Strength of Materials

Handout No.2

Simple Stresses
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen Technical College- Baghdad Dies and Tools Eng. Dept.
E-mail:haniazizameen@yahoo.com www.mediafire.com/haniazizameen

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-1 Introduction
When a load is applied to a member of a machine or structure , the material distorts . The stress intensity ( usually abbreviated to stress) is the load transmitted per unit area of cross-section and the strain is a measure of the resulting distortion .

2-2 Definition of Stress

If a piece of material of cross-sectional area (A) is subjected to equal and opposite axial force (P), either tensile as in Fig.(2-1a) or compressive as in Fig.(2-1b) , then the stress P A force cross sec tional area

i.e.

Fig (2-1) Fig (2-2) From Fig (2-2) it can be explained that the internal force = From the equilibrium

Fy 0 A P=0

P A
The unit of stress is N/m2 , which is called Pascal [Pa]

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-3 Kinds of Stresses

2-3-1 Simple Stresses (uniaxial stress) When a force acts on a body in one direction the stresses induced are : tensile stresses . compressive stresses shear stresses torsional stresses ( shear stresses). bending stresses . according to the type of the applied load 2-3-2 Combined Stresses When the forces are in two or more directions ,as shown in Fig (2-3 a,b) the stresses induced are : a) biaxial stress is when the applied loads are in two directions (see Fig 2-3 a)

a) b) c) d) e)

Fig (2-3a) b) Tri axial stress is when the applied loads are in three directions (see Fig 2-3 b)

Fig (2-3b)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-4 Tensile , Compressive & Shearing Stresses

The differences between these three stresses are listed below :Item Tensile Stresses 1 Tensile force acting on the body tries to extend the dimension of the body in its direction as shown in Fig(2-4 a) 2 The force is normal to the cross sectional area of the body 3 This type of stress is called normal stress It is represented by: P A Compressive Stresses Compressive force acting on the body tries to shorten the dimension in its direction as shown in Fig(2-4 b) The force is normal to the cross sectional area of the body This type of stress is called normal stress It is represented by: P A Shearing Stress Force acting on body tries to cut the body in its direction as shown in Fig(2-4 c)

The force is tangential to the cross-sectional area This type of stress is called tangential stress It is represented by: P A

-a-

-bFig (2-4)

-c-

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-4-1 Special Case of Tensile , Compressive & Shearing Stresses There are other types of stresses: 1-Bearing (Crushing) Stress ( b ) This special case of compressive stress occurs between bodies in contact and is subjected to compressive force. Also it occurs around rivets and bolts in connection joints. (see Fig. 2-5)

Fig (2-5) 2-Classification of Shearing Stress in Bolts It can be stated that shearing stress in the bolts ise single shear stress , double shear stress and multi shear stress are shown in Fig (2-6).

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig (2-6)

2.5

Stress Concentration
The simple formula

P is applied to a member having a A constant cross-section , but when there is a rapid change in the crosssection of the member, this causes the variation of the stress in the member as shown in Fig (2-7)

Fig (2-7) The stress c

max average

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The reasons for stress concentration are the existence of holes or grooves and any rapid changes in the member . Thus, the simple formula for tension & compression member is modified P K to the form : A

2-6 Examples
The following examples explain the different ideas of simple stress probles Example (2-1) Fig.(2-8) shows a bar of bronze , aluminum & steel subjected to axial loads . Find the stresses in the bronze , aluminum & steel .

Fig(2-8) Solution F 10 *103 s A 600 *10 6 F A 5 * 103 1000 * 10 20 * 103 700 * 10 6

6

16.66 MPa (ten.)

al

5 MPa (comp.)

and ,
b

F A

28.6 MPa (comp.)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (2-2) Fig.(2-9 a) shows a cantilever beam tied by the rope from the middle .Find the stress in the rope .

Fig(2-9a) Solution

Fig(2-9b) Applying the equilibirum equation to the Fig( 2-9 b) , yields MA 0 W*3+P*6 S*d=0 Hence , S 3W 6P

d Thus, the stress will be S A 3W 6P A*d

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (2-3) Fig.(2-10) shows a piston & cylinder, where the diameter of the piston is equal to 40 cm & a diameter of shaft ( piston rod) is equal to 5.6 cm. The inside value of gas pressure is 2 MPa . Find the direct tensile stress over the normal cross-section of the piston rod.

Fig(2-10) Solution It can be deduced the force F of the pressure F A*P F (40 2 5.6 2 )P

P is

4 from equilibrium condition Fx 0 F R 0 hence, the stress will be : R A 40 2 4 4 5.6 2 5.6

2

F R

P 100.16MPa

Example (2-4) Fig.(2-11) shows a truss , which is subjected to force P at the joint B . Find the maximum P acting on the truss shown below if max 100 MPa , A= 30*60 mm2 for each section.

