. As well, the rsi
is Svāyambhuva Manu and the devatā of the mantras is Yajña. The meter and
viniyoga vary with each mantra. It is traditional to mention these two groups
of four before recitation of a work.
Mantra 1 7
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e Lord i s i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e o f e v e r y t h i n g i n t h i s w o r l d
a n d b e y o n d . Therefore e x p e r i e n c e t h e o b j e c t s o f t h e w o r l d
w i t h a s e n s e o f d e t a c h m e n t , s i n c e n o t h i n g b e l o n g s t o oneself.
Do not desire anyone else's wealth.
COMMENTARY
I w o r s h i p Vāsudeva, a river of pure, eternal qualities, w h o
pervades this universe w h i c h is c o m p o s e d of c o n s c i o u s and
u n c o n s c i o u s entities. He is the controller of all 4 , filled w i t h
natural greatness 5 , and resides w i t h i n as the s o u l of all be
ings. 6 He transcends all faults. 7 He a l o n e is to be k n o w n by all
k n o w l e d g e . 8 S i n c e he d i s p e n s e s karma a n d w i t h d r a w s and
destroys sin, w h o else is the object of m e d i t a t i o n for the lib
erated s o u l 9 and w h o else is the m e a n s for liberation? 1 0 This
person, w h o is a l s o the m e a n s of perfection, is clearly re
vealed at the e n d of the W h i t e Yajur Veda, in t h e īśopanisad.
It s h o u l d be u n d e r s t o o d that these verses are s p o k e n by the
guru to a disciple as instructions o n k n o w l e d g e o f God. This
Upanisad is placed at the end of the samhitā to indicate that
all actions described i n the samhitā, b y b e i n g applied as sec
ondary to k n o w l e d g e , will be useful for gaining k n o w l e d g e of
4
T h i s is depicted in the first verse of the Upanisad.
5
This is described in verses 4 and 5.
6
T h i s is described in verses 6 and 7.
7 st
This is described in the 1 half of verse 8.
8
T h i s is described in the 2 nd half of verse 8 as well. Vidyā can refer to general
knowledge or to the thirty-two types of vidyā mentioned in the Chāndogya
Upanisad.
9
These three items are described in verse 11.
10
This is described in verses 15-16.
8 īśopanisad
the Lord 1 1 .
11
The thirty-nine chapters of the Śukla-yajur Veda deal with deal with sacrifice
and duties (karma). The last chapter is the īśopanisad, dealing with knowl
edge.
l2
The first verse declares the tattva or highest truth. The first group, consisting
of verse one and two, declares the major theme of the work — knowledge
accompanied by works. The second group, from verse three to eight, deals with
knowledge of the Lord and the results of that knowledge. The eighth verse as
well makes clear the distinction between the jīva and the Lord. The third group,
from verse nine to fourteen, deals with the practice, and also indicates the
ultimate goal. The fourth group, from verse fifteen to eighteen, consists of
prayers to be used by the worshipper, whereas the previous verses were in
structions.
Mantra 1 9
13
Jīva's eternal nature, his svarūpa, can never change. However his awareness
of God and the world (dharma-bhūta-jnāna) can change. Material objects,
which are temporary, are different in svarūpa from their spiritual counterparts,
which are eternal.
14
Vedānta-sūtra 1.4.14
10 īśopanisad
O n l y N ā r ā y a n a e x i s t e d , n o t B r a h m ā a n d n o t Śiva. Mahā
Upanisad
15
The following version is found in the Śatapatha-brāhmana 6.1.3.9 anapahata-
pāpmā vā asmy ahita-nāmā nāma ma dhehī
l6
Rg Veda 8.51.7 mentions Indra: kadā cana starīrasi nendra saścasi dāśuse/
upopen nu maghavan bhūya in nu te dānam devasya prcyate. However, the
conventional meaning must be rejected, since the verse is used in reference to
Agni in the household fire.
Mantra 1 11
m e a n i n g a c c o r d i n g to t h e r u l e sarvatvam ādhikārikam11
(Jaimini-sūtra 1.2.16) s i n c e no limitation is s e e n in the verse.
patim viśvasyātmeśvaram
l7
In the statement "all results accrue from the performance of sacrifice," the
word "all" is restricted to the results designated as such for the sacrifice. It is
does not mean all favorable and unfavorable results. In the same way, the word
īś does not mean a limited controller but an absolute controller, because the
verse states that he controls the whole universe.
12 īśopanisad
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
T h i s visible world, and w h a t e v e r e x i s t s b e y o n d p e r c e p t i o n ,
i s u n d e r the c o n t r o l o f the Lord. B e c a u s e o f t h i s y o u s h o u l d
enjoy o n l y w h a t is a l l o t t e d to y o u by the Lord t h r o u g h karma.
D o n o t h a n k e r for m o r e than that. W h o s e property i s it?
COMMENTARY
Introduction:
I w o r s h i p Śyāmasundara, the Supreme Lord, ever unchang
ing, w i t h a form non-different from himself, c o n t r o l l e d by
surrender alone, filled w i t h inconceivable powers, w h o m the
śrutis and smrtis praise as the final cause of creation, mainte
n a n c e and destruction.
18
This point is covered also in Baladeva's commentary on Gītā 2.29
Mantra 1 15
19
This is half of Brahma's life span
16 īśopanisad
20
Dadhyan was the son of Atharvana. In the Vedas, each set of mantras has a rsi
who revealed it. Before reciting Vedic mantras it is customary to recite the
name of the rsi, the meter of the particular mantra as well as the presiding deity
(devata) and the use of the mantra (viniyoga).
Mantra 1 17
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
Whatever exists in this universe is all covered by the Lord.
Because of this you should enjoy along with the practice of
renunciation. You should not hanker after the wealth of oth
ers.
COMMENTARY
Creating the universe by his own energy, the Lord enters ev
erywhere within it by his energy. O jīva! You are also a par
ticular type of substance emanating from his energy. He is
the supreme soul and you are an individual soul. You are
soul, but you cannot be anything else other than a minute
soul. You unfortunately have mistaken your identity, and try
to enjoy those objects for your own pleasure, which actually
belong to someone else. But if you accept all objects in rela
tion to the supreme soul and give up selfish enjoyment, then
you cannot accept someone else's wealth as your own.
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
O n e m u s t live h i s full life of a hundred years w h i l e perform
i n g his prescribed a c t i o n s w i t h detachment, offering t h e m to
the Lord. There is no alternative for you. S u c h actions do n o t
contaminate a n y man.
COMMENTARY
It is n o t a fact that by non-performance of action o n e is n o t
b o u n d in the world. Nāradlya Purāna says:
If a m a n is ignorant a n d d o e s n o t w o r s h i p Krsna, t h e n he
incurs sins. I f h e is a
jñānī and fails to w o r s h i p the Lord, h i s
bliss will definitely diminish. T h u s e v e n a jñānī w h o is free
from s i n b e c o m e s sinful by his o m i s s i o n of worship. There
fore everyone s h o u l d perform action related to the Lord.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
O n e c a n live for a h u n d r e d y e a r s d o i n g p r e s c r i b e d a c t i o n s
19
20 īśopanisad
COMMENTARY
T h i s verse s h o w s h o w the learned p e r s o n lives his w h o l e life
performing daily and periodic duties while renouncing
doership, desires and the results of action. T h e desiderative
form of the verb (jijīviset—he s h o u l d want to live) is u s e d to
indicate that e v e n the m a n searching for brahman s h o u l d en
gage in his duties until he achieves the goal of his life in the
form of full realization of brahman. M e n t i o n i n g a h u n d r e d
years is approximate. Living a hundred years or until o n e h a s
realized brahman, o n e s h o u l d perform actions suitable to o n e ' s
qualification. O n e s h o u l d never give up those prescribed du
ties w h i c h assist in the cultivation of k n o w l e d g e . T h i s verse
d o e s n o t enjoin that prescribed actions s h o u l d be d o n e inde
pendently for results. Thus, Brahma-sūtra says nāviśesāt: there
is no specification that a m a n s h o u l d perform karma through
o u t h i s w h o l e life. (Brahma-sūtra 3 . 4 . 1 3 ) A n o t h e r case n o t
contrary to that s t a t e m e n t is t h e n m e n t i o n e d in the sūtras.
Stutaye 'numatir vā: permission to perform karma (prescribed
duties) throughout o n e ' s life is o n l y for the sake of glorifying
k n o w l e d g e . (Brahma-sūtra 3 . 4 . 1 4 ) T h e Śrī-bhāsya s a y s : vā
indicates e x c l u s i o n , m e a n i n g "only." Therefore, there is per
m i s s i o n to perform duties in life o n l y for the glorification of
k n o w l e d g e ( n o t for i n d e p e n d e n t results), s i n c e this statement
follows the subject c o n c e r n i n g k n o w l e d g e that the Lord per
vades everything. T h o u g h a p e r s o n performs actions through
o u t his life, b e c a u s e o f the p o w e r o f k n o w l e d g e , h e i s n o t
c o n t a m i n a t e d by karma. In this w a y k n o w l e d g e g e t s glori-
Mantra 2 21
nāvirato duścaritāt
nāsānto nāsamāhitah
nāsanta-mānaso vāpi
prajñānenainam āpnuyāt
21
Though knowledge is the cause of liberation, karmas should be performed
along with knowledge because they are helpful for that attainment. The karmas
are done without desire for attaining Svarga-loka, and therefore do not cause
bondage. If karmas are done independent of knowledge, then they would give
material results such as Svarga-loka. This idea is expressed in sahakāritvena ca
(Vedānta-sūtra 3.4.33) and ekasya tūbhayat\e sarhyoga-prthaktvam (Pūrva-
mīmāmsā 4.3.5)
22 Iśopanisad
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
Performing p r e s c r i b e d a c t i o n s w i t h o u t a t t a c h m e n t w h i l e liv
i n g in the w o r l d , y o u c a n a s p i r e to live for a h u n d r e d y e a r s .
T h e r e i s n o o t h e r m e t h o d t h a n t h i s for y o u o r a n y h u m a n
b e i n g t o b e c o m e free o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n . T h e s e a c t i o n s d o n o t
contaminate you.
