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Collection Editor: Berkman Center for Internet & Society Authors: Berkman Center for Internet & Society Emily Cox Melanie Dulong de Rosnay William Fisher Inge Osman David Scott Dmitriy Tishyevich Petroula Vantsiouri
CONNEXIONS
Rice University, Houston, Texas
This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Berkman Center for Internet & Society. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Collection structure revised: June 15, 2011 PDF generated: June 15, 2011 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 117.
Table of Contents
1 About Copyright for Librarians F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F I 2 Copyright and the public domain: an introduction F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F S 3 The international framework F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F II 4 The Scope of Copyright Law F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F PS 5 Rights, Exceptions, and Limitations F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FF F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F QS 6 Managing Rights F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F RW 7 Creative approaches and alternatives F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TI 8 Enforcement F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F TW 9 Traditional Knowledge F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F UU 10 Activism F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IHI Index F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F IIQ Attributions F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F FIIU
iv
Chapter 1
About Copyright for Librarians
1
1.1 Objectives
gopyright for virrins is joint projet of the ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety2 nd ispvD onsortium of lirries from SH ountries in efriD esi nd iuropeF he gol of the projet is to provide lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountries informtion onerning opyright lwF wore spei(llyD it spires to inform lirrins onerningX
opyright lw in generl the spets of opyright lw tht most 'et lirries how lirrins in the future ould most e'etively prtiipte in the proesses y whih opyright lw is interpreted nd shpedF
1.1.1
1.2 How to Use this Course
he ourse mterils n e used in three di'erent wysF pirstD they n provide the sis for selfEtught ourseF e lirrin n red the modules in sequene or fous on the modules tht ddress issues tht interest him or herF eondD the ourse mterils n e used in trditionl lssroomEsed ourseF sn suh settingD the instrutor will determine the pe t whih the mterils re red nd will selet topis for disussionF he instrutor my (nd useful the essignments we hve inluded in the modulesD ut will likely pose dditionl questions s wellF hird nd (nllyD the mterils n e used in distneElerning ourseF en instrutor will guide the inquiryD ut the lirrins tking the ourse will prtiipte remotely through their omputersF o ssist the instrutors in suh settingsD we hve inluded disussion toolD originlly developed t the ferkmn genterD known s the otisserieF e mnul explining to instrutors how they might use the otisserie is vilE le here3 F snstrutions explining to students how to sign up for nd use the otisserie re ville here4 F his system n e used to filitte onverstions mong the students onerning the essignments we hve inluded in eh moduleF elterntivelyD n instrutor ould identify di'erent questions for disussionF
1 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m17478/1.5/>. 2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ 3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/How_to_prepare_a_Rotisserie_session 4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Information_about_the_Rotisserie_Session
CHAPTER 1.
vevel I @pproprite for users who wnt si knowledge of how opyright lw 'ets the work of lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountriesAX ed modules ID QEUF @sn other wordsD skip the sntrodution nd modules PD VD nd WFA vevel P @pproprite for users who re lso interested in the theory underlying opyright lw nd in the interntionl dimensions of opyright lwAX ed the sntrodution nd ll of the modulesF vevel Q @pproprite for use in oneEsemester undergrdute ourse in this sujet or for users who wish to otin n inEdepth understnding of the (eld nd to see how legisltures nd ourts re struggling to re(ne nd pply opyright lwAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with red linksF vevel R @pproprite for use in grduteElevel ourse in this sujetAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with red nd green linksF vevel S @pproprite for fulty memer prepring to teh this sujetAX ed ll of the modules ndD in dditionD ll of the douments mrked with redD greenD nd lue linksF
Q mterilsD provided tht they give ispv nd the ferkmn genter pproprite reditF
1.7.1
1.8 Disclaimer
his ourse does not o'er legl dvieF st provides generl informtion onerning the priniples tht underlie the opyright systemD nd it indites how vrious onrete prolems re resolved in most ountriesF st nnotD howeverD provide relile guidne onerning how ourt in spei( ountry would respond to spei( set of ftsF husD if you (nd yourself oming lose to ny of the legl oundries desried in these mterilsD you should onsult lwyer in your own jurisditionF
19 c-feedback@cyber.law.harvard.edu
CHAPTER 1.
Chapter 2
Copyright and the public domain: an introduction
1
2.1 Module 1: Copyright and the Public Domain 2.2 Learning objective
his module explores the si onepts of opyright lwF st provides generl introdution to the elements of opyright importnt to lirrinsF yther modules will disuss these topis in detilF
engelD musi professorD is visiting her shool9s lirry to ollet mteril to uild ourse pk for her studentsF he would like to inlude exerpts from ooksD eletroni resoures nd musi soresF he lso wnts to post seleted musi nd video lips online with her ommentryF xdiD the lirrinD will explin to engel wht she my nd my not do under opyright lwF
CHAPTER 2.