Fig(2-11)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution

Taking a joint B

Fx Fy

0 0

S1 sin S1 cos

S2 cos S2 cos

0 P

............................... (i) ................................ (ii)

Solving to get S2 S1 sin sin S1 ................ (iii) , sub. into eq.(ii)

sin cos P sin cos sin sin cos S1 sin S1 cos S1 sin( sin P ) P sin ) sin S1 P

P sin sin(

Sub. into eq. (iii) ,yield

S2

sin sin(

sin sin(

The stress induced in the cross-section is S1 A

max

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

) sin( ) Pmax max .A. sin From tri-geometric relation it can be get

Pmax sin A sin(

max

&

that

82=62+102 2*6*10 cos cos = 0.6 sin sin sin 53.1 26.75 8 6 8 6 cos and sin 30.9 8 180 ( ) 180=26.75+53.1+( +36.9) =63.25 thus Pmax will be sin(63.25 36.9) Pmax 100 * 106 * 30 * 60 * 10 6 sin36.9 and Pmax = 295.3 kN sin 6

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

abcd-

Example (2-5) Fig(2-12) shows a steel coupling connected by bolts and subjected to an axial force of 50 kN .Find Shearing stress in the bolt. Tensile stress in plate Tensile stress in branched part of coupling The bearing stress.

Fig(2-12) Solution a) P1 A P1 A P1 A 50 * 103 2 4 * (15 * 10 ) 50 * 103 50 * 10

3
6 2

136.5 MPa

b)

* 6 * 10

216 MPa

c)

(50 * 103 ) / 2 50 * 6 * 10
6

80.4 MPa

d)

b1

P1 t *d P1 / 2 t *d

50 * 103 6 * 15 * 10
6

536.3 MPa

(50 * 103 ) / 2 6 * 15 * 10
6

b2

268 MPa

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (2-6) Fig.(2-13) shows a rectangular plate fixed at the four corners . A 160 kN is applied at the center of the plate . Find : a) The stress across the lower washer before tightening the nut b) The stress across the upper and lower washers after tightening the nut and the tensile force across the bolt = 5 kN

Fig(2-13) Solution a) 160 = 40 kN 4 hence, the compressive stress , is Load at each corner

F A

40 * 103 (502 222 )

25.3MN / mm 2

b)

4 Stress on upper washer 5

c

5.7 MN / mm 2 322 )

4 and the stress on lower washer can be obtained The total force on the lower washer = 40+5 = 45 kN Thus, 45 28.9MN / mm 2 c (502 222 ) 4

( 402

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (2-7) Fig.(2-14) shows the pin connected structure. Pin C & D each 31.75 mm diameter ; pin C is in single shear and pin D is in double shear. Find the shear stress in the pins C&D and the bearing stress between the pin at A and the plate E . The thickness of the plate E is 6.35 mm .

Fig(2-14) Solution. From Equilibrium conditions

MD 0 MA 0

H *1.82 27 *1.22 0 H 17.8kN 17.8 * 3.65 F *1.22 0 F 53.4kN

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The resultant reaction at pin C= (17.8) 2 Pin C acting in single shear , hence , The resultant reaction at pin D= (8.9) 2 Pin, D acts in double shear , hence,

(53.4) 2

56.26kN 71MPa
2

56.25 * 103

(31.75) 4 (53.4) 2 54.08kN 54.08 * 103

2

35.16MPa

2 * (31.75) 4 The resultant reaction at pin A= ( 4.448) 2 (35.6) 2 35.85 kN Half of this reaction acts at the upper plate and the other half acts at the lower plate E, thus the bearing stress will be : (35.85 *103 ) / 2
b

6.35 *10

* 31.75 *10

89MPa

Example (2-8) Fig (2-15) shows a lever keyed to a shaft and subjected to the forces. Find the length L of the key for an allowable shearing stress of 69 MPa

Fig(2-15) Solution Torque acting on the shaft ,T, can be calculated T =2*355.84*304.8*10 3 = 216.92 kN.m

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

T = F*r 216.92 = F*(25.4/2) F = 17 kN Hence , the shear stress will be : F 17 * 103 A 6.35L 17 * 103 69 * 106 L 39.11mm 6.35L Example (2-9) Fig.(2-16) shows the wooden truss, the allowable shearing stress parallel to the grains is 0.6895 MPa and the allowable bearing stress is 3.44 MPa . The cross-sectional area of each member is 152.4 mm*152.4 mm . Find the distance a & b .

Fig(2-16) Solution From the Equilibrium condition

MA 0 R2*L1+61.6*103 * L2 * cos30=0 .............(i) substituting L1 = L2/cos30 into eq.(i) , gives

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

R2 = 46.22 kN , and R1 = 61.6 46.22 R1 = 15.4 kN From Section a-a 46.22*L3*cos60 + FAB* L * sin60 = 0 Mc 0 FAB = 26.7 kN (ten.) Hence , the shear stress will be P , P = H = FAB = 26.7 kN A And the shearing area A = 152.4*a mm2 Thus, 26.7 * 103 6 0.6895 * 10 a 254mm 152.4 * 10 3 * a P Then , the bearing stress is , P = H = 26.7 kN bearing A And the bearing area A = 152.4*b Thus 26.7 * 103 3.44 * 106 b 50.8mm 152.4 * 10 3 * b Example (2 10) Fig (2-17) shows a flat bar having the dimensions and geometric shape shown in the Fig. is subjected to a tensile force P . Find the following ,with r= 6.35 mm a) the average stresses at the critical sections when the applied load P= 22.24 kN and the thickness of the bar t= 12.7 mm b) the max. stress at the change in the cross section accounting for the stress concentration also, sketch the stress distribution and show the computed values on a sketch The stress concentration factor are K= 2.45 for circular hole K= 2.15 for the semi-circular grooves K= 1.7 for the fillets

Fig(2-17)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution a) b) P 22.24 * 1000 45.98 MPa A 12.7 * 12.7 * 10 6 The max. stress are : P 2.45 * 45.98 112.67MPa K max ) circular hole A 2.15 * 45.98 98.6MPa max )Semicircul ar
av hole

max ) fillet

1.7 * 45.98 77.9 MPa

Example (2-11) Fig.(2-18) shows a bar having the force P=30 kN acting axially . Find the max. stress for the fillet for K=1.63, K=1.97, and K =2.46 Solution P 30000 62.5MPa A 48 * 10 thus , the max. stress will be K av 1.63 * 62.5 102MPa max max 1.97 * 62.5 123MPa 2.46 * 62.5 154MPa max
av

Fig(2-18)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2.7 Problems
2-1) Fig (2-19) shows a bar with variable cross- section with axial load P = 10kN , and L = 0.3 m , d = 0.01 m, dx = (0.01+x2) m , Find x at x = 0 , x = L / 6 & x = L/3.

Fig(2-19) 2-2) Fig.(2-20) shows a round bar subjected to a tensile load of 150 kN. If the stress 215 MPa , find the diameter of the middle portion.

Fig(2-20) 2-3) Fig(2-21) shows a cast column of the section 2 m high and it supports a load of 20kN , in addition to its own weight. Find the max. compressive stress in the column . The density of cast iron is 7200 kg/m3 .

Fig(2-21)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-4)

Fig(2-22) shows the plates fixed with a bolt , subjected to an axial load P where P=39240 N, 157MPa , 117.7MPa , bearing 314MPa , Find d , t , a & b.

Fig(2-22) 2-5) Fig (2-23) shows a member is subjected to a force 31392 N , the stresses are 9.81MPa , = 0.7 , b=2 . Find t , d, b , do .

Fig(2-23)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-6) Fig.(2-24) shows a mechanism supports the hydraulic cylinder and weighs 26688 N and the average normal stress in the 19mm diameter plunger of hydraulic cylinder . Find the average shearing stress in the 12.7mm diameter pin at A

Fig(2-24) 2-7) Fig.(2-25) shows a mechanism, the hub of the pulley is 12mm thick . Find the shearing stress in the 6 mm diameter pin at the pulley and the average bearing stress between the pulley and the pin

Fig(2-25)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-8) Fig.(2-26) shows a knuckle joint in a tie bar allowing stresses of 105, 75 and 150 MPa for tension , shearing and bearing respectively. Find suitable dimensions for D , d 1, t and d2 . if the load on the rod is 125 kN.

Fig(2-26) 2-9) Fig(2-27) shows the beam BE is used for hoisting machinery . It is anchored by two bolts at B, and C , it rests on a parapet wall . The essential details are given in the fig. Note that the bolts are threaded as shown in Fig. with d=16 mm at the root of the threads . If this arrangement is used to lift equipment of 10 kN , find the stress in the bolts BD and the bearing stress at C . Assume that the weight of the beam is negligible in comparison with the loads handled .

Fig(2-27)

Strength of Material -Handout No.2 - Simple Stresses - Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

2-10) Fig.(2-28) shows a tower used for a highline. If it is subjected to a horizontal force of 540 kN and the allowable stresses are 100 MPa in compression and 140 MPa in tension , what is the required cross- sectional area of each member? All members are pinconnected .

Fig(2-28)