COMMENTARY
T h i s verse speaks of the n e c e s s i t y of varnāśrama-dharma ac
cording to scripture for purifying the c o n s c i o u s n e s s . By per
f o r m i n g a c t i o n s like fire sacrifice w i t h o u t p e r s o n a l desire
(kurvan karmāni) o n e can desire to live on this earth (iha) up
to a hundred years (śatam samāh). Therefore (itah) s i n c e y o u
desire to live a hundred years (tvayi), and m u s t perform ac
t i o n s as a h u m a n being (nare), y o u c a n n o t attain liberation
by a n y other m e a n s (na anyathā) than performing a c t i o n s s u c h
as fire sacrifice. Or it c a n m e a n "there is no o t h e r w a y of
Mantra 2 23
avoiding c o n t a m i n a t i o n . " S u c h a c t i o n s d o n o t c o n t a m i n a t e
y o u (karma na lipyate).
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
Performing a c t i o n i n this w o r l d w i t h p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d
m e n t a l i t y y o u c a n live for a h u n d r e d years. Living in t h i s
way, y o u w i l l n o t b e affected b y karma. There i s n o alterna
tive to this.
COMMENTARY
W h e n o n e performs actions w h i l e establishing everything i n
relation to Paramātmā, all activities b e c o m e spiritual. Even if
y o u live for h u n d r e d s of years y o u will n o t be contaminated.
W h i l e l i v i n g day-to-day life, o n e m u s t necessarily perform
action. Otherwise y o u will die or at least live uncomfortably.
But if a p e r s o n lives his life w h i l e cultivating a relation to
Paramātmā, actions in relation to h i m are no longer causes of
bondage. T h o s e actions actually take the form of k n o w l e d g e
o r bhakti. The activities performed w i t h k n o w l e d g e of
Paramātmā are bhakti. T h u s Nārada has said:
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e p l a n e t s a t t a i n e d by t h e d e m o n s , full of m i s e r y , are cer
tainly c o v e r e d w i t h d e e p d a r k n e s s . T h o s e w h o d e f a m e the
true nature o f V i s n u e n t e r t h o s e p l a n e t s after death.
COMMENTARY
T h e place is called asuryā b e c a u s e it is the place where the
asuras go and is w i t h o u t (a) fine (su) pleasure (ra from ram—
enjoy). As Bhāgavata Purāna says na bata ramanty aho asad-
upāsanayātma-hano: p e o p l e in general fail to delight in y o u ;
rather t h e y attack the Lord, w o r s h i p p i n g w i t h w r o n g c o n
c e p t i o n s instead. (SB 1 0 . 8 7 . 2 2 )
24
Mantra 3 25
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
After d e a t h , t h o s e w h o d o n o t cultivate k n o w l e d g e o f the
s o u l i m m e d i a t e l y e n t e r the p l a n e t s c o v e r e d w i t h i n t e n s e dark
n e s s , where the demonic dwell.
COMMENTARY
W i t h the goal of stimulating a person to engage immediately
in the k n o w l e d g e just described, the teacher describes h o w
the killers of the soul - those w h o do not engage in knowl
e d g e , b u t rather e n g a g e i n o t h e r p u r s u i t s s u c h a s s e e k i n g
wealth, rejecting k n o w l e d g e of the Lord just explained - cer
tainly go to hell. Asuryā means, "belonging to the d e m o n s . "
This implies "to be experienced by those of d e m o n i c tenden
cies." T h o s e places, w h i c h are famous (nāma) for inhabitants
w i t h d e m o n i c tendencies, are k n o w n as hellish planets. Fur
t h e r m o r e t h e y are spread w i t h i n t e n s e d a r k n e s s (andhena
tamasā āvrtāh). T h o s e killers of the s o u l (te), w h e t h e r they
are devatā or human, w h e t h e r they are brāhmana or ksatriya
(ye ke), immediately go (abhigacchanti) to those places with
o u t light (tān) after giving up their present b o d i e s (pretya).
22
ātma-hā means "those who have wrong ideas about Visnu (ātma)."
26 īśopanisad
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
T h e p l a n e t s a t t a i n e d b y t h e d e m o n s are certainly c o v e r e d
w i t h d e e p darkness. T h o s e w h o kill t h e m s e l v e s b y w a s t i n g
their l i v e s i n w o r l d l y p u r s u i t s e n t e r t h o s e p l a n e t s after death.
COMMENTARY
This verse criticizes those addicted to actions for their o w n
enjoyment. Ye ke m e a n s ye kecit: a n y o n e (whether he is high
or low, learned or fool).
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o d o n o t e s t a b l i s h a r e l a t i o n t o Paramātmā a n d en
j o y the w o r l d are c a l l e d killers o f t h e s o u l . T h e y g o t o de-
Mantra 3 27
COMMENTARY
T h o s e w h o do n o t perform actions aiming at dharma, those
w h o do n o t perform dharma for attaining d e t a c h m e n t , and
t h o s e w h o d o n o t take shelter o f d e t a c h m e n t for spiritual
cultivation, perform karma, dharma and d e t a c h m e n t o n l y for
selfish reasons, for s e n s e gratification, and n o t for assisting
their spiritual advancement. Their lives are thus similar to
death itself. T h e Bhāgavatam says:
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e Lord is w i t h o u t fear, s u p r e m e , faster t h a n t h e m i n d . T h e
devatās c a n n o t u n d e r s t a n d h i m c o m p l e t e l y , b u t h e h a s un
d e r s t o o d e v e r y t h i n g s i n c e eternity. S t a n d i n g i n o n e p l a c e h e
s u r p a s s e s all o t h e r s w h o m o v e quickly. U n d e r h i m , V ā y u sup
p o r t s the m o v e m e n t s o f all living b e i n g s .
COMMENTARY
Brahmānda Purāna says:
28
Mantra 4 29
living beings arise from Vāyu (mātariśvā) and Vāyu offers all
actions of the living beings (apah) to the Lord, a p e r s o n s h o u l d
offer everything to the Lord.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e Lord i s t h e i n d e p e n d e n t p e r s o n , w h o d o e s n o t m o v e , b u t
he m o v e s faster t h a n the m i n d . T h e devatās c a n n o t under
s t a n d a n d perceive t h i s Lord t h o u g h h e i s p r e s e n t before t h e m .
T h o u g h r e m a i n i n g i n o n e place, h e o v e r t a k e s all t h o s e w h o
run. B y h i s p o w e r , t h e air carries t h e w a t e r a n d c l o u d s .
COMMENTARY
In this verse the teacher depicts the S u p r e m e Lord, w h o is
e n d o w e d w i t h all-pervasiveness already m e n t i o n e d , b y s h o w
ing his w o n d r o u s p o w e r s through the u s e o f contradictory
e x p r e s s i o n s . That Supreme Lord is w i t h o u t m o t i o n (anejat)
and is the principal person (ekam), or the i n d e p e n d e n t per
s o n w i t h n o e q u a l . H e i s swifter t h a n t h e q u i c k e s t m i n d
(manaso javīyo). S o m e o n e may object "It is i m p o s s i b l e that
he d o e s n o t m o v e , and is still faster than the wind." But it is
n o t impossible. By understanding the real s e n s e , it is easy for
the Lord to d o . It is figuratively said that he d o e s n o t m o v e
because he is eternally pervading everything by himself a l o n e
( a n d t h u s d o e s n o t n e e d t o g o from o n e place t o another),
and he is swifter than the functioning of the m i n d s i n c e he
23
The verse shows the following qualities of the Lord: fearless, supreme in
power, swifter than the mind, incomprehensible even to the devatās, omni
scient, inconceivable, omnipresent, and the source of all action.
30 īśopanisad
Baladeva V i d y ā b h ū s a n a :
TRANSLATION
T h e Lord i s w i t h o u t fear, s u p r e m e , faster t h a n t h e m i n d . T h e
s e n s e s c a n n o t r e a c h him. H e h a s g o n e far i n front. S t a n d i n g
i n o n e p l a c e h e s u r p a s s e s all o t h e r s w h o m o v e quickly. V ā y u
offers t h e a c t i o n s o f the living e n t i t i e s t o h i m .
COMMENTARY
K n o w l e d g e of brahman or G o d leads to liberation. But w h o is
32 īśopanisad
24
Though Vāyu often refers to the devatā in charge of the air element, here it
refers to the deity in charge of all movement and life, the support for all life in
the universe. He is also called Mukhya-prāna, and is again mentioned in verse
17 as anila.
25
Baladeva takes the first meaning according to Śañkara and the second mean-
ing according to Madhva.
Mantra 4 33
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
Paramātmā a n d jīvātmā are u n m o v i n g , s u p e r i o r to matter,
a n d faster than the mind. T h e s e n s e s c a n n o t grasp t h e m be
c a u s e t h e y a l w a y s p r e c e d e the s e n s e s . T h o u g h the m i n d m a y
p u r s u e Paramātmā a n d jīvātmā, it cannot s u r p a s s t h e m . W h i l e
t h e y r e m a i n inactive, Vāyu p e r f o r m s a c t i o n s o n their behalf.
COMMENTARY
T h e w o r d ātmā refers to any object having qualities of ātmā: it
refers to b o t h the jīva and Paramātmā, the S u p r e m e Lord.
Paramātmā is the vibhu-caitanya, the powerful c o n s c i o u s en
tity and jīva is the anu-caitanya, the m i n u t e c o n s c i o u s entity.
T h o u g h the distinction of vibhu and anu is eternal they are
o n e in quality of caitanya. In V e d i c s t a t e m e n t s , s o m e t i m e s
ātmā refers to jīva and s o m e t i m e s to Paramātmā. O n e should
understand w h i c h is meant according to the context. In this
verse ātmā refers to both. The verse s h o w s the superiority of
the c o n s c i o u s entity to the gross and subtle world of matter.
In the gross and subtle worlds the m i n d is the quickest. But it
lags behind the ātmā. T h o u g h jīva d o e s n o t m o v e , it takes on
life and performs actions through a c c e p t i n g Vāyu or prāna, a
p r o d u c t of māyā-śakti, material energy. Paramātmā is a l s o
u n m o v i n g but is active through his spiritual icchā-śakti and
kriyā-śakti.