elthough opyright lw grnts uthors mny rights in their worksD it lso limits these rights in mny importnt wysF wost of these limittions re quite spei(D ut few re rodF everlD s we will seeD enle lirrins to use or disseminte opyrighted mterils more freely thn they otherwise ouldF
literry works @ooksD rtilesD lettersD etFAY musil worksY drmti works @opersD plysAY grphi rts @photogrphsD sulpturesD pintingsD etFAY motion pitures nd udiovisul works @moviesD videosD television progrmsD etFAY rhiteturl worksY nd omputer softwreF
U sn some ountriesD sound reordings re lso overed y opyright lwF sn other ountriesD sound reordings re proteted y seprteD relted set of rules known s neighoring rightsF sn some ountriesD government works ! suh s mpsD o0il reportsD nd judiil opinions ! re proteted y opyright lwY in othersD they re onsidered prt of the puli dominF st is importnt to rememer tht copyright never applies to ideas or factsF st only overs original expression ! in other wordsD the distintive wy in whih ides re onveyedF oD for exmpleD the informtion ontined in siene textook is not proteted y opyright lwF ou re freeD fter reding textookD to write nd pulish new ook onveying the sme informtion in di'erent wordsF imilrlyD you re freeD fter reding work of historyD to write novel inorporting the historil ftsF e few ountries @most notlyD the nited ttesA require the originl expression to e (xed in tangible mediumD like pper or digitl reording formtD in order to e proteted y opyright lwF sn those ountriesD improvistionl performnes ! for exmpleD of jzz or dne ! re not proteted unless their uthors reord themF gopyright lw overs works tht hve not een pulished or even mde puliF oD for exmpleD privte lettersD diriesD nd emil messges re ll proteted y opyright lwF ome ountries used to require pulished works to e registered with entrl o0e or to rry opyright notie with the nme of the uthor nd the yer of pulition in order to e proteted y opyright lwF uh formalities re no longer neessry for work to e overed y opyright lwF roweverD registering opyright my help prove uthorship or identify who must e ontted for permission efore work n e reusedF sn some ountriesD registrtion of work is neessry efore the uthor is permitted to sue someone for opyright infringementF @poreign uthorsD howeverD re exempted from this requirementFA sn dditionD some ountries ontinue to require pulishers to deposit one opy of every new work in designted o0eD suh s ntionl lirryF
to to to to
reprodue the work ! in other wordsD to mke opies of itY rete derivtive works ! suh s trnsltionsD ridgmentsD or dpttionsY distriute the work ! for exmpleD y selling or renting opies of itY perform or disply the work pulilyF
V
Moral rights
CHAPTER 2.
re designed to protet uthors9 noneonomi interests in their retionsF worl rights do not exist in ll ountriesF qenerlly spekingD they re reognized more widely nd re enfored more (rmly in ivilElw ountries thn in ommonElw ountriesF he primry morl rights reX
the right of integrity ! for exmpleD the right to prevent the destrution or defement of pinting or sulptureY the right of ttriution ! in other wordsD the right to e given pproprite redit for one9s retionsD nd not to e lmed for things one did not reteY the right of dislosure ! the right to determine when nd if work shll e mde puliY the right of withdrwl ! the right @in ertin limited irumstnesA to remove from puli irultion opies of work one hs ome to regretF
Neighboring rightsD sometimes lled relted rightsD re lose ousins of opyrightF he oldest nd est known neighoring rights re eonomi rights grnted to persons who re not uthors of work ut who ontriute to its retion ! suh s performersD produersD nd rodsting ssoitionsF ome ountries lso hve privy nd puliity rights tht omplement opyrightF por exmpleD some ountries prevent the puli distriution of works tht ontin personlly identi(le informtionD unless permission is grnted y tht personF
W wide vriety of uses of opyrighted mterilsF ixmples inlude rodsts of musil omposition nd the use of vrious modern tehnologies to reprodue grphis works or literry worksF enother set of orgniztions ssist nd enourge those opyright holders who re willing to give wy some of their rights for freeF he most fmous of these re gretive gommons8 nd the pree oftwre poundtion9 D ut others re emergingF
ere ny of the mterils in the puli dominc ere ny of the remining mterils liensed under gretive gommons liense or similr set of terms tht llow their usec ere ny of the remining mterils freed for use y ny of the sttutory exeptions ontined in their ntion9s opyright sttutec hoes the lirry lredy own liense to use the mterils in the wy engel proposesc
sf the mterils re in the puli dominD re liensed freely under gretive gommons lienseD re overed y sttutory exemptionD or re inluded in existing liensesD they my e usedF sf notD engel will need to otin permission from the opyright holder or olletive rights orgniztionF
IH
CHAPTER 2.
opyright priniples delivered through the words of the very folks we n thnk for nerly endless opyright termsF he doumentriesD tel his pilm rt s18 @PHHTA nd tel his pilm rt ss19 @PHHUAD produed y he vegue of xole eersD o'er entertining nd highly ritil views of the reent trend towrd strengthening the rights of opyright ownersD prtiulrly with respet to the unuthorized shring of musi nd moviesF e helpful guide to determining whih works hve fllen into the puli domin in the nited ttes20 hs een provided y wihel frewer nd the emerin virry essoition y0e for snformtion ehnology oliyF e virrin9s PFH wnifesto21 o'ers provotive oneption of the responsiilities of lirrinsD prtiE ulrly in n environment hrterized y rpid tehnologil hngeF
2.15 Cases
he following judiil opinion explores nd pplies some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX elegrph qroupD vtdF vF eshdownD rt IH gse IQ @gourt of eppelD inglnd 8 lesD PHHIA22 @the reltionships mong freedom of expressionD the puli interestD nd intelletul property rightsA
2.16.1 Assignment
enswer one of the following questionsX IF ixplin rie)y wht opyright lw ttempts to protetD s well s wht freedoms re reserved for or ville to the puliF PF hih @if nyA of the justi(tions for opyright lw mke sense to youc
2.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y welnie hulong de osny23 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz24 D illim pisher25 D rs qsser26 D edm rollnd27 D uimerley ssell28 D eter tszi29 D golin wly30 D endrew woshirni31 D nd ghris eterson32 F
18 http://www.stealthislm.com/Part1/ 19 http://www.stealthislm.com/Part2/ 20 http://www.librarycopyright.net/digitalslider/ 21 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZblrRs3fkSU 22 http://www.ipsofactoj.com/international/2001/Part10/int2001%2810%29-013.htm 23 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#rosnay 24 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 25 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 26 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 27 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 28 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 29 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 31 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 32 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
Chapter 3
The international framework
1
II
IP
CHAPTER 3.
IQ
Figure 3.1
he ferne gonvention estlished three fundmentl priniplesF he (rst nd most fmous is the priniE ple of ntionl tretmentD whih requires memer ountries to give the residents of other memer ountries the sme rights under the opyright lws tht they give to their own residentsF oD for exmpleD novel written in folivi y folivin itizen enjoys the sme protetion in qhn s novel written in qhn y n qhnin itizenF he seond is the priniple of independene of protetionF st provides tht eh memer ountry must give foreign works the sme protetions they give domesti worksD even when the foreign works would not e shielded under the opyright lws of the ountries where they origintedF por exmpleD even if novel written in folivi y folivin ntionl were not proteted under folivin lwD it would still e proteted in qhn if it ful(lled the requirements for protetion under qhnin lwF he third is the priniple of utomti protetionF his priniple forids memer ountries from requiring persons from other ferne gonvention memer ountries with legl formlities s prerequisite for opyright protetionF @hey my impose suh requirements on their own itizensD ut usully do notFA he e'et of this priniple is tht the folivin uthor of novel doesn9t hve to register or delre her novel in qhnD sndiD sndonesi or ny other memer stte of the ferne gonventionY her novel will e utomtilly proteted in ll of these ountries from the moment it is writtenF sn ddition to these si priniplesD the ferne gonvention lso imposes on memer ountries numer of more spei( requirementsF por instneD they must enfore opyrights for minimum period of timeF he minimum opyright term for ountries tht hve rti(ed the most reent version of the ferne gonvention is
IR
CHAPTER 3.
the life of the uthor plus SH yers for ll works exept photogrphs nd inemF he ferne gonvention lso requires its memers to reognize nd enfore limited suset of the morl rights disussed in wodule I5 F he ferne gonvention sets forth frmework for memer ountries to dopt exeptions to the mndted opyright protetionsF he soElled 4threeEstep test4 ontined in ertile W@PA @disussed in more detil elow6 A de(nes the freedom of memer ountries to rete exeptions or limittions to uthors9 rights to ontrol reprodutions of their worksF yther provisions of the ferne gonvention give memer ountries disretion to rete more spei( exeptionsF hen the ferne gonvention ws revised most reently in ris in IWUID the signtory ountries dded n eppendix7 D whih ontins speil provisions onerning developing ountriesF sn prtiulrD developE ing ountries myD for ertin works nd under ertin onditionsD deprt from the minimum stndrds of protetion with regrd to the right of trnsltion nd the right of reprodution of opyrighted worksF wore spei(llyD the eppendix permits developing ountries to grnt nonEexlusive nd nonEtrnsferle ompulE sory lienses to trnslte works for the purpose of tehingD sholrship or reserhD nd to reprodue works for use in onnetion with systemti instrutionl tivitiesF hile the ferne gonvention outlines rod stndrds for opyright protetionD it mndtes few spei( rulesF es resultD the legislture in eh memer ountry enjoys onsiderle )exiility in implementing its requirementsF por exmpleD in the ferne gonvention smplementtion et of IWVVD the FF gongress dopted minimlist pproh to implementtionD mking only those hnges to opyright lw tht were solutely neessry to qulify for memershipF he ferne gonvention does not ontin n enforement mehnismF his mens tht memer sttes hve little power to punish nother stte tht does not omply with the ferne gonvention9s guidelinesF es we will see lterD this sitution prtilly hnged for the memers of the ferne gonvention tht lso joined the yF o lern more out the gonvention you my red its text8 or onsult rief disussion of the history of the ferne gonvention9 F
IS
3.6.2.1
Figure 3.2
13 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=17
IT
CHAPTER 3.
