RC CIRCUITS

A capacitor can store energy and a resistor placed in series with it will control the rate at which it charges or discharges.

SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF RC CIRCUITS When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an RC circuit, each resulting voltage drop and current in the circuit are also sinusoidal and have the same frequency as the applied voltage. The capacitance causes the phase shift between the voltage and the current that depends on the relative values of the resistance and the capacitive reactance.

Sinusoidal response with the general phase relationships of Vr, Vc and I relative to the voltage source. Vr and I are in phase; Vr leads Vs; Vc lags Vs; and Vr and Vc are 90 degrees out of phase. The amplitudes and the phase relationship of the voltages and the current depend on the values of the resistance and the capacitive reactance. Section Review 12-1 1. A 60Hz sinusoidal voltage is applied to an applied to an RC circuit. What is the frequency of the capacitor voltage? What is the frequency of the current? Answer: the same with the applied sinusoidal voltage and applied currents frequency
2. What causes the phase shift between Vs and I in the series RC circuit? Answer:

capacitive reactance

3. When the resistance in an RC circuit is greater than the capacitive reactance, is the phase
angle between the applied voltage and the total current closer to 0 degree or to 90 degrees? Answer: closer to zero degree

Impedance and Phase Angle of series RC Circuit

Impedance of an RC circuit is the total opposition to sinusoidal current and its unit is ohm. The magnitude of impedance symbolized by Z and can be express in terms of the resistance and reactance as

Phase Angle is the phase difference between the total current and the source voltage. Phase angle,

Section Review 12-2 1. Define impedance. Answer: Impedance is the total opposition of sinusoidal current and 2. Does the source voltage lead or lag the current in a series RC circuit? Answer: Vs lags I or I leads Vc 3. What causes the phase angle in the RC circuit? Answer: total current and Voltage source 4. A series RC circuit has a resistance of 33k ohms and a capacitive reactance of 50 k ohms. What is the value of the impedance? What is the phase angle? Answer:Z= 59.9 k ohms; phase angle is 56.6 degrees Analysis of SERIES RC CIRCUITS

Ohms Law and Kirchoffs voltage law are used in the analysis of RC circuits. The application of Ohms law to series RC circuits involves the use of quantities of Z, V, and I. The three equivalent forms of Ohms law are as follows: V=IZ I=V/Z Z=V/I Phase Relationships of the Current and Voltages In a series RC circuit, the current is the same through both the resistor and the capacitor. Thus, the resistor voltage is in phase with the current , and the capacitor voltage lags the current by 90 degrees. Therefore, there is a phase difference of 90 degrees between the resistor voltage, Vr, and the cap0acitor voltage, Vc. Since Kirchoffs voltage law states that the sum of the voltage drops must equal the applied voltage. Since Vr and Vc are not in phase with each other, they must be added as phasor quantities, with Vc lagging Vr by 90 degrees. Vs is the phasor sum of Vr and Vc, as expressed in the following equation;

with phase angle between the resistor voltage and the source voltage

Variation of Impedance with frequency

Impedance is inversely dependent on frequency. When the source voltage held at constant value. (a),as the frequency is increased, Xc decreases: so less voltage is dropped across the capacitor. Also, Z decreases as Xc decreases, causing the current to increase, and an increase in current causes more voltage across R. (b), as the frequency is decrease, Xc increases; so more voltage is dropped across the capacitor. Also, Z increases as Xc increases causing the current to decrease. A decrease in the current causes less voltage across R.

Variation of the Phase Angle with Frequency A change in Xc produces a change in the phase angle. (a). as the frequency is increased, Xc becomes smaller, and thus the phase angle decreases. (b). as the frequency is decreased, Xc becomes larger, and thus the phase angle increases.