MANTRA 5
tad ejati tan naijati
tad dure tad v antike
tad antar asya sarvasya
tad u sarvasyāsya bāhyatah ||5||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
O t h e r s fear t h e Lord b u t t h e Lord fears no o n e . He is far
away, but c l o s e . H e i s i n s i d e e v e r y t h i n g a n d o u t s i d e every
thing.
COMMENTARY
Tad ejati m e a n s "others are afraid of h i m (tat)." Tan naijati
m e a n s "he is n o t afraid of a n y o n e . " 2 6 The Tattva-samhitā sup
ports this w i t h a similar statement:
26
This meaning is a continuation of the meaning given to anejat in the previ
ous verse. Anejat means "not trembling" or "not fearful."
34
Mantra 5 35
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h a t e n t i t y m o v e s b u t d o e s n o t m o v e . I t i s v e r y far w a y b u t
a l s o c l o s e . I t i s w i t h i n e v e r y t h i n g and a l s o o u t s i d e e v e r y t h i n g .
COMMENTARY
W h a t w a s taught in the previous verse is n o w taught in an
o t h e r w a y o u t of great respect for the subject. That entity
w h o is all pervading (tat—neuter gender) m o v e s (ejati) in the
manner j u s t e x p l a i n e d — b e i n g faster than the w i n d but n o t
moving, remaining in the devatās but being b e y o n d their per
ception, and surpassing all, t h o u g h remaining in o n e place. It
appears to move, but by the inherent nature of that entity, it
d o e s n o t m o v e . It remains far away and also very close. This
statement of the Lord being close and far s i m u l t a n e o u s l y de
p e n d s on being enlightened or ignorant. T h u s Śaunaka says:
Baladeva V i d y ā b h ū s a n a :
TRANSLATION
H e m o v e s a n d d o e s n o t m o v e . H e i s far a n d h e i s c l o s e . H e i s
w i t h i n all e x i s t i n g t h i n g s a n d i s o u t s i d e all e x i s t i n g things.
COMMENTARY
Because of the difficulty in understanding the teachings of the
previous verse, the ātmā (Supreme Lord) under d i s c u s s i o n is
described again in this verse. This verse is in anustubh meter.
The Paramātmā m o v e s (ejati) and d o e s n o t m o v e . T h e fool
may think he m o v e s , but he d o e s not actually move. Or "does
not move" c a n m e a n h e d o e s n o t s t r a y f r o m dharma.
Paritranāya sādhūnām: he always protects his devotees. He is
also situated far away. The ignorant c a n n o t approach h i m for
Mantra 5 37
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
Ātmā is b o t h m o v i n g a n d non-moving. He is far a n d near,
w i t h i n a n d o u t s i d e the u n i v e r s e .
COMMENTARY
Just as every material object has its o w n inherent energy, so
the spiritual objects have their o w n ātma-śakti. By this energy
all the contradictory qualities found in the material realm are
resolved in the spiritual objects. M o v e m e n t and n o n - m o v e
m e n t are opposite qualities, near and far are opposite quali
ties, residing inside and outside are o p p o s i t e c o n d i t i o n s . These
cannot exist s i m u l t a n e o u s l y in material objects. H o w e v e r they
can exist together in the ātmā by the inconceivable p o t e n c y
of ātmā.
27
27
Bhaktivinoda continues to use the word ātmā without distinction until verse
7, where he identifies ātmā as Paramātmā. However, in the present and follow
ing verses, the word ātmā should more likely mean Paramātmā as well. The
jīva is not described as having inconceivable powers like the Lord.
MANTRA 6
yas tu sarvāni bhūtāny
ātmany evānupaśyati
sarva-bhūtesu cātmānam
tato na vijugupsate II6II
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o s e e s e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e Lord a n d t h e Lord i n every
t h i n g d o e s n o t d e s i r e t o p r o t e c t himself.
COMMENTARY
The Saukarāyana-śruti says:
Vedānta D e ś i k a :
TRANSLATION
T h u s , h e w h o s e e s all b e i n g s u l t i m a t e l y i n t h e Lord a n d t h e
Lord i n all b e i n g s n e v e r c r i t i c i z e s a n y o n e .
28
Vijugupsate can mean either "he hates" or "he desires to protect.
38
Mantra 6 39
COMMENTARY
It has b e e n said that everything has brahman as the soul. This
verse speaks of the suitable benefit for the k n o w e r of brahman.
T h e w o r d tu indicates the special glory of o n e w h o k n o w s
brahman. In this verse the w o r d ātmā refers to the inner s o u l
of all beings (the Lord, n o t the jīva), because the Lord d o e s
n o t contract himself into the jīva, and the subject matter has
b e e n the Supreme Lord. Whatever is situated on the earth is
actually situated in the Paramātmā ultimately. That is the sig
nificance of the w o r d eva. The p e r s o n meditates skillfully and
c o n t i n u o u s l y (anupaśyati) on this. "He is in all b e i n g s " m e a n s
s i m p l y that he pervades t h e m all ( w i t h o u t depending on them),
because it is impossible that he s h o u l d be supported by them.
T h e w o r d sa ( h e , the k n o w e r of brahman) s h o u l d be supplied
as the subject of the verb. Seeing that all things have brahman
inside and outside, he never criticizes a n y o n e b e c a u s e every
o n e has brahman as their very self. He treats everyone just as
a person treats his personal w e a l t h and family. He never dis
likes or insults anyone.
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
He w h o s e e s all b e i n g s in t h e ātmā a n d the ātmā in all b e i n g s
d o e s not hate anyone.
COMMENTARY
After describing the Lord, n o w the m e t h o d of w o r s h i p p i n g
h i m is described. T h i s mantra is in anustubh. T h e qualified
person w h o s e e s all entities from the unmanifest state of prakrti
d o w n to the i m m o b i l e grass, b o t h c o n s c i o u s and u n c o n s c i o u s
40 īśopanisad
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o s e e s all e n t i t i e s i n ātmā a n d ātmā i n all e n t i t i e s d o e s
n o t s h o w h a t r e d t o a n y creature.
COMMENTARY
Hatred and l o v e are o p p o s i t e s . U n l e s s o n e is d e v o i d of ha
tred, o n e cannot attain love. O n e w h o s e e s everything in re
lation to ātmā has no object of hatred. He easily attains love.
29
Sometimes the word ātman is found instead of ātmani. Baladeva says it
means ātmani.
MANTRA 7
yasmin sarvāni bhūtāny
ātmaivābhūd vijānatah
tatra ko mohah kah śoka
ekatvam anupaśyatah ||7||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e Paramātmā w i t h i n w h o m all living b e i n g s r e s i d e (yasmin
sarvāni bhūtāni) h a s a l w a y s e x i s t e d w i t h i n all living b e i n g s .
For o n e w h o s e e s Paramātmā a s o n e i n all b e i n g s a n d attains
him, what delusion can exist?
COMMENTARY
T h e grammatical structure is as follows.
41
42 īśopanisad
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
W h a t l a m e n t a t i o n o r i l l u s i o n c a n e x i s t for that p e r s o n w h o
s e e s the Lord p e r v a d i n g everything, w h o a t the t i m e o f medi
tation r e a l i z e s all b e i n g s a s parts o f the o n e Lord?
COMMENTARY
Confirming h o w the Lord is the s o u l of everything by stating
the identity of brahman w i t h e v e r y t h i n g , the teacher n o w
s h o w s h o w s e e i n g brahman d e s t r o y s i l l u s i o n and l a m e n t a
tion. At the time of meditation, for the p e r s o n w h o k n o w s
this independent entity through considering the scriptures as
taught by the guru, there is a perception that Paramātmā alone
has all other entities as it's attributes (sarva-viśistha). That is
the m e a n i n g of saying "All entities are the ātmā." Identity of
ātmā or the Lord w i t h everything is similar to the relation of
the s o u l to the b o d y ( b e i n g the prime factor in the b o d y ) .
T h i s usage is in the Vedas and in c o m m o n perception, as in
the statement "I am the Lord." (This d o e s n o t m e a n literal
identity, but identity because the Lord is the prime m o v e r of
one's e x i s t e n c e . ) T h u s the theory that on realization of the
o n e brahman, the individuals in the universe cease to e x i s t
(bādha), the theory that the jīva and the w o r l d are s i m p l y a
false s u p e r i m p o s i t i o n on brahman (upacāra) and the theory
of o n e n e s s of svarūpa (svarūpaikya) of all t h i n g s w h e r e
brahman transforms i n t o e v e r y t h i n g are rejected. W h e n at
t h e t i m e o f m e d i t a t i o n , t h e r e a r i s e s t h e p e r c e p t i o n that
Mantra 7 43
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
W h a t d e l u s i o n o r l a m e n t a t i o n c a n e x i s t for o n e w h o s e e s
o n e n e s s , w h e n all b e i n g s are brahman for that k n o w e r ?
Mantra 7 45
COMMENTARY
The s a m e m e a n i n g is expressed in this verse. It is in anustubh
meter. For the person in k n o w l e d g e , if all entities are in the
Paramātmā and the Paramātmā is in all things, and thus all
entities are brahman (ātmā eva abhūt), by contemplating śruti
s t a t e m e n t s u c h as sarvam khalv idam brahma: everything is
brahman (Chāndogya Upanisad 3 . 1 4 . 1 ) , what illusion or lam
entation can exist for that person s e e i n g o n e n e s s (ekatvam)?
Illusion and lamentation arise from ignorance of this matter.
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
W h e n a p e r s o n s e e s the o n e n e s s o f the Lord w i t h all e n t i t i e s ,
w h a t i l l u s i o n or grief c a n e x i s t for that p e r s o n s e e i n g o n e
ness?
COMMENTARY
Illusion and grief act contrary to knowledge. W h e n illusion
and grief exist in the heart, k n o w l e d g e cannot remain there.
Just as all hatred vanishes w h e n a person s e e s everything in
relation to Paramātmā, illusion and grief also disappear. T h u s
it is necessary to establish a relationship with Paramātmā.