wemership in the ome gonvention is open only to ountries tht re lredy prties to the ferne gonvention or to the niversl gopyright gonventionF vike mny interntionl tretiesD joining the ome gonvention hs n unertin e'et on domesti lwF gountries tht join the onvention my 4reserve4 their rights with regrds to ertin provisions of the tretyF sn prtieD this hs enled ountries to void the pplition of rules tht would require importnt hnges to their ntionl lwsF por more informtion on the ome gonvention you my red its text14 or red more out the ome gonvention provisions15 F
3.6.6 The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
he s is n interntionl greement dministered y the yF e mp showing the urrent memership of the y is ville here22 F he s greement ws negotited nd onluded in IWWRF s
14 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/rome/trtdocs_wo024.html 15 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Rome_Convention_provisions 16 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&treaty_id=16 17 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wct/trtdocs_wo033.html 18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Examination_of_the_WCT 19 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?country_id=ALL&start_year=ANY&end_year=ANY&search_what=C&treaty_id=20 20 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/wppt/trtdocs_wo034.html 21 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Examination_of_the_WPPT 22 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_accession_and_membership
IU estlishes minimum stndrds for mny forms of intelletul property protetion in memer ountries of the yD inluding opyrightF he sustntive provisions of s do not di'er drstilly from the ferne gonventionF he mjor di'erene is tht s requires memer ountries to grnt opyright protetion to omputer progrms nd dt ompiltionsF roweverD s does not require the protetion of uthors9 morl rightsD whih the ferne gonvention requiresF he most importnt innovtions of s re the remedies it requiresF nlike the ferne gonventionD s requires memer ountries to provide e'etive sntions for violtions of opyrightsF sn dditionD it retes dispute resolution mehnism y whih y memer ountries n fore other memers to omply with their trety oligtionsF st is sometimes sid thtD unlike the ferne onventionD s hs 4teethF4 s llows for some )exiility in its implementtionF his )exiility is intended to permit developing ntions to lne the inorportion of the generl priniples of s with development onernsF ou n study dditionl snformtion onerning the )exiilities23 of s for developing ntionsF he text of the s egreement is ville here24 F
IV
CHAPTER 3.
gonventionAF he ontroversil snformtion oiety hiretive29 @lso sometimes known s the gopyright hiretiveA ws dopted in PHHI to implement the gD disussed oveF @he min provisions of the snformtion oiety hiretive will e disussed in susequent modulesFA end the esle ights hiretive30 oliges memer ountries to grnt the retors of originl works of rt right to remunertion when those works re resoldF iqully importnt for mny efrin ountries is the revised fngui egreement31 @exeuted in IWWWY e'etive in PHHPAD whih governs the memer ountries of the efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @yesA32 @Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Chad, and TogoAF ertiles V nd IH of ennex ss of the egreement set forth n espeilly generous list of morl rights @re)eting its origins in prenh opyright lwAD while ertile W sets forth similrly generous list of eonomi rightsD inluding the rentl rightF ertiles II through PI then rve out of those rights long list of exeptions nd limittions @to whih we will return in wodules R33 nd S34 AF The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)D whih ws entered into y Canada, the United States, and Mexico in IWWRD limits the disretion of those three ountries in de(ning their intelletulEproperty lwsF roweverD with respet to opyright lws in prtiulrD xepe losely prllels the s egreementD disussed oveD nd thus hs reltively little independent signi(neF yther regionl orgniztions tht ould in)uene their memer ountries9 opyright systems ! ut tht hve not yetD for the most prtD done so ! inlude he enden gommunity35 @Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and PeruAD werosur36 @Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, nd @perhps soonA VenezuelaAD nd the efrin egionl sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @esyA37 @Botswana,
the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and ZimbabweAF
29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_on_the_harmonisation_of_certain_aspects_of_copyright_and_related_rights_in_the_informatio 30 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resale_Rights_Directive 31 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/doc/en/bangui_agreement.pdf 32 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/fr/OAPI/index.htm 33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_5:_Managing_Rights 35 http://www.comunidadandina.org/index.htm 36 http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/Portal%20Intermediario/ 37 http://www.aripo.org/ 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Information_on_FTAs
IW
