2.

5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF A FORCE

Effects : *change the size of the body *change the shape of the body *change the resting state of the body. * change the state of the body * change the direction of motion of the body unbalance when there are a net force acting on it.

Definition : Anything that changes the state of rest or motion of a body moving in a straight line

Vector quantity

FORCE

S.I units : Kgms-2 or Newton (N)

Balance if two or more external forces acting on it cancel out one another and the net force of resultant force are zero

The net force acting on the books is zero. R-W = 0 R is a normal reaction W is weight. The book remain at rest.

The net force acting on the car is zero. F-T = 0 F is a frictional force T is driving force provides by the engine The car moving at constant velocity along a straight road.

When four forces are balance the net force acting on the plane is zero. L-W=0 therefore L=W T-F=0 therefore T=F An airplane is flying horizontally at a constant height with a constant velocity.

Newton Second Law of Motion The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the resultant force and in the same direction as the force. F rate of change of momentum F (m mu ) t but v u = ma F m (v u) t t F ma F = kma where k is a constant (ms-2) 1 N of force is defined as the magnitude of a force required to accelerate 1 kg of a body by 1 ms-2. Hence k = 1
F = ma

F is a force in newtons (N) m is the mass in kilograms (kg) a is the acceleration in metres per second,

Therefore

The relationship between F, m and a can be shown by this graph :

1 m m

a varies inversely with m

a is proportional to 1 m

a varies directly with F

Example 1 :
v constant 12 N 60 N

The block of wood of mass 8 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of 12 N and having a constant velocity . What is the acceleration, if the block of wood is pulled by a 60 N force ? solution : constant velocity means that the net force acting on this object is zero. Therefore the frictional force is also 12 N.

frictional force 12 N

v constant 12 N 12 N 60 N

F = ma 60 -12 = 8 x a a = 48 8 a = 6 ms-2 Example 2 ; A particle which is initially at rest is accelerated for 10 seconds. The force that is applied upon the particle is 25 N. If the final velocity of the particle is 20 ms-1 and that the frictional force between the particle and the surface is neglected, what is the mass of the particle ? solution : information given : t = 10 s F = 25 N v = 20 ms-1 u = 0 ms-1 ( initially at rest ) using formula F = m (v - u) t 25 = m (20 0 ) 10

therefore

m = 12.5 kg

2.6 Analysing Impulse and Impulsive Forces

Impulse Definition : Change of momentum Ft = mv - mu S.I unit : kg m s-1 or Ns

Impulsive Force Definition : rate of change of momentum F = mv mu t S.I unit : kg m s-1 or N

* When the time of action is prolonged, the impulsive force will decrease. * When the time of action is shortened, the impulsive force will increase.

Ways to Reduce Impulsive Force 1. Bending the legs to land on the ground when jumping. 2. Using carpet 3. The design of the car : *using a soft metal in front and the rear part of the car, so that the car easily crumpled during an accident the time for the car to crumpled increase so that the impulsive force will decrease. * The seats of passengers are strengthened - protect the passengers. * Safety belts slow down the motion of the passengers. * Air bags prolong the time of action and reduce the impulsive force. 4. Moving hand to the back while catching the ball decrease the impulsive force and prolong the time of action. 5. Keeps fragile goods in a soft polystyrene- longer time taken to diffuse the big force and reduce the impulsive force.

Hockey stick and golf club * made of hard wood and hard alloy.

Martial art player is able to break a pile of brick easily * the hand move very fast and stops when it hits the top bricks.

A Good Use of Impulsive Force -Shorten the time - increase the impulsive force

The pile and the pile diver. * made of hard steel alloy * release very fast to hit the hard pile

The pestle and mortar. * made of hard material * the pestle moves very fast and the mortar stops the motion of the pestle in a short time.

2.7SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLE

2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY

definition : Any object which falls only under the influence of the force of attraction due to gravity and without any influence of other forces

Example of free fall :

FREE FALL Both object reach the bottom at the same time.

fall with the same acceleration due to gravity. g = 10 ms-1

Example : Do a feather and coin fall with the same acceleration in air ? Why ? solution : No, because the the coins has small surface area than that of the feather therefore the air resistance which acts on the feather is higher and the acceleration of the coin is bigger than that of the feather.