MANTRA 8
sa paryagāc chukram akāyam avranam
asnāviram śuddham apāpa-viddham
kavir manīsī paribhūh svayambhūr
yāthātathyato 'rthān vyadadhāc chāśvatībhyah samābhyah\\8\\
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e k n o w e r o f t h e all-pervading Lord a t t a i n s t h e Lord, w h o
is w i t h o u t grief, perfect in qualities a n d eternal, w i t h o u t subtle
o r g r o s s b o d y , m o s t purifying a n d u n t o u c h e d b y s i n . H e i s
o m n i s c i e n t , c o n t r o l l i n g the m i n d s o f all, t h e b e s t a n d inde
p e n d e n t . S u c h a Lord h a s c r e a t e d real objects eternally.
COMMENTARY
Varāha Purāna explains the verse:
46
Mantra 8 47
30
The Lord is without grief because he is perfect, without a gross and subtle
body. He is without sin because he is pure. But can a bodiless person create a
universe? To remove this doubt, the next line indicates the Lord still has
qualities in a spiritual body. Thus he is described as omniscient, the controller
of the mind, the best, and independent. Finally he is described as creating a real
world as it was before, eternally.
48 īśopanisad
V e d ā n t a Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e k n o w e r o f the Lord, w i t h t r a n s c e n d e n t a l v i s i o n , w h o i s
intelligent, w h o s u r p a s s e s all o t h e r s i n k n o w l e d g e , w h o i s
indifferent t o objects o f t h i s w o r l d , attains t h e Lord w h o i s
self-manifesting, w i t h o u t a m a t e r i a l b o d y h a v i n g d e f e c t s or
v e i n s , w h o s e character i s faultless, a n d w h o i s u n t o u c h e d b y
s i n , piety, karma or i g n o r a n c e . Carefully c o n s i d e r i n g all ob
j e c t s o f t h i s world, h e c o n t i n u a l l y s e e s w h i c h are favorable
a n d unfavorable for h i s a t t a i n m e n t of t h e Lord.
COMMENTARY
T h e teacher again describes t h e p e r s o n w h o k n o w s the Lord
and jiva by clearly defining the object he s h o u l d k n o w . That
p e r s o n (sa) w h o understands that brahman is the s o u l w i t h i n
all b e i n g s will attain (paryagāt) that Lord described in the
verse. 3 1 This is reasonable b e c a u s e there are statements say
ing that he w h o k n o w s brahman attains brahman. Or it c a n be
taken as a description of w h a t the practitioner e x p e r i e n c e s
d u r i n g samādhi as in s t a t e m e n t s s u c h as atra brahma
samaśnute: in that state he enjoys brahman. (Katha Upanisad).
41
Paryagāt is an aorist form, which usually denotes the past. However accord
ing to the rule chandasi luñ lañ litah (Pānini 3.4.6), in the Vedas, the aorist,
imperfect and perfect tenses can be employed optionally to indicate all tenses.
Mantra 8 49
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
That p e r s o n i n k n o w l e d g e a t t a i n s t h e Lord w h o i s pure c o n
s c i o u s n e s s a n d bliss, w h o i s w i t h o u t material b o d y a n d w i t h
o u t v e i n s , a n d w h o i s pure, d e v o i d o f s i n . T h e Lord, w h o i s
o m n i s c i e n t , w i s e , the c o n t r o l l e r o f all b e i n g s a n d i n d e p e n
dent, h a s e s t a b l i s h e d all real o b j e c t s eternally.
COMMENTARY
The result of perceiving the ātmā by the qualified person as
described in the previous verses is here delineated. This verse
is in jagati meter. (There s h o u l d be four lines of twelve syl
lables each, but there are e x c e p t i o n s . ) Sa indicates the quali
fied person described in the previous verses. That person in
k n o w l e d g e attains (paryagāt) the Paramātmā. W h a t is t h e
nature of that Paramātmā? He is śukram, having the nature
of pure c o n s c i o u s n e s s a n d bliss. He is akāyam, w i t h o u t a
material b o d y w h o s e p u r p o s e i s s e n s e gratification. H e i s
avranam, w i t h o u t faults, b e i n g perfect. He is w i t h o u t v e i n s
(asnāviram). T h e cause of this is described in the n e x t de
scriptive element. He is śuddham, w i t h o u t a t o u c h of impu
rity. This is made clearer by the w o r d apāpa-viddham: he is
d e v o i d of pāpa and punya. T h o u g h w i t h o u t (a material) body,
by his inconceivable energy he creates, maintains and destroys
Mantra 8 51
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
T h e Paramātmā i s all pervading, pure, w i t h o u t b o d y , w i t h o u t
injury, w i t h o u t veins, w i t h o u t false appearance, b e y o n d māyā,
s e e i n g e v e r y w h e r e , o m n i s c i e n t , self-manifesting a n d control
l i n g all. He arranges all eternal o b j e c t s in their p r o p e r cat
egory by his inconceivable powers.
COMMENTARY
T h e Bhāgavatam s h o w s five b a s i c objects of e x i s t e n c e
(padārtha) w h i c h are d e p e n d e n t on the Lord:
32
This commentary is an explanation of the last sentence of the verse: he
arranges all eternal objects in their proper category by his inconceivable powers.
MANTRA 9
andham tamah praviśanti
ye 'vidyam upāsate |
tato bhūya iva te tamo
ya u vidyāyām ratāh ||9||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p w i t h false k n o w l e d g e fall i n t o b l i n d i n g
d a r k n e s s a n d t h o s e w h o w o r s h i p w i t h true k n o w l e d g e a l o n e
( w i t h o u t c o r r e c t i n g false k n o w l e d g e ) fall i n t o e v e n greater
darkness.
COMMENTARY
The Kūrma Purāna explains:
53
54 īśopanisad
Vedānta D e ś i k a :
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o are a b s o r b e d i n performance o f prescribed ac
t i o n s w i t h o u t k n o w l e d g e e n t e r i n t o d a r k n e s s . But t h o s e w h o
e n g a g e o n l y i n k n o w l e d g e w h i l e n e g l e c t i n g t h e performance
o f prescribed d u t i e s e n t e r i n t o e v e n greater darkness.
COMMENTARY
Having already taught the cultivation of k n o w l e d g e w h o s e
object is the Paramātmā e n d o w e d w i t h w o n d r o u s energies,
w h i l e performing karma as an auxiliary activity (verses 1 and
2 ) , the teacher in this verse criticizes the practice of karma
alone and k n o w l e d g e alone, and states that the highest goal
will b e a c h i e v e d o n l y b y cultivating k n o w l e d g e along w i t h
practice of varnāśrama. T h o s e w h o , e x c e s s i v e l y attached to
enjoyment and power, perform w i t h absorbed m i n d (upāsate)
karma (avidyām) d e v o i d of jñāna enter into very dense igno
rance (andham tamah). Avidyā is equated w i t h karma in the
following verse. Avidyā karma-samjñā 'nyā trtīyā śaktir isyate:
there is a third energy called avidyā or karma. (Visnu Purāna
6.7.61) Or, they enter the place of suffering inevitably caused
by a b s o r p t i o n in artha, dharma and kāma w i t h o u t moksa. T h e
writers on the subject declare the continual suffering of those
engaged only in karma:
Baladeva V i d y ā b h ū s a n a :
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o e n g a g e s o l e l y in karma attain blind ignorance a n d
those w h o engage solely in jñāna attain even greater igno
rance.
COMMENTARY
N o w the Upanisad speaks to the p e r s o n s w h o desire to live
their l i v e s s i m p l y performing p r e s c r i b e d actions, w i t h o u t
k n o w l e d g e of the ātmā w h i c h w a s previously discussed.
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
O n e w h o i s s i t u a t e d i n i g n o r a n c e (material life) g o e s t o t h e
r e g i o n o f d a r k n e s s . O n e e n g a g e d i n k n o w l e d g e ( s e e k i n g im
p e r s o n a l l i b e r a t i o n ) g o e s t o a n e v e n darker region.
COMMENTARY
Paramātmā h a s i n c o n c e i v a b l e energy. T h i s is u n d e r s t o o d from
scriptures. T h e Śvetāśvatara Upanisad ( 6 . 8 ) says: parāsya
śaktir vividhaiva śrūyate: the Lord h a s various energies. O n e
of the energies is called māyā. By this māyā, Paramātmā cre
ates this world. M ā y ā has t w o functions: vidyā and avidyā.
T h e vidyā f u n c t i o n destroys matter. T h e avidyā function cre
ates matter. T h o s e m e n engaged in matter are situated in the
avidyā function and their spiritual nature is covered by the
darkness of matter.
33
Cultivation of vidyā alone without previously doing karma leads to worse
darkness because it will lead to failure. One will attain neither liberation, nor
the purification that karma brings.
Mantra 9 57
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e y s a y that o n e result i s a t t a i n e d b y correct k n o w l e d g e
(vidyā) a n d a n o t h e r r e s u l t by c o r r e c t i n g w r o n g k n o w l e d g e
(avidyā).34 T h u s w e h a v e h e a r d from t h e w i s e w h o have e x
plained it to us.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e p r e v i o u s ācāryas h a v e s a i d that t h e m e a n s of l i b e r a t i o n
i s different from c u l t i v a t i n g o n l y p r e s c r i b e d d u t i e s o r o n l y
k n o w l e d g e . W e h a v e h e a r d t h i s from t h e s e e r s o f the Lord
w h o t a u g h t u s a b o u t liberation t h r o u g h c o m b i n i n g b o t h prac
tices.
COMMENTARY
In this verse the teacher explains the m e t h o d of gaining lib
eration. Against the normal usage, the instrumental case has
b e e n u s e d w i t h the m e a n i n g of the ablative case (avidyā and
vidyayā s h o u l d m e a n avidyāt and vidyāt). O t h e r w i s e there
34
Following his quotation from Kūrma Purana, Madhva gives the meaning of
avidyā in this and the next verse as condemning false knowledge, whereas in
the previous verse it meant only "wrong knowledge."
58
Mantra 10 59
Baladeva V i d y ā b h ū s a n a :
TRANSLATION
T h e w i s e s a y that o n e result i s a t t a i n e d b y jñāna a n d another
r e s u l t i s a t t a i n e d b y karma. T h u s w e h a v e h e a r d from the
wise, w h o have explained it to us.
