INTRODUCTION

All students who are taking Addtional Mathematics in their subjects are required to carry out a project work.This year,the Curriculum Development Division Ministry of Education Malaysia has prepared three task for us.We have to choose one of these three task and complete it based on pour own area of interest.While conducting this project,we are gaining a very valuable experience and able to :  Apply and adopt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non routine problem.  Realise that mathematics is a very important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and develop positive attitude towards mathematics.  Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and become more creative and innovative.  Improve our thinking skill and promote effective mathematical communication.

HISTORY OF CAKE
Cake is a term with a long history (the word is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse kaka) and denotes a baked flour confection sweetened with sugar or honey; it is mixed with eggs and often, but not invariably, with milk and fat; and it has a porous texture from the mixture rising during cooking. It is not surprising that the frontiers between cake and bread, biscuit and bun are indistinct. The progenitor of all is bread in its simplest form. As techniques for baking and leavening developed, and eating patterns changed, what were originally regarded as froms of bread came to be seen as categories of their own and named accordingly. Certain Roman breads, enriched with eggs and butter, must have achieved a cakelike consistency and thus approached one of these indistinct frontiers. Although the popularity of home baking and the role of cakes in the diet have both changed during the 20th century, cakes remain almost ubiquitous in the western world. They have kept their image as 'treats' and maintain their ceremonial importance at weddings and birthdays.

Part 1
Cakes come in a variety of forms,flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday party,Hari Raya,weddings, and many more.Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating.For this situations,mathematics is very significant because it is used in cake baking and cake decorating. First,geometry is used to determine suitable dimensions for the cake,to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and desings,to estimate the volume of cake that need to be produced. Secondly,calculus of differentation is used to determine the minimum or the maximum amount of cream needed for decorating and to estimate the minimum or the maximum size of cake to be produced. Lastly,progression is used to determine total weight,volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions,to estimatetotal ingredients needed for cake-baking and to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Part 2
1) Calculate the diameter of the baking tray need to be used to fit the 5kg cake by using : Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake

3800 x 5 = (3.142)( ) x 7

(3.142) = ( )

863.872 = ( )

= 29.392

d = 58.784 cm

2) a) First,form the formula for d in the terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000,that is :

19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h

= d

d=

Then, by using d =

,we will find the diameter,d,in the cm in different height,h,in

cm.Therefore,tabulated results as follows Height,h (cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Diameter,d(cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

b) i. The range of height that is NOT suitable for the cakes is h < 7cm because the consulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven.Furthermore,the would be too short and too wide,making it less attractive. The most suitable dimension (h and d) for the cake is h = 8cm,d = 54.99cm because it can fit into the oven and the size is suitable for easy handling.

ii.

c) i. The same formula as in Question 2(a) is used,that is 19000 = (3.142) ( ) h.The same process is also used,that is,make d as the subject.Then,form an equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph.

19000 = (3.142)( )h 19000/(3.142)h = = d d= d= log d =  log d =

log h + log 155.53 (final equation for the grapd-drawing)

Height,h(cm)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

Log h
0.00 0.30 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.78 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Diameter,d(cm)
155.53 109.98 89.79 77.76 69.55 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

Log d
2.19 2.04 2.04 1.95 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.70

ii.

a. First,find the log for h = 10.5,that is log h = 1.021 d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm log h = 1.021 from the graph,log d = 1.680 d = 47.86cm b. First,find the log for d = 42cm,that is log d = 1.623 h when d = 42cm d = 42cm log d = 1.623 from the graph,log h = 1.140 h = 13.80cm

3.

a) The dimension that I have suggested in Question 2(b)(ii) is h = 8cm,d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = volume of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Volume of cream at the top surface + volume of cream at the side surface. Volume of cream at the top surface = area of top surface x height of cream = (3.142)( = 2375 cm Volume of cream at the side surface = area of side surface x height of cream = (circumference of cake x height of cake) x height of cream = 2(3.142) ( = 1382.23 cm Therefore,amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm ) x 1 ) x 1

b) Three other shape for cake,that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in Question 2(b)(ii) are :

