All human deeds not get out from Allahs surveillance

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N N. _ .!..l N. ,-. . il: N. . N| _ ... _... '

Kamu tidak berada dalam suatu keadaan dan tidak membaca suatu ayat dari Al Quran dan
kamu tidak mengerjakan suatu pekerjaan, melainkan Kami menjadi saksi atasmu di waktu
kamu melakukannya. Tidak luput dari pengetahuan Tuhanmu biarpun sebesar zarrah (atom)
di bumi ataupun di langit. Tidak ada yang lebih kecil dan tidak (pula) yang lebih besar dari
itu, melainkan (semua tercatat) dalam kitab yang nyata (Lauh Mahfuzh). (QS. Yunus 10:61)
You are not in a state and do not recite a verse from Al Quran and you do not do a job, but
We became witnesses against you while you do it. Not escape the knowledge of your God
even zarrah (atoms) in the earth or in the air. Nothing is smaller and not (also) the larger, but
all recorded in a clear book (Lauh Mahfudz). (QS. Yunus 10:61)

Definition of Atom
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
The name atom comes from Greek
""tomos
From -, "un-" + temno, "to cut"
Which means uncuttable, or indivisible, something that cannot be divided further

Development of Atomic Model
1. Greek philosopher opinion
Atom is an ability concept of continuous division.
2. Leucippus and Democritus
Matter has the discontinue character. If a certain matter divided and divided again,
then well obtain smallest particle that cant be divided further.
3. John Dalton
a. In 1803, he reveal his opinion about atom
b. Dalton Atomic theory based on
1) Law of mass eternity (Lavoisier)
The mass total of matters before reaction always equal to the mass
total of matters after reaction

Lavoisier Experiment
1. The height of mercury liquid in container is A
2. After several days mercury liquid rise to B and the height is
constant
3. The ratio of height A and B explain the air volume that used by
mercury in the formation of red powders(mercury oxide)
4. To examine this fact, Lavoisier gather the Mercury oxide, and
heated it again
5. The red powders hang loosely become mercury liquid and a
number of gasses (Oxygen) that the sum is equal to the gas
which needed in the first experiment
2) Law of Constant Formation (Proust)
The mass ratio of substances in a compound always constant
Proust Experiment
In 1799, Proust finds that compound of Carbonate Copper which
produced both by synthesize in laboratory and gathered in nature has
constant formation.
Experiment
Before Heating
(g Mg)
After Heating
(g MgO)
Ratio of
Mg/MgO
First 0.62 1.02 0.62/1.02 = 0.61
Second 0.48 0.79 0.48/0.79 = 0.60
Third 0.36 0.60 0.36/0.60 = 0.60
c. Daltons Atomic Theory
1) Atom is a smallest part of matter which cant divided anymore
2) Atom depicted as a very small solid ball, a substance has
identical atoms and different for different substance
3) Atoms gathered into compound with integer and simple ratio.
4) Chemical reaction is the division or unification or arranging
back from atoms. So atom cant be both created and annihilated.
d. John Daltons Atomic Model

e. The excess and the weakness of Daltons Atomic model
1) Excess
Begin intrigue about the research about Atomic Model
2) Weakness
Daltons Atomic Theory cant explain a certain solution can
accompany (menghantarkan) electric current
4. J. J. Thomson
a. Thomsons Atom Theory is based on the discovery of better cathode tube by
William Crookers
b. Cathode light experiment


1 2 3

c. Thomsons Atom Theory
Atom is a positive charged solid ball that inside of it spread negative charged
electrons
d.
e. The excess and the weakness of Thomsons Atomic Model
1) The excess
Prove the presence of another particle that negative charged in atom.
So, atom isnt smallest part of substance
2) The weakness
Thomsons Atomic Model cant explain the formation of positive
charge and negative charge in that atom ball.
5. Rutherford
a. Rutherford with his two students (Hans Geigerdan an Erners Masreden), done
an experiment that is known as particle emission to gold foil
b. Rutherfords experiment

From the experiment above we can conclude that:
Atom is not a solid ball, because almost all the particle straight away
If the gold foil considered to be a layer of gold atoms, so inside of gold
atom there is a very small positive charged particle
That particle is a particle that form a nucleus of atom, by that very fact
that 1 from 20,000 particles will turned. If the ratio 1:20,000 is the
ratio of diameter, so the approximate size of atom nucleus is 10,000
times smaller from the overall size of atom.


c. Rutherfords Atom Theory
Atom consist of very small positive charged nucleus encircled by negative
charged electrons
d. Rutherfords Atomic Model

e. The excess and the weakness of Rutherfords Atomic Model
1) The excess
Create a hypothesis that atom composed formed from atom nucleus
and electrons that encircle the nucleus
2) The weakness
Cant explain why electrons not far from nucleus
6. Niels Bohr
a. In 1913 Denmark physicist Niels Bohr done an experiment about Hydrogen
atom spectrum
b. Bohrs explanation about Hydrogen atom engage
1) Rutherfords classic theory
2) Plancks Quantum theory
c. Bohrs hypothesis about atom
1) Atom consists of positive charged nucleus that encircled by
negative charged electrons in a certain stationary orbit that called orbit
2) Each orbit of electron has a certain level of energy
3) Energy level E
1
that closest to nucleus has smallest energy and
the outer part has biggest energy.
4) Electron can move from orbit to another orbit with release and
receive energy, so electron energy wont be reduced. If electron move
to the higher level it will receive energy. If electron move to the lower
level it will release energy
d. Bohrs experiment

According to Bohrs atomic model, electrons encircle nucleus at a certain
orbits which called electron skin or energy level.
e. Bohrs Atomic model

f. The excess and the weakness of Bohrs Atomic Model
1) The excess
Bohrs atom explains that atom consists of several level energy/orbits
in order to the place of electron movement.
2) The weakness
This atomic model cant explain Zeeman Effect and Strack effect
7. Modern Atomic model
a. The atomic model of quantum mechanics developed by Erwin Schrodinger
(1926).
b. Before Erwin Schrodinger, an expert from Germany Werner Heisenberg
develop quantum mechanics theory that is known as uncertainty principal
It is not possible can determine the state and momentum a thing accurately at
the same time, that can be determine is may-get-able (kebolehjadian) to find
electrons in a certain distance from nucleus
c. The space area surrounds the nucleus with may-get-able (kebolehjadian) to
found out electron is called orbital
d. The form and level of orbital energy defined by Erwin Schrodinger. Erwin
Schrodinger solves an equation to found out wave function to explain
possibility limit of find electron in three dimensions.
Schrodinger equation:


x, y and z Position in 3D
Y Wave function
m Mass
h/2p where
h = plancks constant
and p = 3.14
E Total energy
V Potential Energy

e. Atomic model with electron orbit line is called Modern Atomic model or
quantum mechanic atomic model that be valid until now

f. Special characteristic of wave mechanic atomic model
1) The movement of electron has wave characteristic, so its line
(orbit) is not stationary like the Bohr atomic model, but it follows the
solution of wave function quadrate that is called orbital
2) The form and size of orbital depends on the value of the third
quantum value
3) The position of electron is 0.529 Armstrong from nucleus H
according to Bohr is not an unspecified certain, but it is a great
opportunity to find an electron
g. Chadwicks Experiment

h. The weakness of Modern atomic model
Schrodinger wave equation only can apply exactly for particles in the box and
atoms with single electron.


Atomic Composer Particle
Particle Inventor Position Mass(gram) Charge Charge unit
Electron (e) J.J. Thomson
Surrounds the
nucleus
9.10939 x 10
-28
-1.6022 x 10
-19
-1
Proton (p) E. Goldstein nucleus 1.67262 x 10
-24
+1.6022 x 10
-19
+1
Neutron (n) J. Chadwick nucleus 1.67493 x 10
-24
0 0
1) Electron
a. George Johnstone Stoney (1891) give the name about cathode light is called
electron
b. Antoine Henri Becquerel (1896) determine the light that reflected from
radioactive substances that its characteristic is like electron
c. Joseph John Thomson (1897) continued William Crookes experiment that is
the influence of electric field and magnetic field in the tube of cathode light
d. Andrew Milikan (1908) determine the amount of the charge in electron
2) Proton
a. If the mass of electron is zero so a particle has no mass beside that matter
particle has mass that is fathomable. So, Eugene Goldstein (1886) did the
experiment from a gas tube that has holed cathode and given electric charge.
3) Nucleus
a. Ernest Rutherford helped by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden (1911) found
the concept of atoms nucleus supported by the invention of X-ray by WC.
Rontgen (1895) and radioactive substance (1896)
4) Neutron
a. Rutherfords prediction triggers W. Rothe and H. Becker (1930) about
particle emission to the nucleus of Berilium (Be). This experiment continued
by James Chadwick (1932)

Do you remember?

A = mass number (The sum of proton + the sum of neutron)
Z = atom number (The sum of proton = the sum of electron)
Neutron = Mass Number (A) Atom Number (Z)
Example

13
27
Contains: 13 protons, 13 electrons, and 27 13 = 14 neutron

13
27 3+
Contains: 13 protons, 13 3 = 10 electrons, and 27 13 = 14 neutron

13
27 2-
Contains: 16 protons, 16 + 2 = 18 electrons, and 32 16 = 16 neutron
Isotope, Isobar and Isotones
1) Isotope
Atoms that has the same atom number but has different mass number
Example:

7
14
With
7
15

2) Isobar
Atoms from different substances (has different atom number) but its sum of mass
number is same. Because of its mass number different, so the characteristics are also
different.
Example:

6
14
With
7
14

3) Isotones
Atoms from different substance (has different atom number) but its sum of neutron is
same. Because of its mass number different, so the characteristics are also different.
Example:

16
31
With
16
32


Relative atomic mass
Relative atomic mass is the mass ratio of atom to another atom. Based on measurement of
several substances with spectrometer, Show that carbon substance is more stable and the most
excessive abundance in nature, so Carbon Isotope 12(C-12) used to be the ratio. The mass of
atom measurement didnt use gram unit, because it is not practical and too small. Finally, the
experts agreed to use satuan massa atom (sma) that for the value of 1/12 atom mass of C-
12.
Massa atom relatif diartikan sebagai perbandingan massa atom unsur tersebut relatif terhadap
massa atom unsur lainnya. Berdasarkan pengukuran massa atom dari berbagai unsur
menggunakan spektrometer unsur menunjukkan bahwa unsur karbon lebih stabil dengan
kelimpahan unsur paling banyak di alam, sehingga digunakanlah karbon isotop 12 (C-
12)sebagai perbandingan. Pengukuran massa atom tidak menggunakan satuan gram karena
dinilai tidak praktis dan terlalu kecil, akhirnya disepakati menggunakan satuan massa atom
(sma) yang senilai dengan 1/12 massa atom C-12.




So, generally