35
The perfect tense indicates a remote past beyond the experience of the speaker.
Therefore first person (I or we) is rarely used, since this would indicate direct experience.
When the first person (I or we) is used in the perfect tense it shows a distracted state of
mind, very distant from one's own experience.
60 īśopanisad
COMMENTARY
T h i s verse s p e a k s of t h e different r e s u l t s from karma a n d
jñāna. By jñāna (vidyayā) o n e g e t s o n e r e s u l t . By karma
(avidyayā) o n e g e t s another result. The adherents of brahman
claim that o n l y from ātma-jñāna o n e c a n attain liberation and
other learned m e n c l a i m that by karma o n e c a n attain Pitr-
loka. Thus the śrurt says karmanā pita-loko vidyayā deva-loko
deva-loko vai lokānām śresthas tasmād vidyām praśamsanti: by
karma o n e attains Pitr-loka and by jñāna o n e attains Deva-
loka; Deva-loka is the best place, and that is w h y the w i s e
praise jñāna. (Brhad-āranyaka Upanisad 1.5.16) H o w d o e s
o n e k n o w this? In this w a y (iti) we h a v e heard (śuśrūma)
w o r d s of t h e w i s e m e n (dhīrānām), w h o , as ācāryas, h a v e
explained to u s karma and jñāna (tat) i n terms of their actual
result. T h i s m e a n s that this scripture has c o m e to us in the
disciplic s u c c e s s i o n from them.
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
K n o w l e d g e o f Paramātmā i s different from b o t h k n o w l e d g e
(vidyā) a n d i g n o r a n c e (avidyā). We h a v e h e a r d t h i s from t h e
l e a r n e d w h o h a v e taught u s .
COMMENTARY
Ātmā is a spiritual object, separate from b o t h vidyā and avidyā
( w h i c h are f u n c t i o n s of māyā). Paramātmā c a n n o t be cov
ered by māyā at all. Paramātmā's svarūpa-śakti a l l o w s māyā
to act. Paramātmā is t h u s the controller of māyā. T h o u g h jīva
is also a spiritual object, he is minute:
36
This is a unique explanation of this verse.
MANTRA 11
vidyām cāvidyām ca yas
tad vedobhayam saha |
avidyayā mrtyvah tlrtvā
vidyayāmrtam asnute ||11||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o k n o w s b o t h correct k n o w l e d g e a n d false k n o w l e d g e ,
h a v i n g s u r p a s s e d m i s e r y a n d i g n o r a n c e b y d e f e a t i n g false
k n o w l e d g e - w h i c h is full of m i s e r y a n d i g n o r a n c e - a t t a i n s
k n o w l e d g e a n d b l i s s b y true k n o w l e d g e - w h i c h i s full o f
knowledge and bliss.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
He w h o k n o w s prescribed duties and knowledge together,
w h o practices both together, with duties as an assistant to
k n o w l e d g e , c r o s s e s o v e r karmas w h i c h c a u s e r e p e a t e d d e a t h
b y performance o f d u t i e s w h i c h purify h i m , a n d a t t a i n s the
faultless Lord b y m e d i t a t i o n o n the Lord.
COMMENTARY
T h i s verse s u m m a r i z e s w h a t w a s said in the previous verse.
T h e p o s s e s s o r of the above teachings k n o w s b o t h vidyā, c o n
s i s t i n g of w o r s h i p of Paramātmā, and avidyā, c o n s i s t i n g of
karma as a s e c o n d a r y practice and c o m b i n e s t h e m t o g e t h e r
w i t h o u t m u t u a l conflict (ubhayam saha). It is s a i d that he
k n o w s b o t h together (saha veda) b e c a u s e he practices b o t h
impartially, vidyā b e i n g the m a i n e l e m e n t and karma b e i n g
62
Mantra 11 63
37
The statement could read "having being liberated (surpassing death) by
avidyā, the knower of brahman attains liberation (eternal life). However that
would be a literary fault called punar-ukti or redundancy.
38
Perhaps this is a sarcastic reference to Śankara's interpretation. For him,
avidyā is performance of sacrifice and vidyā is worship of devatās. Both lead to
rebirth.
64 īśopanisad
A u s t e r i t y a n d k n o w l e d g e bring the h i g h e s t b e n e f i t t o t h e
brāhmana. By austerity he destroys sin, and by k n o w l e d g e he
Mantra 11 65
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o e n g a g e s i n jñāna a n d karma s i d e b y s i d e o v e r c o m e s
impurity by karma a n d a t t a i n s liberation b y jñāna.
COMMENTARY
This verse speaks of performing jñāna and karma together. A
p e r s o n w h o k n o w s that b o t h jñāna (vidyām) a n d karma
(avidyām) s h o u l d be performed together (ubhayam saha) by
o n e p e r s o n , o r a p e r s o n w h o k n o w s that ātma-jñāna a n d
39
tapo vidyā ca viprasya nihsreyasakaram param
tapasā kilbisam hanti vidyayāmrtam aśnute
40
Yādava Prakāśa maintains karma and jñāna are of equal importance.
66 īśopanisad
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
One w h o understands the ātmā shares the qualities of both
vidyā and avidyā, o v e r c o m e s death by avidyā a n d e n j o y s im
mortality by vidyā.
COMMENTARY
Māyā, w h i c h is the shelter of b o t h vidyd a n d avidyā, is n o t
c o m p l e t e l y different from the cit-śakti (spiritual e n e r g y ) of
the Lord, but rather its shadow, a modification. W h a t e v e r is
in a s h a d o w e x i s t s in the original object in c o m p l e t e and fault
less form. Thus, w i t h o u t doubt, the ideal forms of b o t h vidyā
and avidyā exist in the cit-śakti. If the jiva in striving for the
spiritual forms takes care to destroy the perverted forms of
vidyā and avidyā in matter, then he c a n s e e the variety of
quality in the spiritual energy. W h e n he takes support of va
riety, he no longer m e e t s destruction at the hands of material
v i d y ā w i t h its c o n c e p t o f n o variety a n d n o q u a l i t i e s . A n d
41
Baladeva differs from Śañkara in the interpretation of vidyā and its result.
Śañkara says vidyā means knowledge of devatās, by which one attains the
status of a devatā, called amrtatvam. Baladeva says vidyā means ātma-jñāna,
by which one attains liberation. For Baladeva avidyā is karma, performance of
sacrifice and worship of devatās. For Śañkara, avidyā is performance of sacri
fices without knowledge of the devatās.
Mantra 11 67
material vidyā takes the jīva away from material variety and
thus leads h i m to amrta. By s e e i n g the ideal spiritual counter
part (real objects and variety), material avidyā (material va
riety) b e c o m e s transformed into the ideal counterpart (spiri
tual qualities and form). T h e n the jīva, w i t h a clear realiza
t i o n of h i s o w n spiritual form, the form of Paramātmā and
their spiritual relation, can experience spiritual rasa.
MANTRA 1 2
andham tamah praviśanti
ye 'sambhūtim upāsate |
tato bhūya iva te tamo
ya u sambhūtyām ratāh ||12||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p the Lord o n l y a s t h e d e s t r o y e r o f m i s e r y
a n d ignorance, n o t a c c e p t i n g t h e Lord a s t h e creator o f g o o d
qualities, e n t e r i n t o d e e p d a r k n e s s . 4 2 T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p t h e
Lord o n l y a s the creator o f b l i s s a n d k n o w l e d g e , n o t accept
i n g t h e Lord a s d e s t r o y e r o f b a d qualities, e n t e r i n t o e v e n
deeper darkness.43
COMMENTARY
The Kurma Purāna explains:
42
Such belief would lead to destruction of sinful qualities in the person, but
keeps him bound in the world.
43
Such belief would lead to apparent attainment of good qualities, but these
would be unsteady because sinful qualities would also be present. Thus the
person would become degraded more than the worshipper of the Lord as de
stroyer of bad qualities.
68
Mantra 12 69
44
One can assume from the previous quotation from the Kūrma Purāna de
scribing avidyā (see verse nine), and from the description of the word "creator"
in this verse, that in this verse "destroyer" means "destroyer of ignorance,
misery and other such qualities."
70 īśopanisad
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e p u r s u i n g liberation w h o e n g a g e s o l e l y i n m e d i t a t i n g
o n d e s t r o y i n g the unfavorable e l e m e n t s t o a t t a i n m e n t o f the
Lord e n t e r i n t o d e e p ignorance. But t h o s e w h o e n g a g e s o l e l y
i n m e d i t a t i o n for attaining t h e Lord e n t e r i n t o e v e n d e e p e r
ignorance.
COMMENTARY
The teacher has taught the nature of the Lord - the s u p r e m e
entity w o r t h y of worship - and the means - worship of
the Paramātmā a l o n g w i t h s e c o n d a r y w o r s h i p (karma) - w h i c h
leads to the goal to be achieved, namely, realization of the
Lord. 4 5 N o w i n three verses t h e guru teaches that the process
of destroying obstacles and e x p e r i e n c i n g Paramātmā s h o u l d
be practiced in a c o m b i n e d form as parts of the cultivation of
knowledge. 4 6 In the present verse, practicing each separately
is c o n d e m n e d . Sambhūti, attaining the Lord, is described in
the following verses:
45
These are called tattva, hita and purusārtha. This is the same as sambandha,
abhidhyeya and prayojana.
46
This is part of the means or hita.
Mantra 12 71
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p the unmanifest prakrti attain the igno
rance of the material realm, a n d t h o s e w h o w o r s h i p the mani
fest brahman attain e v e n d e e p e r ignorance.
COMMENTARY
Here w i t h a m i n d to s h o w that b o t h types of w o r s h i p s h o u l d
be practiced together, the verse criticizes exclusive w o r s h i p
of e i t h e r m a n i f e s t e d brahman or u n m a n i f e s t e d brahman.