1. Rectangle shaped base (cuboid)

19000 = base area x height base area = length x width = 2375 By trial and improvement using length = 50,width = 47.5 and height = 8, 50 x 47.5 = 2875

Therefore,amount of cream = 2(area of left,right side surface)(height of cream)+2(area of front/back side surface)(height of cream)+volume of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1)+2(8 x 47.5)(1)+ 2375 = 3935 cm

2. Triangle shaped base

19000 = base area x height Base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 Length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement using length = 95,width = 50 and height = 8, 95 x 50 = 4750 Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25) = 98.23

Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left,right side surface)(Height of cream) + volume of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

3. Pentagon shaped base

19000 = base area x height Base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangle in a pentagon Therefore, 5(length x width) = 2375 length x width = 475 By trial improvement,using length = 25,width = 19 and height = 8, 25 x 19 = 475

Therefore,amount of cream, = 5(area of one rectangular side surface) (height of cream) + volume of the top surface. = 5(8 x 19) x 2375 = 3135 cm

c) Based on the values that I have found,the shape that requires the least amount of freash cream to be used is pentagon-shaped base since it requires only 3135 cm amount of cream

PART 3
Method 1 : Calculus (Differentiation) Use two equations for this method,that are the formula for volume of cake as in Question 2(a) and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake as in Question 3(a) 19000 = (3.142) rh (1) (2)

V = (3.142) r + 2(3.142)rh

From (1), 19000 = (3.142) rh h= (3)

Substitute (3) into (2) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( V = (3.142)r + ( ) )

V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1

) = 2(3.142)r ( 0 = 2(3.142)r ( = 0

) ) is minimum value, therefore

= 2(3.142)r

= r

6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Substitute r = 18.22 into (3): h=  h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm

Method 2 : Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1,but only the formula for amount of cream is the main quation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake : 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) (2) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) by factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + ) ( ) ] by completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0

= (3.142) [ (r + h) h ] = (3.142) (r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates minimum value), minimum value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Substitute r = --h into (1) : 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Substitute h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142) r (18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable because the height is too high and make the cake less attractive.Moreover,the cake will be difficult to handle.

Further Exploration
a) Given that, height,h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of second cake = 10% smaller than first cake radius of third cake = 10% smaller than second cake From the equation,I will get 31, 27.9, 25.11, 25.599 It is a Geometric Progressions with a = 31 and r =

Therefore,in this question,I will use the formula V = (3.142)rh,with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes.The value of r can be obtained from the progressions of radius of cakes given in the previous question :

Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995

a = 18116.772 r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81

b) Given the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15kg (total mass < 15kg,change to volume : total volume < 57000 cm)

Sn =

      

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =

   

1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n log0.81 0.40221 = n

n=

 

n = 4.322 therefore, n 4

Verifying the answer using Sn = When n = 5 S5

      

 
=

 

= 62104.443 > 57000 (Sn > 57000 , n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4 S4 =

   

= 54305.767 > 57000 (Sn < 57000,n = 4 is suitable)

Reflection
After spending countless hours,days and night to finish this project and also sacrificingmy time for chatting and moviesin this mid year holiday,there are several things thatIcan say...

Additional Mathematics... From the dayI born... From the dayI was able to holding pencil... From the dayI start learning... And... From the dayI heard your name... I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in excelling in my life... But after countless of hours... Countless of days... Countless of nights...

After sacrificing my precious time just for you... Sacrificing my play Time.. Sacrificing my Chatting... Sacrificing my Facebook... Sacrificing my internet... Sacrifing my Anime... Sacrificing my Movies...

I realized something really important in you...

I really love you...

You are my real friend... You my partner... You are my soulmate...I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC