2011

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

REPORT OF SEMINAR
10Gb ETHERNET

SUBMITTED BY

NAME: JOYDIP GHOSH. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SEMESTER-7th ROLL-08

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to reciprocate in full measure of kindness shown by Prof. P. Bhattacharya, Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Information Technology who encouraged me and inspired me in successfully completing this technical report. Moreover, I should express my gratitude to Prof. Amitava Nag and Prof. Amitabha Mandal for helping me a greatly to complete this project Finally, I must say that no height is ever achieved without some sacrifice made at some end, and it is here that I owe my special debt to my family, parents, friends, and Mr. Sanjit Bandhopadhaya for their special help and support they have shown to me during the competition of this project.

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STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE

JOYDIP 4th year, B.Tech Department of Information Technology Academy of Technology West-Bengal

I hereby state that the technical report for B.Tech degree on 10 Gigabit Ethernet is a report completed by me during the period of July 11 to December 11.

Joydip Dated:

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CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO ETHERNET
1. a What is Ethernet
1. b History of Ethernet 1. c Ethernet Varieties

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Chapter 2 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET

2. a Introduction to 10 Gigabit Ethernet 2. b 10 Gigabit Ethernet Standard 2.c 10 Gigabit Ethernet Chip Interface 2. d XAUI Interface 2.e Applications of 10 Gigabit Ethernet 2.f Using Fiber in 10Gb Ethernet 2.g The Future of 10Gb Ethernet

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CONCLUSION GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ETHERNET

1.a What is Ethernet
Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LAN). It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the standard networking model, as well as a common addressing format and a variety of Media Access Control procedures at the lower part of the Data Link Layer. Ethernet has been commercially available since around 1980, largely replacing competing wired LAN standards. Most common are Ethernet over twisted pair to connect end systems, and fiber optic versions for site backbones. It is standardized as IEEE 802.3.

Fig 1: A standard 8P8C (often called RJ45) connector used most commonly on cat-5 cable, a type of cabling used primarily in Ethernet networks.

1. b History of Ethernet
Ethernet was developed at Xerox PARC between 1973 and 1975. It was inspired by ALOHAnet, which Robert Metcalfe had studied as part of his Ph.D. dissertation. In 1975, Xerox filed a patent application listing Metcalfe, David Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson as inventors. In 1976, after the system was deployed at PARC, Metcalfe and Boggs published a seminal paper. Metcalfe left Xerox in 1979 to form 3Com. He convinced Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel, and Xerox to work together to promote Ethernet as a standard. The so-called "DIX" standard, for "Digital/Intel/Xerox" specified 10 Mbit/s Ethernet, with 48-bit destination and source addresses and a global 16-bit Ethertype-type field. It was published on September 30, 1980 as "The Ethernet, A Local Area Network. Data Link Layer and Physical Layer Specifications". Version 2 was published in November, 1982 and defines what has become known as Ethernet II. Formal standardization efforts proceeded at the same time.

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Ethernet initially competed with two large proprietary systems, Token Ring and Token Bus. These proprietary protocols soon found themselves competing in a market inundated by Ethernet products. In the process, 3Com became a major company. 3Com shipped its first 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 3C100 transceiver in March 1981, and that year started selling adapters for PDP-11s and VAXes, as well as Multibus-based Intel and Sun Microsystems computers. This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10,000 nodes by 1986; it is one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time. Through the first half of the 1980s, Ethernet's 10BASE5 implementation used a coaxial cable 0.375 inches (9.5 mm) in diameter, later called "thick Ethernet" or "thicknet". Its successor, 10BASE2, called "thin Ethernet" or "thinnet", used a cable similar to cable television cable of the era. The emphasis was on making installation of the cable easier and less costly. Shared cable Ethernet was difficult to install in offices because its bus topology was in conflict with the star topology cable plans designed into buildings for telephony. Modifying Ethernet to conform to twisted pair telephone wiring already installed in commercial buildings provided another opportunity to lower costs, expand the installed base, and leverage building design; thus, twisted-pair Ethernet was the next logical development in the mid-1980s, beginning with StarLAN. UTP-based Ethernet became widely deployed with the 10BASE-T standard. This system replaced the coaxial cable systems with a system of full duplex switches linked via UTP. With the advent of the 10BASE-T standard in 1990, Ethernet switches supplemented the half duplex CSMA/CD scheme with a full duplex system offering higher performance at a lower cost than routers. With the arrival of 100BASE-T, Ethernet switches were built capable of mixed speed and mixed duplex operation.

1. c Ethernet Varieties
a) 10 Mbps-10Base-T Ethernet - Uses two pairs of twisted-pair cabling (Cat3), (Cat4), or (Cat5):
one pair for transmitting data and the other for receiving data. 10BaseT, which is part of the (IEEE) (802.3) specification, has a distance limit of approximately 328 feet or 100 meters per segment. 10BaseT is a Local Area Network (LAN) transmission technology. 10 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cables has a maximum length of 100 meters. Ethernet networks can have slightly more descriptive names that depend on what type of cables administrators use to construct them. A common implementation is 10Base-T, which is shorthand for "10Mbps baseband Ethernet using at least CAT 3 twisted-pair copper cable."10BASE-T, one of several physical media specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard for Ethernet local area networks (LANs), is ordinary telephone twisted pair wire. 10BASE-T supports Ethernet's 10 Mbps transmission speed.

b) 100 Mbps-Fast Ethernet - Fast Ethernet is a collective term for a number of Ethernet standards
that carry traffic at the nominal rate of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernet speed of 10 Mbit/s. Of the fast Ethernet standards, 100BASE-TX is by far the most common and is supported by the vast

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majority of Ethernet hardware currently produced. Fast Ethernet was introduced in 1995 and remained the fastest version of Ethernet for three years before being superseded by gigabit Ethernet. Fast Ethernet is an extension of the existing Ethernet standard. It runs on UTP data or optical fiber cable and uses CSMA/CD in a star wired bus topology, similar to 10BASE-T where all cables are attached to a hub. Also, it provides compatibility with existing 10BASE-T systems and thus enables plug-and-play upgrades from 10BASE-T. Fast Ethernet is sometimes referred to as 100BASE-X where X is a placeholder for the FX and TX variants. The 100 in the media type designation refers to the transmission speed of 100 Mbit/s. The "BASE" refers to baseband signaling, which means that only Ethernet signals are carried on the medium. The TX, FX and T4 refer to the physical medium that carries the signal.

c) 1000 Mbps-Gigabit Ethernet - Gigabit Ethernet (GbE or 1 GigE) is a term describing various
technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use beginning in 1999, gradually supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local networks since it was ten times faster. The cables and equipment are very similar to previous standards, and as of 2011 are very common and economical. Half-duplex gigabit links connected through hubs are allowed by the specification, but in the marketplace full-duplex with switches is normal.

d) 10 Gbps 10 Gigabit Ethernet - The 10 gigabit Ethernet (10GE or 10GbE or 10 GigE) computer
networking standard was first published in 2002. It defines a version of Ethernet with a nominal data rate of 10 Gbit/s (billion bits per second), ten times as fast as gigabit Ethernet. 10 gigabit Ethernet defines only full duplex links which are generally connected by network switches. Half duplex operation and CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) do not exist in 10GbE.

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CHAPTER 2 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET

2. a Introduction to 10Gigabit Ethernet
From its origin more than 25 years ago, Ethernet has evolved to meet the increasing demands of packet-based networks. Due to its proven low implementation cost, reliability, and relative simplicity of installation and maintenance, Ethernets popularity has grown to the point that nearly all traffic on the Internet originates or terminates with an Ethernet connection. Furthermore, as the demand for everfaster network speeds has increased, Ethernet has been adapted to handle these higher speeds, as well as the surges in volume demand that accompany them. The IEEE 802.3ae* 2002 (10 Gigabit Ethernet standard) is different in some respects from earlier Ethernet standards in that it will only function over optical fiber, and only operates in full duplex mode (collision-detection protocols are unnecessary). Ethernet can now progress to 10 gigabits per second while retaining its critical Ethernet properties, such as the packet format, and the current capabilities are easily transferable to the new standard.

Fig: - 10 gigabit Ethernet Infiniband to Infiniband.

2. b 10 GIGABIT ETHERNET STANDARD

The 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard extends the IEEE 802.3ae* standard protocols to a wire speed of 10Gbps and expands the Ethernet application space to include WAN-compatible links. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard provides a significant increase in bandwidth while maintaining maximum compatibility with the installed base of 802.3 standard interfaces, protects previous investment in research and development, and retains the existing principles of network operation and management. Under the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, Ethernet is fundamentally a Layer 1 and Layer 2 protocol. 10 Gigabit Ethernet retains key Ethernet architecture, including the Media Access Control (MAC) protocol, the Ethernet frame format, and the minimum and maximum frame size. Just as Gigabit Ethernet, both 1000BASE-X and 1000BASE-T, followed the standard Ethernet model, 10 Gigabit

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Ethernet continues the evolution of Ethernet in speed and distance, while retaining the same Ethernet architecture used in other Ethernet specifications, except for one key ingredient. Since 10 Gigabit Ethernet is a full-duplex only technology, it does not need the carrier-sensing multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocol used in other Ethernet technologies. In every other respect, 10 Gigabit Ethernet matches the original Ethernet model. At the physical layer (Layer 1), an Ethernet physical layer device (PHY) connects the optical or copper media to the MAC layer through a connectivity technology Ethernet architecture further divides the physical layer into three sublayers: Physical Medium Dependent (PMD), Physical Medium Attachment (PMA), and Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS). PMDs provide the physical connection and signaling to the medium; optical transceivers, for example, are PMDs. The PCS consists of coding (e.g., 64B/66B) and a serializer or multiplexor. The IEEE 802.3ae* standard defines two PHY types: the LAN PHY and the WAN PHY. They provide the same functionality, except the WAN PHY has an extended feature set in the PCS that enables connectivity with SONET STS-192c/SHD VC-4-64c networks.

Fig:- . The architectural components of the 802.3ae* standard.

2.c 10Gigabvte Ethernet Chip Interfaces

Among the many technical innovations, of the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Task Force, is an interface called the XAUI (10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface). It is a MAC-PHY interface, serving as an alternative to the

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XGMII (10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface). XAUI is a low pin-count differential interface that enables lower design costs for system vendors. The XAUI is designed as an interface extender for XGMII, the 10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface. The XGMII is a 74 signal wide interface (32-bit data paths for each of transmit and receive) that may be used to attach the Ethernet MAC to its PHY. The XAUI may be used in place of, or to extend the XGMII in chip-to-chip applications typical of most Ethernet MAC to PHY interconnects.

2. d XAUI Interface The 10Gigabit Ethernet Chip Interface.

XAUI, the 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface, is a technical innovation that dramatically improves and simplifies the routing of electrical interconnections. Developed by the IEEE 802.3ae 10 Gigabit Ethernet Task Force, XAUI delivers 10 GB/s of data throughput using four differential signal pairs in each direction. Its compact nature and robust performance makes it ideal for chip-to-chip, board-to-board, and chip to optics module applications. SERDES, ASIC, FPGA, and optical module vendors are all introducing products with XAUI interfaces. Industry efforts are underway as plugfest events are held to ensure that vendors offerings are interoperable. The broad offering combined with on-going interoperability testing is driving XAUI to become the universal 10 GB/s interface.

XAUI Architecture Under the International Standards Organizations Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, Ethernet is fundamentally a Layer 2 protocol. An Ethernet Physical layer device (PHY), which corresponds to Layer 1 of the OSI model, connects the media (optical or copper) to the MAC layer, which corresponds to OSI Layer 2. The 802.3ae specification defines two PHY types: the LAN PHY and the WAN PHY. The WAN PHY has an extended feature set added onto the functions of a LAN PHY. Ethernet architecture further divides the PHY (Layer 1) into a Physical Media Dependent (PMD) and a Physical Coding Sub-layer (PCS). The two types of PHYs are solely distinguished by the PCS. The Underlying figure gives a graphical overview of the architectural components of the LAN / WAN PHY.

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Fig: - Architectural components of the LAN/WAN/PHY

Between the MAC and the PHY is the XGMII, or 10 Gigabit Media Independent Interface. The XGMII provides full duplex operation at a rate of 10 Gb/s between the MAC and PHY. Each direction is independent and contains a 32-bit data path, as well as clock and control signals. In total, the interface is 74 bits wide.
While XGMII provides a 10 Gb/s pipeline, the separate transmission of clock and data coupled with the timing requirement to latch data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock, results in significant challenges in routing the bus more than the recommended short distance of 7 cm. For this reason, chip-to-chip, board-to-board and chip-to-optical module applications are not practical with this interface. Consequently, the XGMII bus puts many limitations on the number of ports that may be implemented on a system line card. To overcome these issues, the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Task Force developed the XAUI interface. XAUI is a full duplex interface that uses four (4) self-clocked serial differential links in each direction to achieve 10 GB/s data throughput. Each serial link operates at 3.125 GB/s to accommodate both data and the overhead associated with 8B/10B coding. The self-clocked nature eliminates skew concerns between clock and data, and extends the functional reach of the XGMII by approximately another 50 cm. Conversion between the XGMII and XAUI interfaces occurs at the XGXS (XAUI Extender Sub-layer).

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Fig XGMII to XAUI at the XGXS

the XGMII interface is organized into 4 lanes of 8 bits. At the source side of the XAUI interface bytes on a given lane as well as the timing clock are converted within the XGXS into an 8B / 10B encoded data stream. Each data stream is transmitted across a single differential pair running at 3.125 Gb/s. At the destination side of the interconnect, the clock is recovered from the incoming data stream, it is decoded and then mapped back to the 32 bit XGMII format. . Thus, the 74 pin wide XGMII interface is reduced to a XAUI interface consisting of 8 differential pair or 16 pins. Furthermore, the source synchronous clocking scheme allows XAUI to cross clock domains, which eliminates elaborate timing correction within the system. XAUI A Self-Managed Interface
The XAUI employs the same robust 8B/10B transmission code as 1000BASE-X. With 8b/10b coding, there are more than enough code possibilities for mapping an 8-bit word. Some of the extra code groups are used for control signaling; such as start of frame, end of frame, channel idle, link configurations and so on. Control words are used during the Inter-Packet Gap (IPG) time and during idle periods to continuously allow the interface to maintain word and lane alignment. This is done with no upper layer support requirement, and allows XAUI to function as a self-managed interface. Frame synchronization and lane alignment is essentially a two-step process. Code group synchronization is achieved on each lane upon reception of three ordered sets for the lane. One easily recognizable pattern called comma /K/, enables the XAUI receiver to attain frame alignment on the incoming bit stream. Each lane adjusts for proper alignment to the /K/ whenever it appears. However, each serial transmission lane operates independently and can often come out of alignment with respect to one another. As shown in Figure 3, lane alignment is accomplished by use of a control word defined for alignment, referred to as /A/. The XAUI line protocol defines specific times during the IPG when an /A/ word should be passed on all four lanes simultaneously. The receiving connection uses these words to correct for lane-to-lane skew common in most connections. The XAUI interface can lane align with up to 40bits (12.8ns) of skew between lanes, allowing for significant flexibility in board design.

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Fig :- Lane Alignment

Furthermore, XAUI compensates for differences in clock domains that often exist between each side of the link. By monitoring the difference between incoming and outgoing data rates, each XAUI connection can add or delete specific control words in the IPG, referred to as /R/ to balance the data rate at each connection without effecting lane disparity.

XAUI Interoperability
The 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance formed a working group to examine interoperability between different vendors XAUI implementation. This group worked in conjunction with the 10 Gigabit Ethernet Consortium to define the test methodology and environment under which interoperability testing would be performed. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet Consortium, which will be responsible for performing interoperability testing between different vendors XAUI implementation, has adopted the work completed by this group. Multiple vendors have demonstrated XAUI interoperability. All devices tested were designed to the IEEE 802.3ae specificatio. Each vendor has demonstrated bit error rates of 10-12 over PC board traces of 50 cm length, demonstrating the robustness of the technology and completeness of the standard. The basic nature of XAUI enables it to be scaleable, which will provide users with a future upgrade path to extend the life of their systems. The 10 Gigabit Attachment Unit Interface, XAUI, is a technical innovation that dramatically improves and simplifies the routing of electrical interconnections. It helps to overcome the length limitation associated with the XGMII, which provides full duplex operation at a rate of 10 GB/s between the Ethernet MAC and PHY layers. By extending the physical separation between the MAC and PHY, the interface allows for fan-out on multi-port line cards or connections to other cards within the system chassis. In addition, the self-managed interface helps to overcome associated clocking issues, which leads to a more easily implemented solution.

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2.e Applications for 10 Gigabit Ethernet

Vendors and users generally agree that Ethernet is inexpensive, well understood, widely deployed and backwards compatible in todays LAN networks. Today, a packet can leave a server on a short-haul optic Gigabit Ethernet port, move cross-country via a DWDM (dense-wave division multiplexing) network, and find its way down to a PC attached to a Gigabit copper port, all without any re-framing or protocol conversion. Ethernet is literally everywhere, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet maintains this seamless migration in functionality for any application in which Ethernet can be applied.

10 Gigabit Ethernet as a Fabric Interconnect -

Fabric interconnects, whether they are for server area networks or storage area networks, have traditionally been the domain of dedicated, often proprietary, and networks with relatively small user bases when compared to Ethernet. These server area networks include InfiniBand, Servernet, Myranet, Wulfkit and Quadrics technologies, and offer excellent bandwidth and latency performance for very short-haul (generally less than 20 m) networks. However, with the exception of Infiniband, these are proprietary networks that can be difficult to deploy and maintain due to the small number of experienced IT professionals familiar with the technology. The small volumes also result in higher costs for server adapters and switches. Hence as with any proprietary solution, they are not interoperable with other technologies without the appropriate routers and switches. In storage area networks, the lack of standards and a slew of interoperability problems plagued the early Fibre Channel deployments. However, these technologies also suffer similar problems as those seen by proprietary server area networks in that they are considered difficult to deploy due to lack of a skilled IT pool, are relatively expensive at the adapter and switch port, are still not directly interoperable with other network technologies without expensive routers or switching devices, and generally focus on short-haul deployments. 10 Gigabit Ethernet is in a position to replace these proprietary technologies as a next-generation interconnects for both server and storage-area networks for several reasons:

A) 10 Gigabit Ethernet Offers the Necessary Bandwidth.

In fact, InfiniBand and Fibre Channel will also begin mass deployments of 10 Gigabit technologies, indicating a convergence on 10 Gigabit throughputs.

B ) Cost-Saving Server Consolidation.

10 Gigabit Ethernet grants a single server the bandwidth needed to replace several servers that were doing different jobs. Centralization of management is also a major benefit of server consolidation. With a single powerful server, IT managers can monitor, manage, and tune servers and application resources from a single console, which saves time and maximizes IT resources. According to IDC, companies realize a seven-to-one savings in management when processes and servers are consolidated.

C) Planned Growth of 10 Gigabit Network Features.

For the first time ever, Ethernet can be a low-latency network due to RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access) support, which is critical in the server-to-server communication typically associated with clustering and server area networks.

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In addition, the expected universal deployment of TOE (TCP/IP Offload Engine) technology in 10 Gigabit Ethernet adapters may make it extremely efficient on host systems with expected CPU utilization well below anything seen on todays systems deploying Gigabit Ethernet. Due to the wide adoption rate of Ethernet, TOE technology will become extremely cost efficient compared to the lower volume, niche alternatives.

10 Gigabit Ethernet in Local Area Networks

Fig :- 10 Gigabit Ethernet in Local Area Networks

Ethernet technology is already the most deployed technology for high-performance LAN environments. With the extension of 10 Gigabit Ethernet into the family of Ethernet technologies, LANs can provide better for rising number of bandwidth hungry applications, and reach greater distances. Similar to Gigabit Ethernet technology, the 10 Gigabit standard supports both single-mode and multimode fiber media. With links up to 40 km, 10 Gigabit Ethernet allows companies that manage their own LAN environments the ability to strategically choose the location of their data center and server farms up to 40 km away from their campuses. This enables them to support multiple campus locations within that 40 km range. Within data centers, switch-to-switch applications, as well as switch-to-server applications, can be deployed over a more cost-effective, short-haul, multi-mode fiber medium to create 10 Gigabit Ethernet backbones that support the continuous growth of bandwidth-hungry applications. With 10 Gigabit backbones, companies can easily support Gigabit Ethernet connectivity in workstations and desktops with reduced network congestion, enabling greater implementation of bandwidthintensive applications, such as streaming video, medical imaging, centralized applications, and highend graphics. 10 Gigabit Ethernet also improves network latency, due to the speed of the link and overprovisioning bandwidth, to compensate for the exploding nature of data in enterprise applications. The

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bandwidth that 10 Gigabit backbones provide also enables the next generation of network applications. It can help make telemedicine, telecommuting, distance learning and interactive, and digital videoconferencing everyday realities, instead of remote future possibilities including the fun stuff too, like HDTV, video-on- demand, or extreme Internet gaming. 10 Gigabit Ethernet enables enterprises to reduce network congestion, increase use of bandwidth-intensive applications, and make more strategic decisions about the location of their key networking assets by extending their LAN up to 40 km.

10 Gigabit Ethernet in Metropolitan and Storage Applications

Fig :- 10 Gigabit Ethernet in Metropolitan and Storage Applications

Gigabit Ethernet is already being deployed as a backbone technology for dark fiber metropolitan networks. With appropriate 10 Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, optical transceivers and single-mode fiber, network and Internet service providers will be able to build links reaching 40 km or more (Figure 3), encircling metropolitan areas with city-wide networks. 10 Gigabit Ethernet now enables cost-effective, high-speed infrastructure for both network attached storage (NAS) and storage area networks (SAN). Prior to the introduction of 10Gigabit Ethernet, some industry observers maintained that Ethernet lacked sufficient horsepower to get the job done. 10 Gigabit Ethernet can now offer equivalent or superior data carrying capacity at latencies similar to many other storage networking technologies, including Fiber Channel, Ultra160 or 320 SCSI, ATM OC-3, OC-12, OC-192, and HIPPI (HighPerformance Parallel Interface). Gigabit Ethernet storage servers, tape libraries, and compute servers are already available; 10Gigabit Ethernet end-point devices will soon appear on the market as well. There are numerous applications for Gigabit Ethernet today, such as back-up and database mining. Some of the applications that will take advantage of 10 Gigabit Ethernet are:  Business continuance/disaster recovery  Remote back-up

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 Storage on demand  Streaming media

10 Gigabit Ethernet in Wide Area Networks

10 Gigabit Ethernet enables ISPs and NSPs to create very high speed links at a very low cost from colocated, carrier-class switches and routers to the optical equipment directly attached to the SONET/SDH cloud. 10 Gigabit Ethernet, with the WAN PHY, also allows the construction of WANs that connect geographically dispersed LANs between campuses or points of presence (POPs) over existing SONET/SDH/TDM networks. 10 Gigabit Ethernet links between a service providers switch and a DWDM device or LTE (line termination equipment) might in fact be very short less than 300 meters.

2.f Using Fiber in 10 Gigabit Ethernet The Physical-Media-Dependent Devices (PMDs)

The IEEE 802.3ae* standard provides a physical layer that supports specific link distances for fiberoptic media. To meet the distance objectives, four PMDs (physical-media-dependent devices) were selected (Table A). The task force selected: - A 1310 nanometer serial PMD to support single-mode fiber a maximum distance of 10 km. - A 1550 nanometer serial PMD to support single-mode fiber a maximum distance of 40 km. - An 850 nanometer serial PMD to support multimode fiber a maximum distance of 300 meters. - A 1310 nanometer wide-wave division multiplexing (WWDM) PMD to support a maximum distance of 10 km on single-mode fiber, as well as a maximum distance of 300 meters on multimode fiber.

Table A: PMDs that have been selected to meet the 803.2ae* standard s distance objectives.

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Table B: The multimode optical fiber options, as defined in the IEEE 802.3ae* standard.

Fiber
There are two types of optical fiber, multimode and single-mode fiber that are currently used in data networking and telecommunications applications. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet technology, as defined in the IEEE 802.3ae* standard, supports both optical fiber types. However, the distances supported vary based on the type of fiber and wavelength (nm) that is implemented in the application. In single-mode fiber applications, the IEEE 802.3ae standard supports 10 km with 1310 nm optical transmissions, and 40 km with 1550 nm optical transmissions. With multimode optical fiber, the distances are not as easily defined due to the variety of fiber types and the way each type is defined. Multimode fiber is commonly defined by the core and cladding diameters. For example, fiber with a core of 62.5 microns and a cladding diameter of 125 microns is referred to as 62.5/125micron fiber. The acceptance of multimode fiber in networks today dates back to the inclusion of 62.5/125 micron fiber into the Fiber Distribution Data Interface (FDDI) standard in the 1980s. The other portion that influences distance capabilities in multimode fiber is the fiber information carrying capacity (measured in MHz-km), which determines the distance and bit rate at which a system can operate (i.e., 1Gbps or 10Gbps). The distance a signal can run greatly decreases as transmission speed increases (Table B). When implementing multimode fiber for 10 Gigabit Ethernet applications, understanding the distance capabilities is a critical piece to the 10 Gigabit Ethernet solutions.

2.g The Future of 10 Gigabit Ethernet:

Will There Be Copper? IEEE 802.3* has recently formed two new study groups to investigate 10 Gigabit Ethernet over copper cabling. The 10GBASE-CX4 study group is developing a standard for transmitting and receiving XAUI signals via a 4-pair twinax cable, commonly referred to as a 4x InfiniBand cable. The goal of the study group is to provide a standard for a low-cost inter-rack and rack-to-rack solution. It is expected to take about one year to develop a standard. The 10GBASE-T study group is developing a standard for the transmission and reception of 10 Gigabit Ethernet via a Category 5 or better unshielded, twisted pair (UTP) copper cable up to 100 m.

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Conclusion
Ethernet has withstood the test of time to become the most widely adopted networking technology in the world. With the rising dependency on networks and the increasing number of bandwidth-intensive applications, service providers seek higher capacity networking solutions that simplify and reduce the total cost of network connectivity, thus permitting profitable service differentiation, while maintaining very high levels of reliability. The 10 Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae* 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard is proving to be a solid solution to network challenges. 10 Gigabit Ethernet is the natural evolution of the well-established IEEE 802.3* standard in speed and distance. In addition to increasing the line speed for enterprise networks, it extends Ethernets proven value set and economics to metropolitan and wide area networks by providing: - Potentially lowest total cost-of-ownership (infrastructure/operational/human capital) - Straight-forward migration to higher performance levels - Proven multi-vendor and installed-base interoperability (Plug and Play) - Familiar network management feature set