Sambhūti is that w h i c h has a birth, the manifestation of an
effect. T h u s asambhūti refers to that w h i c h is the cause of the
manifested effect or sambhūti. It is the invisible prakrti w h i c h
is the c a u s e of manifested world, and w h i c h is the s e e d of
ignorance, lust and karma. T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p the unmanifest
72 Iśopanisad
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
T h o s e w h o w o r s h i p the impersonal feature of G o d
(asambhūti) e n t e r i n t o d a r k n e s s a n d t h o s e w h o are a b s o r b e d
in matter (sambhūti) e n t e r greater darkness.
COMMENTARY
W h e n a n object l o s e s its q u a l i t i e s i t b e c o m e s asambhūti.
Asambhūti occurs by destruction or merging. T h o s e w h o cul
tivate the i m p e r s o n a l a s p e c t of the Lord w i t h o u t q u a l i t i e s
(nirviśesa) are worshippers of the asambhūti, and they enter
darkness. W h e n the jīva's c o n s c i o u s n e s s of his e x i s t e n c e dis
appears, n o t h i n g can be understood. In that state there is no
light at all. ( T h u s it is called darkness.) T h o s e w h o are en
gaged in sambhūti or material existence, are e v e n further from
realizing ātmā (soul and G o d ) and enter worse darkness.
47
This interpretation of sambhūti and asambhūti comes from Śañkara. Engag-
ing solely in worship of the unmanifest prakrti is likely to lead to failure.
MANTRA 13
anyad evāhuh sambhavād
anyad āhur asambhavāt |
iti śuśrūma dhirānām
ye nas tad vicacaksire ||13||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
T h e y s a y that b y k n o w i n g the Lord a s t h e creator, o n e result
i s attained, a n d b y k n o w i n g the Lord a s the destroyer, an
o t h e r result i s attained. T h u s w e have h e a r d from the s a g e s
w h o explained it to us.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e p r e v i o u s ācāryas h a v e s a i d that the m e a n s of attaining
t h e Lord is different from s o l e l y d e s t r o y i n g the o b s t a c l e s or
m e d i t a t i n g o n t h e Lord. W e have h e a r d t h i s from the s e e r s o f
the Lord w h o taught us about liberation t h r o u g h a combina
t i o n o f b o t h practices.
COMMENTARY
Tad refers to t h e p r a c t i c e of c o m b i n i n g asambhūti a n d
sambhūti, w h i c h will be explained in the n e x t verse.
Baladeva V i d y ā b h ū s a n a :
TRANSLATION
T h e w i s e s a y that o n e result is a t t a i n e d by w o r s h i p of Brahma
and another result is attained by worship of unmanifest
prakrti. W e h a v e h e a r d t h i s from the w i s e w h o have e x p l a i n e d
it t o u s .
73
74 īśopanisad
COMMENTARY
T h i s v e r s e s p e a k s of the different r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by per
forming separate w o r s h i p w i t h the aim of s h o w i n g that b o t h
s h o u l d be d o n e together. T h e w i s e say that there is o n e result
from w o r s h i p p i n g the kārya-brahman (sambhavāt): e n t e r i n g
i n t o d e e p ignorance. A n d from the w o r s h i p of the unmanifest
prakrti (asambhavāt), the w i s e s a y that there is a different
result: they enter i n t o d a r k n e s s (but n o t a s m u c h a s t h o s e
w h o w o r s h i p the manifest brahman). W e have heard s u c h
w o r d s o f the w i s e m e n , w h o h a v e e x p l a i n e d the results o f
worship of sambhūti and asambhūti to us.
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
Ātmā ( G o d a n d jīva) is different from b o t h m a t t e r (sambhūti)
a n d i m p e r s o n a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f G o d (asambhūti). W e h a v e
h e a r d t h e s e w o r d s from t h o s e w h o h a v e u n d e r s t o o d t h e truth.
COMMENTARY
Attraction to creation or destruction, appearance and merg
ing, sambhūti or asambhūti in this material w o r l d h a s n o t h i n g
to do w i t h ātmā. Ātmā has no birth or destruction for it is
eternal. Since the jīva i s eternal, those w h o think that the jīva
has creation and destruction do n o t k n o w about the jīva. Lib
eration m e a n s the jīva's severing his relationship w i t h mat
ter.
MANTRA 1 4
sambhūtim ca vināśam ca
yas tad vedobhayam saha |
vināśena mrtyum tirtvā
sambhūtyāmrtam aśnute ||14||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o k n o w s t h e Lord b o t h a s creator (sambhūtim) a n d
d e s t r o y e r (vināśam) c r o s s e s o v e r t h e b o n d a g e of t h e b o d y
b y k n o w l e d g e o f t h e Lord a s d e s t r o y e r o f b a d q u a l i t i e s a n d
a t t a i n s liberation b y k n o w l e d g e o f t h e Lord a s creator o f g o o d
qualities.
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o p r a c t i c e s b o t h d e s t r u c t i o n o f unfavorable e l e m e n t s
a n d c u l t i v a t i o n of favorable e l e m e n t s for a t t a i n i n g t h e Lord
c r o s s e s o v e r all o b s t a c l e s b y practicing d e s t r u c t i o n o f unfa
vorable e l e m e n t s a n d attains the Lord by practice of t h e fa
vorable e l e m e n t s .
COMMENTARY
Having stated in the previous verse that the real practice is
different from the e x c l u s i v e practice of either sambhūti or
asambhūti, the teacher elaborates on this by e x p l a i n i n g that
b o t h s h o u l d be practiced as limbs of k n o w l e d g e in the first
line. He establishes its necessity by t h e n describing the re
sults of that c o m b i n a t i o n . Removing obstacles (mrtyum tīrtvā)
b y m e d i t a t i o n o n the d e s t r u c t i o n o f unfavorable e l e m e n t s
75
76 īśopanisad
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
He w h o w o r s h i p s the u n m a n i f e s t prakrti a l o n g w i t h the mani
fest Brahmā, having attained p o w e r s by w o r s h i p of Brahmā,
m e r g e s w i t h u n m a n i f e s t prakrti by w o r s h i p of the u n m a n i f e s t
prakrti.
COMMENTARY
It is better to w o r s h i p b o t h together, b e c a u s e they b e s t o w
different n e c e s s i t i e s . Sambhūti in the v e r s e actually m e a n s
asambhūti. For sake of meter, the a of asambhūti h a s b e e n
Mantra 14 77
d r o p p e d . 4 8 Vināśam ( d e s t r u c t i b l e ) m e a n s t h e t e m p o r a r y
Hiranyagarbha, sambhūti. Vināśa is a quality but is n o t differ
ent from the object - sambhūti - it represents. He w h o wor
ships b o t h asambhūti and sambhūti together surpasses lack of
powers and other items (mrtyum) by worship of
Hiranyagarbha ( h e gains p o w e r s and g o o d qualities) 4 9 and he
attains a relative type of liberation (amrtam) in the form of
m e r g i n g i n t o t h e u n m a n i f e s t prakrti b y w o r s h i p o f t h e
unmanifest prakrti.50 O n e s h o u l d understand that a person
w h o w o r s h i p s b o t h sambhūti and asambhūti c a n attain p i o u s
results s u c h as p o w e r s like anima-siddhi ( t h r o u g h the wor
s h i p of sambhūti).
48
Śañkara gives the same meaning to the word. However, on comparing this
verse with the three companion verses on vidyā and avidyā, the words sambhūti
and asambhūti get reversed in this verse. Following the pattern of verse 11, "by
avidyā one crosses death and by vidyā one attains immortality," this verse
should read "by asambhūti one crosses death and by sambhūti one attains
immortality." But in this interpretation it is opposite.
49
Baladeva's commentary here follows Śañkara's to some degree. Śañkara says
that surpassing death (mrtyum) refers to overcoming lack of powers, lack of
principles of dharma, lust etc. found in sinful persons. Thus by worship of
kārya-brahman, one attains material piety and then can proceed steadily to
wards liberation.
50
T h e idea of worship of the unmanifest prakrti may come from Patañjali's
Yoga-sūtra 1.19: bhāva-pratyayah videha-prakrti-layānām: this practice gives
rise to the experience of bodilessness and merging into prakrti. This is a stage
of yoga meditation prior to the perfect state of nirbīja-samādhi. Perhaps wor
ship of Hiranyagarbha is equated with the processes of īśvara-pranidhāna, also
an assistant to perfect samādhi. Hiranyagarbha worship is mentioned in Aitareya
Upanisad 2.3.8.
78 īśopanisad
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
H e w h o u n d e r s t a n d s t h e ātmā a s h a v i n g t h e capacity t o b o t h
a c c e p t m a t t e r (sambhūti) a n d d e s t r o y m a t t e r (vināśa) con
q u e r s d e a t h b y d e s t r u c t i o n o f m a t t e r (vināśa) a n d e n j o y s
i m m o r t a l i t y by s p i r i t u a l v a r i e t y (sambhūti).
COMMENTARY
Material a s s o c i a t i o n is the c a u s e of the jīva's b o n d a g e and
repeated death. O n e w h o attains destruction of material bond
age (vināśam) surpasses death. Then, he enjoys spiritual hap
piness in variegated spiritual e x i s t e n c e or cit-sambhūti.51 If he
attains destruction of matter (asambhūti or vināśam) but fails
to attain variety in the spiritual w o r l d (cit-sambhūti), he is
lost.
51
In this interpretation, the meaning of sambhūti in the previous verses was
"material variety." In this verse it becomes "spiritual variety."
MANTRA 15
hiranmayena pātrena
satyasyāpihitam mukham
tat tvam pūsann apāvrnu
satya-dharmāya drstaye ||15||
Madhyācārya:
TRANSLATION
O V i s n u ! Your form is c o v e r e d by the brilliant s u n . P l e a s e
r e m o v e the c o v e r i n g s o that y o u r d e v o t e e c a n s e e the form.
COMMENTARY
Brahmānda Purāna says:
79
80 īśopanisad
Vedānta D e ś i k a :
TRANSLATION
T h e m i n d o f t h e jīva i s c o v e r e d b y a g o l d e n c o v e r i n g m a d e o f
ignorance a n d p a s s i o n . O lord, m a i n t a i n e r of my d e v o t i o n !
Please r e m o v e that c o v e r i n g for r e a l i z i n g y o u , w h i c h i s t h e
natural f u n c t i o n of t h e p u r e jīva.