wost interntionl opyright greements sine then hve inorported versions of this testF por exmpleD versions of the test my e found in the s egreement @ertile IQAD the g @ertile IHAD severl of the i opyright diretivesD nd severl ilterl greementsF sndeedD threeEstep tests my now e found in the ntionl legisltion of mny ountriesD inluding prneD ortuglD ghinD nd eustrliF iven when ntionl legisltion does not expliitly inorporte the testD judges sometimes rely upon it when onstruing nd pplying their ntion9s opyright lwsF he overge of the di'erent versions of the test vries somewhtF por exmpleD wheres the ferne gonvention threeEstep test only pplies to exeptions nd limittions to the right of reprodutionD the threeE step test ontined in ertile IQ of the s egreement pplies to exeptions nd limittions to ny of the exlusive rights ssoited with opyrightF sn dditionD the lnguge used in the di'erent versions vriesF por exmpleD wheres the third step of the ferne gonvention test @quoted oveA requires tht n exeption or limittion not unresonly prejudie the legitimte interests of the uthorD the third step of the s test requires tht n exeption or limittion not unresonly prejudie the legitimte interests of the right holder ! hnge tht shifts ttention wy from the interests of retors towrd the eonomi interests of the ompnies tht quire opyrights from the originl retorsF qiven the prevlene of the threeEstep test nd the long period of time in whih it hs existedD you might expet tht the mening of the test would y now e lerF xot soF he version of the test ontined in the ferne gonvention hs never een interpreted o0illyF he version ontined in ertile IQ of the s egreement hs only een o0illy interpreted one y dispute resolution pnelD nd how fr tht interprettion should ontrol other ountries in the future is not lerF end the ourts in di'erent iuropen ountries hve onstrued the test in inonsistent wys in funtionlly identil sesF qiven this unertintyD ommenttors nd loyists disgree shrply out how restritive the threeEstep test relly isF et one extremeD some lim tht the firEuse dotrine in the nited ttes @whih we will disuss in wodule R39 A violtes the test ! nd thus tht the nited ttes should repel the firEuse dotrine nd tht developing ountries my not dopt similr dotrinesF es illim try hs demonstrted40 D this interprettion is highly implusile ! s shown most lerly y the filure of ny of the ountries involved in the negotition of the s egreement or the ession y the nited ttes to the ferne gonvention to ojet to the firEuse dotrine in the nited ttesF et the opposite extremeD group of prominent nd in)uentil opyright sholrs hve reently proE posed 4e flned snterprettion of the hreeEtep est in gopyright vw441 F hey rgue tht n exE eption or limittion tht fils to stisfy one of the three steps should not neessrily e deemed to violte the testF therD ll three omponents of the test should e onsidered together in 4omprehensive overll ssessment4 tht tkes into ount the threts tht exessive levels of opyright protetion pose to 4huE mn rights nd fundmentl freedomsD4 4interests in ompetitionD4 nd 4other puli interestsD notly in sienti( progress nd ulturlD soilD or eonomi development4 ! in ddition to the importnt interests of opyright holders in fir ompenstionF his proposl hs two strengthsF pirstD it (ts well the underlying purpose of the opyright system s wholeD whihD s we hve seenD seeks to lne the interests of retors with the interests of soiety t lrge in mximizing ess to ides nd informtionF eondD it derives
39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 40 http://williampatry.blogspot.com/2008/04/fair-use-three-step-test-and-european.html 41 http://www.ip.mpg.de/ww/de/pub/aktuelles/declaration_on_the_three_step_.cfm
PH
CHAPTER 3.
support from the referene in ll versions of the test to the 4legitimte4 interests of either uthors or right holdersF st doesD howeverD hve one weknessX virtully ll ourts nd triunls tht hve onsidered the test to dte hve onluded tht ll three of its 4steps4 must e stis(edF enother interprettion tht does not su'er from this wekness ut tht preserves the strengths of the proposed 4flned snterprettion4 hs een o'ered reently y rofessors rugenholtz nd ykediji42 X 4vimE ittions nd exeptions tht @IA re not overly rodD @PA do not ro right holders of rel or potentil soure of inome tht is sustntiveD nd @QA do not do disproportionl hrm to the right holdersD will pss the testF4 his proposl is grounded in long nd detiled disussion of the evolution of the threeEstep test nd deserves reful onsidertionF en importnt generl lesson my e derived from this situtionX he mening of opyright lws of ll sorts ! inluding interntionl opyright greements ! is often less ler thn (rst ppersF wny rules hve not yet een interpreted uthorittivelyF his retes opportunities for lirrins or other representtives of developing ountries to rgue for nd t upon interprettions tht give them more freedom when shping their own lwsF sn susequent modulesD we will ome ross severl suh opportunitiesF
3.7.1 The Benets and Drawbacks of Copyright Law for Developing Countries
ome oservers elieve tht governments should upgrde nd hrmonize opyright lw glolly euse it promotes the rts nd rewrds retorsF hey rgue tht grnting n exlusive right in retive expression provides neessry inentive for opyright holders to invest in the retion nd distriution of expressive worksF his stimultes ulturl expression nd ene(ts itizensF uppression of ompetition from 4pirtesD4 they rgueD is neessry to llow lol retive industries to )ourishF roweverD others rgue tht implementing the sme opyright lw in ll ountries hs disproportionte nd negtive e'et on developing ountriesF wost developed ntions hve powerful nd lurtive enterE tinmentD edutionlD nd reserh industries tht export opyrighted worksD nd thus ene(t from strong opyright lwF heveloping ountriesD on the other hndD typilly import opyrighted worksF husD it is rguedD the residents of developing ountries hve to py more roylties nd fees s result of enhned opyright protetionF st is lso rgued tht restritive opyright lws prevent mny governments from dE dressing importnt soil needs ! suh s providing their itizens with good edutions ! euse ritil informtion is loked up y the lwF he ltter set of rguments hve prompted growing numer of groups in developing ountries to resist the imposition of the minimum stndrds of opyright protetion set y the s egreement nd the even hrsher duties tht re imposed on developing ountries y pesF hey ll for etter lne etweenD on one hndD providing inentives to retors nd rewrding their retive tivities ndD on the other hndD promoting ess to knowledge nd reserhD in order to spur eonomi growth nd foster innovtion in the developing ountriesF