2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

Definition : Example 1: the gravitational force acting per unit mass on an object in the field

On Earth g = 9.8 N kg-1

can be found by using the following equation : g = Gravitational force , F Mass of body, m

What happens to the value of the gravitational field strength when we move away from the earth ? solution : The gravitational field strength gets less when we go further away from the earth . Example 2 : A body of mass 2 kg has a weight of 20 N . Find the value of the gravitational field strength . solution : g = 20 N 2 kg = 10 N kg-1 Example 3 : An object has a mass of 8 kg. Find its weight on (a) the Earth (b) the moon. ( The acceleration due to gravity on the Earth is 9.8 m s-2 while on the Moon is 1.6ms-2) solution : a) F = mg = 8 kg x 9.8 m s-2 = 78.4 N (b) F = mg = 8 kg x 1.6 m s-2 = 12.8 N

ACTIVITY (50 MINUTES) 2.5 UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF A FORCE 1.Complete the table below. Forces acting on an object (i) 20 N 20N FR = Balanced / Unbalanced Resultant Force(FR)

(ii) 60 N (iii) 8N 10N 2.Complete the following table which shows the relationship between resultant force, mass and acceleration. Mass/kg Acceleration/ms-2 Resultant force/N 5 10 2 20 10 500 3. Solving problems using F = ma (a) State Newtons Second Law of motion. 5N FR = Balanced / Unbalanced 100 N FR = Balanced / Unbalanced

(b) A box of mass 3 kg is put on a smooth floor.The box is pushed horizontally with a force as shown below.What is the acceleration of the box? 3N

(c) F = 2.0N

A toy car of mass 800g is pulled along a level runway with a constant speed by a force of 2N. (i) What is the friction on the toy car? (When a car moving with a constant speed, the resultant = 0N)

(ii) When the force is increased to 6 N, what is: The unbalanced force acting on it?

The acceleration of the toy car?

2.6 ANALYSING IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE. 4. A car with a mass of 1000kg is moving with a velocity of 25ms-1.It then collides with a tree and is stopped in 0.05 s.Calculate the impulse and impulsive force acted on the car. Mass of the car = Initial velocity of the car,u = Final velocity of the car v = Time taken to stop = Therefore Impulse(Ft) = change of momentum(mv mu) = The impulsive force = rate of change of momentum =

2.7 SAFETY FEATURES IN VEHICLES 5. The picture below shows a crash test of a vehicle conducted by a car manufacturer.

(a) State the labelled parts in the picture. P Q R S (b) Describe the safety features of the following parts. P Q R S

(c) The major consideration to design safety features of a car is to reduce the during an accident.The longer the impulsive force acting on the car. ,the smaller will be the

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2.8 UNDERSTANDING GRAVITY 6. A spacecraft of mass 1200kg experiences a gravitational force of 6000N. Calculate the gravitational field strength at the location of the spacecraft. Mass,m = Gravitational Force,F = Therefore Gravitational field strength,g = F/m =

7.An astronaut has a mass of 75kg.what is his weight if (a) he is on the surface of the Earth where the gravitational field strength is 9.8Nkg-1? w=m x g

(b) he is on the surface of the moon where the gravitational field strength is 1/6 of that on the surface of the earth? gmoon = 1/6 x gearth =

weight w = m x gmoon =

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ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 1. Force is defined as A the change in impulse B the difference in pressure C the rate of change in momentum 2. An object is moving with zero resultant force.Which of the following inference is not true? A Its velocity is constant. B Its acceleration is zero C Its displacement is zero D It has encountered a constant resistance 3. An object of fixed mass will move with a constant acceleration, when the resultant force acting on it is A proportional to its displacement. B constant but not zero. C increasing. D zero. 5 20N 20N 6 4. A truck has a mass of 5000 kg.what is the braking force needed to slow it down from 20ms-1 to a complete stop in 2.0 s A 50 000 N B 5000 N C 1000 N The acceleration of free fall on the moon is 1.6ms-2.The acceleration of free fall on the earth is 10ms-2. A rock has a mass of 10kg on the earth.Which of the following statements of the rock is correct? A Its mass on the moon is 16N. B Its mass on the moon is 10kg. C Its weight on the moon is zero. D Its weight on the earth is 10N D 500 N E 50 N

The above figure shows two wooden blocks each weighing 4kg are being pulled by a force of 20N resulting in an acceleration of 2ms-2.If one of the blocks is being pulled by the same force of 20N as shown above,what will the acceleration, in ms-2 be? A 2.0 D 4.5 B 3.0 E 5.0 C 4.0

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STRUCTURED QUESTION. 1. Figure1.0(a) shows a trolley P on a horizontal bench.Figure1.0(b) shows an identical trolley Q loaded with steel bars on the same bench.A horizontal force of 10.0N acting for a time of 0.2s is applied to each trolley in turn.

10N 0.2s

10N 0.2s

Figure 1.0(a) Figure 1.0 (b) (a) After 2.0 s ,trolley P moves to the right with a speed of 5.0 ms-1 but trolley Q moves to the right with a speed of 1.0 ms-1.Explain why these speeds are different.

(1 mark) (b) Trolley P is now turned over so that it is resting on its top surface as shown in figure 1.1. 10 N 0.2s figure 1.1 Explain why the force of 10.0N acting for 0.2s now results in a very small speed and why that speed rapidly reduces to 0 N.

(1 mark) (c) The mass of trolley P is 0.40 kg. determine the weight of trolley P when the (i) trolley is nearthe surface of the earth (1 mark)

(ii)the surface of the moon

(1 mark) Given that the acceleration of free fall is 10.0 ms at the surface of the earth and 1.6 ms-2 at the surface of the moon.
-2

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2. Figure 2.0 shows a raindrop falling. B

A Figure 2.0 A is the force which causes the raindrop to fall, B is the force which opposes the motion of the raindrop. (i) Name force A. (1 mark) (ii) Name a possible cause of force B. (1 mark)

(iii) Explain what happens to the raindrop when force A equals to force B.

(2 marks)

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3.A man skydives from a stationary helicopter and parachutes down.Figure 3.0 shows three positions during the fall.The drag force R on the parachutist and the total weight of the parachutist W in each position are shown in the diagrams.

Figure 3.0 (a)At which position is he falling with constant velocity?Give reason for your answer.

(2 marks) (b)At which position is he falling with an upward acceleration. Find the acceleration at that instant.

(2 marks) (c )At which position is he falling with a downward acceleration? Find the acceleration at that instant.

(2 marks)

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ANSWER KEY. (Activity) 1(i) 0N, Balanced , (ii) 40 N, to the right(Unbalanced), (iii) 13 N,to the left (Unbalanced) 2. 50N, 10kg, 50ms-2 3.(a) The acceleration of a body, a , is directly proportional to the net force acting on it,F, and inversely proportional to its mass,m: F = ma (b) F = ma a = F/m = 3/3 = 1 ms-2 (c) (i)Friction Force = Force applied = 2.0 N (ii) The unstable force = 6 N 2 N =4N The acceleration a = F/m = 4/0.8 = 5 ms-2 4. m = 1000 kg , u = 25ms-1 ,v = 0ms-1 , t = 0.05 s

Therefore impulse = 0 25000 = -25000Nm Impulsive Force = -25000 / 0.05 = -500 000 N

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5(a) Parts of a car. P Q R S Rubber front bumper. Front crumple zone. Windscreen. Air bag

(b) Safety features. P Q R S Absorbs impact to prevent damage to the car. Easily crushed to increase the time interval of impact. Made of shatter-proof glass to reduce injuries caused by the pieces of glass which scatter during the collision. Cushion the passengers from direct impact with the steering wheel/windscreen.

( c ) time/time taken. 6. m = 1200 kg F = 6000N g = 5.0 Nkg-1 7. (a) w = 735 N (b) w = 122.5 N

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ANSWER KEY. (Assesment) Objective questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C C B A D B

Structured Question. 1.(a) The total mass of the steel bars and the trolley Q is greater than the mass of trolley P.Since the same force is applied in both cases,the acceleration of trolley Q is smaller than the acceleration of trolley P. (b) When the trolley P is overturned, the frictional force between the trolley and the bench is greater. (c ) (i) Weight near surface of the earth = 0.4 x 10 = 4.0 N (ii) Weight near surface of the Moon = 0.4 x 1.6 = 0.64 N 2. (a) weight or gravitational force. (b) Air resistance (c ) When A = b ,by Newtons Second Law, resultant force F = ma becomes A B = ma Therefore a = A B m = 0 ms-2 The raindrop moves at constant velocity. 3. (a) Constant velocity at Z. At Z resultant force = 0 N. (b)Upward acceleration at Y. At Y, resultant force is 400N upwards. (c) Downward acceleration at X.At X, resultant force is 800N downwards.

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