COMMENTARY
Mantras ( 1 5 - 1 8 ) are n o w taught w h i c h s h o u l d b e utilized b y
the person fixed in the performance of brahma-vidyā or knowl
edge of brahman, a l o n g w i t h its l i m b of karma until the final
result is achieved. In these mantras v a r i o u s n a m e s s u c h as
Pūsā m u s t indicate o n l y Paramātmā. T h e y have this m e a n i n g
either directly, or b e c a u s e he is the life of the devatās indi
cated b y t h o s e names. That b e i n g the case, the mantras indi
cate o n l y o n e pleasurable object through m a n y n a m e s s u c h
as Yama and Sūrya. In the first mantra the devotee prays to
the Lord addressed as Pūsā to destroy the obstacles to medi
tation (samādhi) on the Lord, w h i c h h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d
(as vināśam in the p r e v i o u s verse). Satya refers to the jīva.
The usage is found in the following:
atah nāmadheyam satyasya satyam prānā vai satyam tesām esa satyam
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
T h e form of the e t e r n a l Lord is c o v e r e d by the brilliant rays
of the s u n . O n o u r i s h e r ! U n c o v e r y o u r form so that y o u r
d e v o t e e m a y s e e it.
COMMENTARY
After the guru delineates the form of Paramātmā to the quali
fied disciple, the disciple e n g a g e s in selfless w o r s h i p of the
Lord to m e e t the Lord directly and then attains a liberated
state. T h i s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n the p r e v i o u s verses. But
m e e t i n g the Lord directly is n o t p o s s i b l e j u s t by sravana,
manana, nididhyāsana etc. and liberation is n o t possible just
by meeting the Lord. O n l y w h e n o n e attains the mercy of the
Lord can o n e attain the Lord. T h e c o n c l u d i n g verses of the
Upanisad s h o w the m e t h o d of praying for the Lord's mercy so
82 īśopanisad
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
T h e form of Paramātmā is c o v e r e d by a v e s s e l of light. O s u n ,
p l e a s e r e m o v e t h e c o v e r i n g s o that w e c a n s e e t h e n a t u r e o f
Paramātmā a n d H i s e t e r n a l qualities.
COMMENTARY
O Supreme Lord, y o u are the spiritual sun. I am y o u r very
small particle of light. T h o u g h I can see, y o u r light d o e s n o t
allow me to s e e y o u r eternal form. Thus, b e i n g deprived of
Mantra 15 83
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
O n o u r i s h e r ! O k n o w l e d g e incarnate! O s u p r e m e c o n t r o l l e r !
O goal of t h e d e v o t e e s ! O goal of Brahma! E x p a n d knowl
e d g e o f m y self, a n d i n c r e a s e m y s e n s e k n o w l e d g e , s o that I
c a n s e e y o u r beautiful form. That Lord i n t h e s u n p l a n e t i s
a l s o p r e s e n t as Aham ( w h o c a n n o t be d i s c a r d e d ) a n d Asmi
( w h o r e s p e c t s t h e jīva's eternal e x i s t e n c e ) w i t h i n Vāyu.
COMMENTARY
Brahmānda Purāna says:
pradhāna-jñāna-rūpatah
visnur eka-rsi-jñeyo yamo niyamanāt harih
sūryah sa sūri-gamyatvāt prājāpatyah prajāpateh
viśesenaiva gamyatvāt aham cāsāvaheyatah
asmi nityāstitā-mānāt sarva-jīvesu samsthitah
svayam tu sarva-jivebhyo vyatiraktah paro harih
sa kratur jñana-rūpatvāt agnir anga-pranetrtah
84
Mantra 16 83
52
Prajāpati Brahmā. He is called aham because he c a n n o t be
discarded (a - not, ha - discard). He is called asmi, situated in
all beings, because h e h a s respect for the jīva's eternal exist
e n c e . But t h e S u p r e m e Lord also remains separate from all
jīvas.
Vedānta D e ś i k a :
TRANSLATION
O Lord, s u p r e m e n o u r i s h e r of t h e d e v o t e e ! O Lord w h o s e e s
everything! O c o n t r o l l e r of everything! O giver of i n t e l l i g e n c e
t o t h e d e v o t e e s ! O ruler of all t h e jīvas! P l e a s e r e m o v e t h e
f i e r c e rays w h i c h h i d e y o u r form. P l e a s e gather t o g e t h e r y o u r
g l o w i n g effulgence. M a y I s e e that form of y o u r s w h i c h is
m o s t beautiful! " I , " t h e Paramātmā d w e l l i n g w i t h i n m e i s h e
w h o i s that p e r s o n i n the s u n .
COMMENTARY
Describing what is s e e n in that v i s i o n of the Lord, the devo
tee requests s u c h a vision. (Pūsan m e a n s nourisher.) 5 3 Ekarsi
m e a n s the s u p r e m e seer b e y o n d the perception of the s e n s e s .
52
Pūsa the first name was explained in the commentary on the last verse as
"Visnu is called the nourisher, because he is completely full."
53
This was already mentioned in the previous commentary, and is not stated in
this verse.
86 īśopanisad
54
The verb is the primary element in the phrase with the pronoun subject
present or not. This indicates the continued presence of "I" or "you". "I" or
"you" never become destroyed or merge into brahman because of the very
nature of the verb element. The sūtra is asmad uttamah. (Pānini 1.4. 107)
55
yusmad upapade samānādhiharane sthāniny api madhyamah (Pānini 1.4.105)
88 Iśopanisad
56
When a statement such as "I am that" is made, the verb "am" as well as the
pronoun "I" indicate the existence of a person. If the statement "I am that"
means "I am that other object", the person would be negated. Therefore abso
lute identity of "I" and "that" which indicate separate objects must be rejected.
Mantra 16 89
57
This is Yādava Prakāsa's theory. Brahman transforms via its śaktis into jīva
and īśvara as well as matter. They are all real.
90 īśopanisad
58
T h e r e is a process of meditation mentioned in Chāndogya Upanisad 3.18.1 in
which the mind and other objects are equated with brahman, even though
they actually are not. The results mentioned are material, not for gaining
liberation.
Mantra 16 91
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
O n o u r i s h e r ! O w i s e s a g e ! O c o n t r o l l e r ! O object of t h e
d e v o t e e ' s w o r s h i p ! O V i s n u ! W i t h d r a w y o u r rays a n d r e m o v e
y o u r effulgence, so that I c a n s e e y o u r beautiful form. That
form in the s u n p l a n e t is a l s o p r e s e n t in a n o t h e r form. I am
he!
92 īśopanisad
COMMENTARY
Clarifying the nature of the Lord, the rsi prays again in this
verse. The meter is usnik ( 2 8 syllables-8, 8 & 12 or 7 syl
lables x 4 ) . "O nourisher of the d e v o t e e (pūsan), the s u p r e m e
revealer of mantra (ekarsi), controller of the universe (yama),
worshiped by the d e v o t e e s (sūrya), d e s c e n d e n t of Prajāpati
Displaying (vyūha) y o u r s p l e n d o r (raśmīn),
59
(prājāpatya)!
contract (samūha) your form (tejas), and b e s t o w k n o w l e d g e
to me." Or the s e n t e n c e c a n m e a n "Withdraw (vyūha) t h e
rays w h i c h obstruct my vision, and take away (samūha) y o u r
effulgence (tejah)." T h e n I will be able to s e e your form w h i c h
is m o s t beautiful or auspicious, by your mercy (indicated by
te). Next, he explains in w h i c h manner o n e can s e e that form.
That person w h o is situated in the s u n is also situated in a
separate form. I b e c o m e that person (so' ham). 6 0
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
O Pūsan, Ekarsi, Sūrya, Prājāpatya, r e m o v e y o u r rays, re
strict y o u r light. T h e n I c a n s e e y o u r m o s t a u s p i c i o u s form.
I a m qualified t o s e e that form, b e c a u s e y o u , the c o m p l e t e
p e r s o n , a n d Paramātmā, y o u r p o r t i o n i n the material w o r l d ,
a n d w e jīvas a l s o are all spiritual b y nature. If y o u are merci
ful I c a n s e e y o u .
59
Baladeva does not give meanings to these names of the Lord.
60
According to Baladeva's commentary on Vedānta-sūtra 3.3.46, the phrase so
'ham, which is also found in Gopāla-tāpanī Upanisad as well as others, does
not mean absolute identity of the devotee and God, but rather is an emotional
expression uttered by the devotee when absorbed in intense devotion. Śankara
explains so 'ham as identity of self with brahman.
Mantra 16 93
COMMENTARY
T h o u g h y o u are the full Lord, y o u enter the w o r l d as the
purusa - the controller of māyā. You use m a n y types of en
ergy to regulate māyā. Being the shelter of these energies y o u
b e c o m e d e s i g n a t e d b y s u c h n a m e s a s Pūsā, Ekarsi, Yama,
Sūrya, Prājāpatya (Vāmana-deva). Situated in the material
world, I think of t h o s e forms and l o n g to s e e y o u r eternal
form. W h e n y o u are merciful and I b e c o m e qualified to s e e
y o u , I will be able to s e e y o u r form. All g o o d qualities are in
y o u r eternal form. You have situated me in a spiritual form as
well. W i t h y o u r mercy, I can s e e y o u r eternal form.
MANTRA 17
vāyur anilam amrtam
athedam bhasmāntam śarīram
om krato smara krtam smara
krato smara krtam smara ||17||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
Though the body b e c o m e s ashes, Vāyu is immortal because
h e i s s u p p o r t e d b y the i m m o r t a l Lord. S u c h i s the p o w e r o f
t h e e t e r n a l Lord!
O m n i s c i e n t Lord, p l e a s e h a v e m e r c y o n m e , r e m e m b e r m y
acts of devotion to you.
COMMENTARY
C o n t i n u i n g from the previous verse, b e c a u s e the Lord is in
Asu or Vāyu, Vāyu also b e c o m e s immortal (amrta).61 W h a t
to speak then of the Lord himself! Vāyu is called Anila be
cause it is the abode (nilaya) of the Lord ( a ) .
Rāma-samhitā says:
61
For Madhva, Vāyu or Mukhya-prāna is the most exalted devotee, with eternal
knowledge.