PI oriented tehnil oopertion nd ssistneF edditionl proposls in support of sy hevelopment egend were sumitted y other memer ountries nd orgniztionsD suh s ghileD the qroup of priends of hevelopmentD nd the efri qroupF his inititive hs mde onsiderle progressF he PHHR sy qenerl essemly greed to hold series of intergovernmentl meetings to exmine the proposls for development gendF ustntive reform proposls to estlish development gend for sy pssed during the PHHU sy qenerl essemlyF he urrent sy hevelopment egend44 ontins RS reommendtions for the qenerl essemly to pursueF yrgniztions representing lirrins hve hd signi(nt voie in the negotitions of the sy heE velopment egendF toint sttements of the snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions @spveAD the virry gopyright elline @vgeAD nd iletroni snformtion for virries @espvA re ville here45 F
he use of works for purposes of lirry or rhivl preservtionD or to migrte ontent to new formtF he e'orts of lirriesD rhivistsD or edutionl institutions to mke opies of works tht re not urrently the sujet of ommeril exploittionD for purposes of preservtionD edutionD or reserhF he use of exerptsD seletionsD nd quottions from opyrighted works for purposes of explntion nd illustrtion in onnetion with notEforEpro(t tehing nd sholrshipF he use of opyrighted works y edutionl institutions s primry instrutionl mterilsD if those mterils re not mde redily ville y opyright holders t resonle priesF
sn dditionD the proposed trety would estlish First Sale Doctrine for Library UseD stting tht work tht hs een lwfully quired y lirry my e lent to others without further trnstion fees to e pid y the lirryF pinllyD the ePu trety proposl introdues provisions in support of distne edutionD s well s provisions ommodting the rights of persons with disilitiesF virrins nd lirry ptrons ren9t the only prties who ould ene(t from the ePu tretyF he proposl inludes rules proteting Internet Service Providers from opyright liilityD nd lso mitigtes the strit prohiitions on irumvention of enryption ontined in severl interntionl opyright tretiesF nder the proposed tretyD nonoriginal nd orphan works @those works for whih opyright holder nnot e identi(ed upon resonle serhA would e left in the public domainF he trety would lso gurntee ess to pulily funded reserh worksD government worksD nd rhives of puli rodstingF pinllyD the ePu trety proposl lso inludes provisions on ptent protetionD ntiompetitive prtiesD nd trnsfer of tehnology to developing ountriesF
44 http://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/recommendations.html 45 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/services/ei-ip/issues/wipo-development-agenda 46 http://www.cptech.org/a2k/a2k_treaty_may9.pdf
PP
CHAPTER 3.
PQ of the ookD is ville online here54 F por upEtoEdte informtion onerning the implementtion of the i snformtion oiety hiretive y individul ountriesD inluding good iliogrphy of sholrly studies of the implementtion proessD see snstituut voor snfomtiereht @ssAD eport on the smplementtion of the snformtion oiety hiretive55 @PHHVAF
3.9.1 Cases
he following judiil opinion nd summries of rulings issued in y dispute resolution proeedings explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX toined gses gEWPGWP nd gEQPTGWPD hil gollins v smtrt rndelsgesellshft mrY trii smEund ixport erwltungsgesellshft mr nd enother v iws iletrol qmr @IWWQA56 @eppliility of the iig rety to s rightsA rh iF renryD 4he pirst snterntionl ghllenge to FF gopyright vwX ht hoes the y enlysis of IU FFgF IIH@SA wen to the puture of snterntionl rrmoniztion of gopyright vws nder the s egreementcD4 PH enn tte snterntionl vw eview QHI @PHHIA57 F58 @i vsF A tn fohnes 8 edrin imhD 4y nel eport on ghin sX e wixed esultD4 ghin vw 8 rtieD ppF IWEPHD wrh PHHW59 @ vsF ghinA
3.10.1 Assignment
IF hih interntionl treties governing opyright lw hs your ountry signedD rti(edD nd implementedc PF sf your ountry is memer of the ferne gonventionD my your ntionl legislture set the opyright term to either A IPH yers or A PS yersc hy or why notc QF smgine tht your ountry is memer of the ferne gonventionD ut not of the yF husD your ountry is not ound y sF wy your ntionl legislture require foreign opyright holders to register their works with your ountry in order to reeive opyright protetionc sf your legislture did require registrtionD ould other memers of the ferne gonvention tke tion ginst your ountryc row would your nswer e di'erent if your ountry were lso memer of the yc RF uppose tht the (tionl ountry of etlntis hs reently signed nd rti(ed the gF sts ntionl legislture wnts to implement the tretyF etlntis only imports softwre from other ountries nd it hs never efore proteted them under opyright lwF he legislture elieves tht it is in the interest of etlntens to extend s little opyright protetion to omputer progrms s possileF ht provisions of the g would llow etlntens to freely use omputer progrmsc SF ho you think tht oth developed nd developing ountries should hve the sme rules for opyright protetionc hy or why notc TF ed rtile QEI of the drft text of the ePu trety60 F gomment on the importne of one or two provisions for the missions you perform s lirrinF
54 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1405224 55 http://www.ivir.nl/les/implementation_2001_29_EC/index_eng.html 56 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61992J0092:EN:HTML 57 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/Henry%202001.pdf 58 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/Henry%202001.pdf 59 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1516907 60 http://www.cptech.org/a2k/a2k_treaty_may9.pdf
PR
CHAPTER 3.