Section Review 12-3 1. In a certain series Rc circuit, Vr= 4V and Vc=6V. What is the magnitude of the total voltage? Answer: 7.2 V 2. In question #1, what is the phase angle? Answer: 56.3 degrees 3. What is the phase difference between the capacitor voltage and the resistor voltage in the series RC circuit? Answer: 90 degrees 4. When the frequency of the applied voltage in a series RC circuit is increased, what happens to each of the following? a. c. the capacitive reactance the phase angle b. the impedance

Answer: a. c. decrease increase b. decrease

Impedance and Phase Angle of Parallel RC Circuits The expression for the impedance is given in a product over sum form similar to the way two resistors in parallel can be expressed. The denominator is the phasor sum of R and Xc

The phase angle between the applied voltage and the total current can be expressed in terms of R and Xc

Conductance, Susceptance, and Impedance

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance , expressed as

Susceptance is the reciprocal reactance; therefore, capacitive susceptance (Bc), is the reciprocal of capacitive reactance and is expressed as

Admittance (Y), is the reciprocal of impedance and is expressed as

The unit of these quantities is the Siemens (S), which is the reciprocal of the ohm.

The total admittance is the phasor sum of the conductance and the capacitive susceptance :

Section review 12-4 1. Determine Z if a 1k ohm resistance is in parallel with a 650 ohm capacitive reactance. Answer: Z= 541 ohm 2. Define conductance, capacitive susceptance and admittance. Answer: Conductace, Capacitive susceptance, admittance 3. If Z=100 ohm, what is the value of Y? Answer: 10 mS 4. In a certain parallel RC circuit, R=50 ohm an Xc=75 ohm. Determine Y. Answer: 23mS

Analysis of parallel RC circuits Ohms law formulas can be written for admittance using the relation Y= I/Z V= I/ Y I= VY Y= I/V

Phase relationships of Currents and Voltages The current through the capacitor laeds the voltage, and thus the resistive current, by 90 degrees. By Kirchoffs current law, the total current is the phasor sum of of the two branch currents. The total currents is expressed as I= The phase angle can be found from the current values;

Conversion of Parallel to Series Form To obtain the equivalent series circuit for a given parallel RC circuit, first, find the impedance and phase angle of the parallel circuit. Then use the values of Z and 0 to construct an impedance triangle. The vertical and horizontal sides of the triangle represent the equivalent series resistance and capacitive reactance using Req= Zcos Xceq= Zsin

A parallel RC circuit becomes less reactive when Xc increased. The circuit phase angle becomes smaller. The reason for this effect is that when Xc is increased relative to r, less current is through the capacitive branch. Section Review 12-5 1. The admittance of an Rc circuit is 3.5 mS, and the applied voltage is 6V. What is the total current? Answer: 210mS 2. In a certain parallel RC circuit, the resistor current is 10 mA, and the capacitor current is 15 mA. Determine the phase angle and th total current. Answer: total current is 18 mA and the phase angle is 56.3 degrees 3. What is the phase angle between the capacitor curret and the applied voltage in a parallel RC circuit? Answer: 90 degrees Series- Parallel Analysis -combinations of both series and parallel R and C elements. One approach is to find the series equivalent resistance and capacitive reactance for the paralle portion of the circuit: then add all the resistances to get total resistance and add the reactances to get the total reactance. Section Review 12-6 1. Determine the series equivalent circuit for the series parallel circuit? Answer: 2. What is the voltage across R1? Answer: 6.8 V

Power in RC Circuits In a purely capacitive ac circuit, allof the energy delivered by the source is dissipated in the form of heat by the reisitance. In a purely capacitive ac circuit, all of the energy delivered by the source is stored by the capacitor during a portion of the voltage cycle and then returned to the source during another pportion of the cycle so that there is no net energy conversion to heat. When there is both resistance and capacitance, some of the energy is alternately stored and returned by the capacitance, and some is dissipated by the resistance. The amount of energy converted to heat is determined by the relative values of the resistance. The amount of energy converted to heat is determined by the relative values of the resistance and the capaitive reactance.

The formulas for power in aresistor, sometimes called true power(P true), and the power in a capacitor, called reactive power(pr), are restated here. The unit of true power is the watt( W ), and the unit for reactive power is the volt ampere reactive (VAR). The resultant power phasor, I2tot Z, represents the apparent power, (Pa). The unit of apparent power is the volt-ampere (VA) Ptrue = I2 R Pr =I2 Xc Pa=I2 Z The power phasor diagramcan be rearrange in the form of a right triange, which is called the power triangle. Ptrue=Pa Cos Ptrue= VI cos For the case ofa purely resistive circuit, 0=zero degree and coszero degree=1, so ptrue equals VsI. For the case of a purely capacitive circuit,0=90 degrees and cos90=0, so Ptrue is 0.

Section Review 12-7 1. To which component in an RC circuit is the power dissipation due? Answer: resistance 2. If the phase angle is 45 degrees, what is the power factor? Answer: 0.707 3. A certain series RC circuit has the following parameter values: R= 330 ohms, Xc = 460 ohms, and I= 2A. Determine the true power, the reactive powerand the apparent power. Answer: True power is 1.3 kW, reactive power is 1.8 VAR and the apparent power is 2.3 VA

Effects of Frequency on the Lag Network Since the circuit phase angle, decreases as frequency increases, the phase lag between the input and the output voltages increases. Also the magnitude of Vout decreases as the frequency increases, because xc becomes smaller and less of the total input voltage dropped across the capacitor. The RC Lead Network The RC lead network is a phase shift circuit in which the output voltage leads the input voltage by a specified angle. The output voltage Vr, leads Vin by an angle that is the same as the circuit phase angle, Because Vr and I are in phase with each other. Effects of Frequency on the Lead Network Since the phase lead is the same as the circuit phase angle, it decreases as frequency increases. The output voltage increases with the frequency because as Xc becomes smaller, more of the input voltage is dropped across the resistor. Filter are frequency-selective circuits that permit signals of a certain frequencies to pass from the input to the output while blocking all the others. Low pass filter is realized by taking the output across the capacitor, just as in a lag network.

High pass filter is implemented by taking the output across the resistor, as a lead network. Section Review 12-8 1. A certain RC lag network consist of a 4.7kilo ohm resistor and a 0.022micro farad capacitor. Determine the phase lag between input and uoyput at afrequency of 3 kHz. Answer: 62.9 degrees 2. An RC lead network has the same component values as the lag network in question 1,what is the magnitude of the output voltage at 3KHz when the input is 10 V rms? Answer:2.13V 3. When an RC circuit is usedas a low pass filter, across which component is the output taken? Answer

Because the voltages across the different elements are not in phase, the individual voltages cannot be simply added in ac circuits. The equations for the total voltage and the phase angle are

where all voltages are rms values. Ohm's law for the general case of ac circuits is now expressed V = IZ, where R is replaced by impedance ( Z), measured in ohms. The impedance is defined as

y y

Capacitive reactance is the opposition that a capacitor offers to alternating current due to its phase-shifted storage and release of energy in its electric field. Reactance is symbolized by the capital letter X and is measured in ohms just like resistance (R). Capacitive reactance can be calculated using this formula: XC = 1/(2 fC) Capacitive reactance decreases with increasing frequency. In other words, the higher the frequency, the less it opposes (the more it conducts) the AC flow of electrons

Power in a Capacitor
y

P = Vrms Irms

P = Vrms2 R P = Irms2 R
True power (Ptrue ) is a measure of the rate at which a component or circuit loses energy. This energy loss is usually due to dissipation of heat (as in a resistor) or conversion to some other form of energy (as in a motor that converts electrical energy to motion).

Reactive power (Pr ) is a measure of the rate at which a component is storing energy or returning energy to the circuit.

Pr = Vrms Irms Pr = Vrms2 XC Pr = Irms2 XC