An Ethernet-optimized infrastructure is taking place in the metropolitan area and, many metropolitan areas are currently the focus of intense network development intending to deliver optical Ethernet services. 10 Gigabit Ethernet is on the roadmap of most switch, router and metropolitan optical system vendors to enable: - Cost-effective, Gigabit-level connections between customer access gear and service provider POPs in native Ethernet format. - Simple, high-speed, low-cost access to the metropolitan optical infrastructure. - Metropolitan-based campus interconnection over dark fiber, targeting distances of 10 to 40 km. - End-to-end optical networks with common management systems.

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Glossary
Definitions 802.3ae The IEEE standard for 10 Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ab The IEEE standard for UTP Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) 802.3z The IEEE standard for Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-X) CoS Class of Service CWDM Coarse-Wavelength Division Multiplexing DWDM Dense-Wavelength Division Multiplexing Gbps Gigabits per second or billion bits per second IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IP Internet Protocol ISO International Standards Organization LAN Local Area Network MAC Media Access Control MAN Metropolitan Area Network Mbps Megabits per second or million bits per second MMF Multimode Fiber OCX Optical Carrier Level PCS Physical Coding Sublayer PHY Physical layer device PMA Physical Medium Attachment PMD Physical Medium Dependent POP Points of Presence QoS Quality of Service RMON Remote Monitoring SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SMF Single-mode Fiber SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SONET Synchronous Optical Network Tbps Terabits per second or trillion bits per second TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TDM Time Division Multiplexing WAN Wide Area Network WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing WIS WAN Interface Sublayer WWDM Wide-Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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Terms Cladding The material surrounding the core of an optical fiber. The cladding has a lower refractive index (faster speed) that is used to keep the light in the core. The cladding and core make up an optical waveguide. Core The central region of an optical fiber through which light is transmitted. It has a higher refractive index (slower speed) than the surrounding cladding. Dense-Wave Division Multiplexing Wavelengths are closely spaced, allowing more channels to be sent through one fiber. Currently, systems using 100 GHz spacing are deployed in the WAN environment. Overall wavelength range is typically between 1530 nm to 1560 nm. The minimum and maximum wavelengths are restricted by the wavelength dependent gain profile of optical amplifiers. Media Access Control The media access control sublayer provides a logical connection between the MAC clients of itself and its peer station. Its main responsibility is to initialize, control, and manage the connection with the peer station. The MAC layer of the 10 Gigabit protocol uses the same Ethernet address and frame formats as other speeds, and will operate in full-duplex mode. It will support a data rate of 10 Gbps using a pacing mechanism for rate adaptation when connected to a WAN-friendly PHY. OC-192 A speed of SONET interconnect with a payload rate of 9.584640 Gbps, primarily used in WAN environments. Physical Coding Sublayer Part of the PHY, the PCS sublayer is responsible for encoding the data stream from the MAC layer for transmission by the PHY layer and decoding the data stream received from the PHY layer for the MAC layer. PHY The physical layer device, a circuit block that includes a PMD (physical media dependent), a PMA (physical media attachment), and a PCS (physical coding sublayer). PMD Part of the PHY, the physical-media-dependent sublayer is responsible for signal transmission. The typical PMD functionality includes amplifier, modulation, and wave shaping. Different PMD devices may support different media. WWDM A technique used to effectively transmit several wavelengths (i.e., colors of light) from several laser sources through one fiber. Each laser source would be calibrated to send a unique optical wavelength (which is separated at the receiving end of the fiber).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. http://discountlowvoltage.blogspot.com/2010/05/10-gigabit-ethernet-technology-overview.html 2. http://www.10gea.org/10-gigabit-ethernet-technology-overviewwhitepaper/#Applications_for_10_Gigabit_Ethernet 3. http://www.10gea.org/xaui-interface-introduction-to-xaui/ 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3 6. http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Ethernet_Technologies

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