3.11 Contributors
his module ws reted y etroul ntsiouri61 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz62 D illim pisher63 D rs qsser64 D edm rollnd65 D uimerley ssell66 D eter tszi67 D golin wly68 D endrew woshirni69 D nd ghris eterson70 F
61 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#vantsiouri 62 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 63 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 64 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 65 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 66 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 67 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 68 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 69 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 70 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
Chapter 4
The Scope of Copyright Law
1
PS
PT
CHAPTER 4.
o e entitled to protetionD work flling into this rod tegory must stisfy two si requireE mentsX originality nd xationF
3 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#Berne_Convention 4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework#The_Agreement_on_Trade_Related_Asp
PU (xtionF he nited ttesD for instneD ented speil provision prohiiting the (xtion or trnsmission of live musil performne without the onsent of the performersD nd prohiiting the reprodution of opies or phonoreords of n unuthorized (xtion of live musil performneF xotieD howeverD tht this provision is limited to musil performnes nd does not pply to other types of performnesF
4.6
PV
CHAPTER 4.
4.7.1 Rights Ownership Rules: How to Determine the Original Rights Holder
he ferne gonvention gives memer ountries rod )exiility in determining who is onsidered n uthor @nd therefore the originl opyright holderA of literry or rtisti workF ertile IS@IA of the gonvention providesXsn order tht the uthor of literry or rtisti work proteted y this gonvention shllD in the sene of proof to the ontrryD e regrded s suhD nd onsequently e entitled to institute infringement proeedings in the ountries of the nionD it shll e su0ient for his nme to pper on the work in the usul mnnerF his prgrph shll e pplile even if this nme is pseudonymD where the pseudonym dopted y the uthor leves no dout s to his identityF he mjority of civil law ountries stipulte tht only persons in the ordinry sense n qulify s uthorsF pnish opyright lwD for exmpleD spei(es the nturl person who retes ny literryD rtistiD or sienti( work shll e onsidered the uthor thereofF imilrlyD prenh opyright lw sttes tht uthorship shll elongD unless proved otherwiseD to the person or persons under whose nme the work hs een dislosedF gommonElw ountriesD y ontrstD more often permit orgniztions ! inluding orportions ! to qulify s uthorsF he author is often de(ned s the person who oneives of nd gives expression to n ideF roweverD in some sesD this determintion eomes more omplitedF st my depend on who ssists in the prodution of the work or who oversees nd direts the rrngement of the detils of the workF sn suh sesD the determintion of uthorship will depend on the fts of the spei( seF
4.7.2 Works by Multiple Authors: Rules for Joint Authorship and Collaborations
toint uthorship exists when two or more persons rete opyrighted workF he opyright lw in most ountries grnts eh ontriutor n undivided shre of the opyright in the workF he ferne gonvention reognizes tht joint uthorship exists ut does not speify the requirements for joint uthorshipD reting signi(nt vrine mong ntionsF gountries in ontinentl iurope typilly stipulte tht joint uthorship does not require tht eh uthor ontriute the sme mount to the workF snstedD it only requires tht eh uthor9s ontriution displys the miniml mount of retivity or originlity neessry in the jurisdition to merit opyright protetion in its own rightF epplying this pprohD the huth upreme gourt deision Kluwer v. LamothD ITW FsFhFeF IPW @IWWTAD grnted stylist oEuthorship sttus for retively rerrnging needleworks for photogrphF sn some ountriesD joint uthorship only rises when eh uthor9s ontriution nnot e seprted nd ommerilly exploited independently of the work s wholeF por instneD tpnese legisltion de(nes joint works s works tht re reted y two or more persons in whih the ontriution of eh person nnot e seprtely exploitedF sf the works n e seprted ! for instneD when one uthor ontriutes the musi nd nother the lyris for song ! eh ontriutor is typilly given n independent opyright in his or her ontriutionF sn other ountriesD like the nited ttesD it is neessry tht eh of the ontriutors intend tht the others should eome joint uthorsF sn shortD the rules on this issue vry sustntilly y ountryF sn ll ountriesD howeverD it is possile for two or more people to shre opyrightF
4.7.2.1
PW his provision is inorported into the s egreementF elthough this stndrd protets spei( types of derivtive worksD it does not speify how di'erent derivtive work must e from the originl in order to merit opyright protetionF es resultD it is often unler how muh originlity is required to otin new opyrightF upposeD for exmpleD sulptor retes sle model of odin9s fmous 4inker4 ! whihD euse of its ge ! hs fllen into the puli dominF row muh di'erent from the originl sulpture must the sle model e in order to seure opyright protetionc gourts struggle with this issue ! nd hve produed inonsistent deisionsF ht if the originl work from used to derivtive work hs not fllen into the puli dominD nd the mker of the derivtive works fils to get liense from the holder of the opyright in the originlc sn some ountriesD like the nited ttesD the unuthorized derivtive work does not get ny opyright protetionF sn other ountriesD like the xetherlnds nd prneD the unuthorized derivtive work is protetedF his does not men tht the retor of the derivtive work is free to mke nd sell opies of his retionF therD it mens tht other people @inluding the owner of the opyright in the originl workA must otin the permission of the retor of the derivtive work efore mking or distriuting opies of the derivtive workF
works without prejudice to the copyright of the original work.
