Lectur

Internal Combustion Engines

Background

Classifications

1. Engine Cycle
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4

strokes of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions of the crankshaft

Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2

strokes of the Piston movements over 1 revolution

Classifications Contd.

2. Fuel Used
Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene

Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas

Using solid fuels like charcoal, powdered coke

(converted to gaseous fuel outside the engine in a gas producer)

Using viscous fuels like diesel Using dual fuel

Fuel Used - at a Glance

Gasoline Diesel Gas, Natural gas, Methane Liquid Petroleum Gas Alcohol, Methanol Hydrogen Dual Fuel
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Classifications Contd.

3. Method of Ignition
Spark Ignition: An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a spark plug. In early engine development, before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms of torch of torch holes were used to initiate combustion form an external flame. Compression

Ignition: The

Classifications Contd.

4. Position & Number of Cylinders

Single Cylinder Inline Cylinders V Engine Opposed Cylinder Engine W Engine Opposed Piston Engine Radial Engine
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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f

(g)

Cylinder Arrangement

Single cylinder: Engine has one cylinder

and piston connected to the crankshaft. In-Line: Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other along the length of the crankshaft. Number of cylinders may vary from 2 to 11 or even more. Inline four-cylinder engines are very common for automobiles. In-line engines are also referred to as straight such as straight six or straight eight.

V Engine: Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft. The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within 60-90. V engines have even numbers of cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8 are the common engines with six and eight cylinders respectively.

Opposed

Cylinder

Engine:

Two

banks

of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These are mostly used in small aircraft and some automobiles with an even number of cylinders from two to eight or more. These engines are also called flat engines such as flat four.

W Engine: Similar to that of V engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some racing cars.

Opposed Piston Engine: Two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber located centrally between the pistons. A singlecombustion process causes two power strokes at

Radial Engine: Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders on a radial engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging from 3 to 13 or more.

Many medium-and largesize propeller-driven aircraft use radial engines. For large aircraft, two or more banks

Cylinder Arrangement

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Single Cylinder Engine Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per crank revolution (360 CA) for 2 stroke, or every two revolutions for 4 stroke. The torque pulses on the crank shaft are widely spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are significant problems.

4-stroke

2-stroke 0 CA (TC)

180 CA

360 CA (TC)

540 CA

720 CA (TC)

180 CA

Used in small engine applications where engine size is more important

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Multi-cylinder Engines Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume amongst multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power strokes produces smoother torque characteristics. Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6:

Engine balance (inertia forces associated with accelerating and decelerating piston) better for in-line versus V configuration.
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V-6 Engine

Inlet runner Air intake manifold

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Classifications Contd.

5. Valve Locations
Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I-head engine. Valves in block (flat head), also called Lhead engine. Some historic engines with valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T-head engines.

(a )

(b)

(d)

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Classifications Contd.

6. Air Intake process

Naturally Aspirated: No intake air pressure boost system.

Supercharged: Intake air pressure increased with the compressor driven off the engine crankshaft.

Turbocharged: Intake air pressure increased with the turbine-compressor driven by the engine

Air Intake

Turbine Aftercooler

Com pres sor Air Inta ke

Exhau st

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Where the turbocharger is located in the car

Where the turbocharger is located in the car

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How a turbocharger is plumbed (including the charge air cooler)

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Roots Blower

Vane

Screw Compressor

Radial compressor

Axial compressor

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Classifications Contd.

7. Method of Fuel supply for SI Engines

Carbureted Multi Point Fuel Injection - One or

more injectors at each cylinder intake. Throttle Body Fuel Injection - Injectors upstream in intake manifold.

Inlet Valve

Throttle

Vent Fuel discharge nozzle Float Fuel metering jet lip, h Fuel

Fuel from supply Float Chamber

Choke Air

Carburet Syste
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ed

Multi Point Fuel Injection System

Throttle Body Injection System

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Classifications Contd.

8. Combustion Chamber Design

Open chamber (disc, wedge, hemispherical, bowl-in-piston) Divided chamber (small and large auxiliary chambers like swirl chamber, pre-chambers)

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Classifications Contd.

9. Type of Cooling

Air Cooled Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled

R a d ia to r

C ylin d e r

P isto n

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 The cooling system in most cars consists of the

radiator and water pump. Water circulates through passages around the cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off.

Classifications Contd.

10. Applications
Car, buses, two-wheelers,

trucks
Locomotives Stationary Marine Light Aircraft Portable Power Systems Lawnmowers

References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, (1985), Automotive Engines, DL Tata McGraw Hill. 2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg. Technologists, Addison Wisley. 3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John Wiley & Sons. 4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford and IBH Pub Ltd. 6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers. 7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill. 8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis. 9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, AddisonWesley. 10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in
1.

Internal Combustion Engines, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi. 11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall. 12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, (1992), Engineering YR Thermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.

13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill. 14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The
Macmillan Press Limited, London.

15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
http://www.mne.psu.edu/simp son/courses http://me.queensu.ca/courses http://www.eng.fsu.edu http://www.per sonal.utulsa.edu http://www.glenro seffa.org/ http://www.howstuffworks.com http://www.me.psu.edu http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web %5B1%5D.ppt http://www.osti.gov/ fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf 9. http://www.rmi.org/s itepages/pid457.php 10. http://www.tpub.co m/content/engine/1 4081/css 11. http://webpages.csus.edu 12. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12 13. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engin es.ppt 14. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrot c/academics/180/Lesson 15. %2008%20Diesel.ppt http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/ 16. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge17. parts.ppt http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil 18. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm 19.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ ME_senior_design/2002/ folder14/ccd/Combusti on

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