94
Mantra 17 95
Brahma-tarka says:
Vedānta Deśika:
TRANSLATION
T h e jīva m o v e s like the air h e r e a n d there, w i t h o u t a perma
n e n t shelter. But i t i s eternal. H o w e v e r , t h i s material b o d y i s
temporary, e n d i n g in a s h e s at death. O Lord, m a s t e r of the
jīva a n d t h e b o d y ! O Lord, approachable b y a c t i o n s of sacri
f i c e a n d k n o w l e d g e ! B y y o u r mercy, p l e a s e r e m e m b e r m e !
R e m e m b e r all that I have d o n e as service a n d c o m p e n s a t e
whatever I omitted!
COMMENTARY
After this the teacher describes the nature of the jīva in his
pure state. T h e ātmā is called vāyu or air because its nature is
to m o v e about here and there according to vidyā and karma
just as the w i n d b l o w s (vā—to b l o w about). It is called anilam
b e c a u s e it is w i t h o u t a resting place (nilayana) and l a c k s
s t e a d i n e s s ( T h i s m e a n i n g of anila is derived from the verb
nilī: na nilīyate m e a n s "it d o e s n o t settle down."). Even t h o u g h
death occurs, w i t h a s u c c e s s i o n of bodies, the ātmā is with
out death (amrtam) by its very nature. Being deathless is rep-
96 īśopanisad
62
The soul is eternal. However (atha) the body is temporary, turning to ashes.
63
The soul is eternal. Then (after the soul leaves the body) the body turns to
ashes.
64
The soul is eternal, but what can be done? Because all jīvas are under the
control of karma, their bodies must die.
98 Iśopanisad
65
This is apparently from Varāha Purāna but not available in the present edi
tions.
Mantra 17 101
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
Let the s u b t l e b o d y m e r g e i n t o t h e s u b t l e s t o f e l e m e n t s . Let
t h i s b o d y b e c o m e a s h e s in t h e fire. O Lord! Give b l e s s i n g s ! O
m i n d , h e l p m e r e m e m b e r t h e Lord. O Lord, r e m e m b e r m y
deeds.
COMMENTARY
Here the devotee prays " N o w w h e n I am dying m a y my life
air give up the individual b o d y and enter the greater air."
T h e meter is gāyatri (3 l i n e s of 8 syllables each; last line is
here repeated). O Paramātmā, at the time of dying, m a y my
prāna (vāyuh), indicating the subtle b o d y of 17 e l e m e n t s ( 1 0
senses, mind, 5 tanmātras, and ahañkāra) give u p the limited
gross b o d y and attain the universal c o n s c i o u s n e s s of all jīvas
combined (amrtam), the m a s s of all c o n s c i o u s n e s s (sūtrātmā)
in the form of a deity also called Mukhya-prāna (anilam).66
There is no verb in this statement so it m u s t be supplied. 6 7
T h e m e a n i n g is this: may the Lord separate the subtle body,
purified b y jñāna and karma, from the gross b o d y ( b y merg
i n g the subtle b o d y i n t o the mahat-tattva).68 T h e n m a y the
gross body be burned to ashes in fire.
66
Vāyu a n d anilam do not refer to the air of the five gross elements. Vāyu a n d
prāna refer to the subtle body of the individual, the five life airs, which are an
expansion of the vāyu element, and anilam refers to the totality of all jīvas. This
is sometimes called samasti-jīva, hiranyagarbha, sūtrātmā or Mukhya-prāna,
who is a deity embodying all jīvas in the subtle state of mahat-tattva, before
ahañkāra becomes manifest.
67
T h i s follows Śankara's rendering. Bhaktivinoda also supplies a verb in this
line.
68
T h i s appears to be preliminary to merging everything into the avyakta-prakrti
called asambhūti mentioned in the commentary on verse 14.
Mantra 17 103
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
May the material life air i n m y b o d y attain a n eternal nature
a s spiritual life air i n the spiritual w o r l d ! After m y s u b t l e
body passes away, may my gross body be burned to ashes! O
mind, remember what you should do. Remember what you
have done.
COMMENTARY
T h o u g h a prayer for liberation from the material world is n o t
considered proper in pure bhakti, s u c h prayers for liberation
are uttered i n jñāna-miśra-bhakti, w h i c h i s a d o o r for pure
bhakti. In this mantra there is remembrance of bhakti along
w i t h liberation.
69
Kratu means determination. It also refers to a sacrifice and deity of sacrifice,
Visnu. Madhva takes that meaning. In Baladeva's a n d Śañkara's explanations,
the first command to remember seems to be addressed to the mind. The second
command to remember is addressed to the Lord. In Śañkara's explanation
which is very similar to Baladeva's, this is made clear, since the word agne (o
fire, brahman!) is added to explain the second utterance of smara.
M A N T R A 18
agne naya supathā rāye asmān
viśvāni deva vayunāni vidvān
yuyodhy asmaj juhurānam eno
bhūyisthām te nama-uktim vidhema ||18||
Madhvācārya:
TRANSLATION
O leader d w e l l i n g i n t h e b o d y ! Lead u s o n t h e correct p a t h t o
liberation. O Lord! You k n o w h o w m u c h w e k n o w . Take a w a y
o u r degrading s i n s . W e offer r e s p e c t s w i t h k n o w l e d g e a n d
70
devotion to you.
COMMENTARY
Vayunam m e a n s k n o w l e d g e . T h e u s a g e i s f o u n d i n t h e
Bhāgavatam: tvad-dattayā vayunayedam acasta viśvam: Brahma
s a w the w h o l e world by the k n o w l e d g e g i v e n by y o u (SB 4.9.8.)
Juhurānam m e a n s "that w h i c h degrades us." Yuyodhi m e a n s
"separate u s . " T h u s the s e n t e n c e m e a n s " R e m o v e o u r s i n s
w h i c h degrade us." Skanda Purāna says:
70
After the devotee develops knowledge of the Lord and devotion, the Lord by
his mercy qualifies the devotee to perceive him, and reveals himself to the
devotee. All sins are washed away by that vision.
104
Mantra 18 105
Vedānta D e ś i k a :
TRANSLATION
O l e a d e r of all b e i n g s ! Performer of p a s t i m e s ! You k n o w ev
erything. Lead u s t o k n o w l e d g e t h r o u g h practices w h i c h y i e l d
e n o u g h w e a l t h t o m a i n t a i n o u r b o d i e s . D e s t r o y the o b s t a c l e s
w h i c h c r e a t e c r o o k e d n e s s i n u s . W e offer r e s p e c t s t o y o u
s a y i n g namah r e p e a t e d l y
COMMENTARY
This verse indicates attaining the object of desire, the Lord,
w h o is addressed here as Agni. T h e Lord is addressed as Agni
because the Lord acts through the b o d y of Agni. The Lord as
the i n d w e l l i n g spirit of Agni is e x p r e s s e d in verses s u c h as
atashara-kara-grāhyam arājaka-vaśamvadam
adāyāda-vibhāgārha-dhanam ārjaya susthiram
Baladeva Vidyābhūsana:
TRANSLATION
O Lord of p a s t i m e s ! O fire! Lead us on t h e s p l e n d i d p a t h to
the treasure o f liberation. You k n o w all o f o u r a c t i o n s a n d
t h o u g h t s . D e s t r o y our s i n s w h i c h distract u s from y o u . May
w e offer r e s p e c t s r e p e a t e d l y t o y o u .
COMMENTARY
After praying for a direct v i s i o n of the Lord (verses 15 and
1 6 ) , the devotee prays for liberation to the Lord w h o is ad
dressed as fire. The meter is tristubh (four lines of e l e v e n syl
lables each). O person w h o has m a n y pastimes (deva)! O Lord
in the form of fire (agne)! Lead us on the right path, the path
of liberation or devayāna, for the treasure of liberation (rāye).
H o w is the Lord described? He k n o w s (vidvān) all (viśvāni)
our actions or all of our k n o w l e d g e (vayunāni). Separate us
(asman yuyodhi) f r o m s i n s (enah), w h i c h a r e c r o o k e d
(juhurānam), forming obstacles to liberation in the form of
desires. Many times (bhūyisthām) m a y we offer respects (nama-
uktim) to y o u (te) in order to b e c o m e pure. We c a n n o t repay
Mantra 18 109
Bhaktivinoda Thākura:
TRANSLATION
O Agni, purifier! G u i d e us on the right p a t h to the h i g h e s t
spiritual treasure. O Lord, s i n c e y o u u n d e r s t a n d our e x t e n t
o f k n o w l e d g e ( k n o w l e d g e o f the w o r l d a n d c o n s e q u e n t de
t a c h m e n t from it, k n o w l e d g e o f G o d a n d d e v o t i o n ) , p l e a s e
l e a d u s there. D e s t r o y our o b s t r u c t i n g s i n s . W e r e p e a t e d l y
offer y o u r e s p e c t s .
COMMENTARY
W h e n the jīva remembers h i s previous sins, the jīva b e c o m e s
a n x i o u s c o n c e r n i n g attainment of liberation. Therefore he ad
dresses the pure Paramātmā as Agni. The purifying power of
fire c o m e s from the Lord. T h e jīva then sees that there is n o
m e t h o d e x c e p t d e v o t i o n to the Lord with suitable k n o w l e d g e
and detachment. T h u s he prays in this way. K n o w l e d g e m e a n s
"knowledge of God." By k n o w l e d g e of the universe, 7 1 o n e gets
higher k n o w l e d g e of t h e Lord
(vijñāna). W i t h that k n o w l
prajñāna or bhakti. Sruti says: etad
edge o f G o d o n e attains
vijñāya prajñānam kurvīta: after understanding the Lord, y o u
should perform bhakti. (Brhad-āranyaka Upanisad 4. 4.21)
71
Bhaktivinoda mentions viśva-jñāna as the first knowledge, followed by īśvara-
jñāna, or vijñāna, followed by bhakti, prajñāna. But he does not explain it and
how it relates to knowledge of God. Perhaps it means knowledge of matter, by
which one becomes detached from enjoyment, as instructed in the first verse
of this Upanisad.
110 īśopanisad