QH
CHAPTER 4.
tht employmentD the opyright is utomtilly owned y the employer s 4work for hireF4 he nited ttes hs similr ruleD ut lso provides tht work my eome 4work for hire4 even if it is reted y n independent ontrtor @rther thn n employee ting within the sope of employmentA so long s the work @A flls within limited list of eligile types of works nd @A the prties gree in writing tht it shll e lssi(ed s work for hireF
4.8 The Relationship Between Copyright Infringement and Other Unauthorized Activities
Copyright infringement is the unuthorized use of opyrighted work in mnner tht violtes one of the opyright holder9s exlusive rights nd does not fll into ny of the exeptions to or limittions on the holder9s rightsF e will exmine those rights nd exeptions in detil in wodule RX ightsD ixeptionsD nd vimittions6 F st should e emphsized tht opyright infringement overs only suset of the wys in whih opyrighted works my e used without permissionF ome uses of opyrighted works my not infringe opyright ut my violte other legl rulesF ythers my violte nonlegl soil normsF till others my e lwful uses tht re soilly pprovedF his omplex pttern of norms (nds expression in vriety of terms tht re frequently onfusedF e explin some of them elowY they will e studied further in wodule UX inforement7 F "Plagiarism" is the use of someone else9s ides or words without properly rediting the soureF st is entirely seprte from opyright lwF lgirism is not violtion of legl rulesD ut insted of soil normsF gommon soil sntions for plgirism re expulsion or suspension from shoolD dishrge from joD nd soil dispprovlF gustoms nd ttitudes pertining to plgirism vry somewht y ountryF por exmpleD reently young qermn novelist ws found to hve opied without permission or ttriution signi(nt pssges from other novelsF he hs een treted muh more leniently8 thn young emerin uthor who few yers go engged in very similr ehviorF9 ettitudes towrd plgirism even vry somewht etween demi disiplinesF por exmpleD the de(nition of plgirism dopted y the emerin ristoril essoition10 is not extly the sme s the stndrd dopted y the wodern vnguge essoition11 F pinllyD plgirism y orporte exeutives12 is often treted s muh less serious thn plgirism y novelistsD demisD or journlistsF Piracy hs no strit de(nition within @or outside ofA opyright lwF sn reent yersD the term hs eome ommon wy for some to refer to unuthorized nd unexused reprodutions of udio nd video reordingsF roweverD the opyright lws do not themselves refer to piryF ine the term is ssoited with the violene tht ompnies the seizure of ships on the high sesD mny rgue tht it is misleding when used in onnetion with unuthorized uses of retive worksF
6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 7 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_7:_Enforcement 8 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/12/world/europe/12germany.html 9 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/books/28author.html?_r=1 10 http://www.historians.org/pubs/free/professionalstandards.cfm#Plagiarism 11 http://www.english.udel.edu/kharbot/write/mlaandpla.html 12 http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/03/business/media/03leonhardt.html
QI
Counterfeiting is de(ned in vrious wysF wost oftenD the term refers to the retion or distriution of imittions of genuine works with the intent to deeive the puli out their uthentiityF gounterfeiting in this sense is governed primrily y trdemrk lw nd the lw of unfir ompetitionD not y opyright lwF roweverD the proposed entiEgounterfeiting rde egreement @egeA13 D urrently under negotition @s disussed in wodule PX he snterntionl prmework14 AD myD when (nishedD require memer ountries to expnd the overge of opyright lw in this reF
QP
CHAPTER 4.
over udio reordingsD rhiteturl worksD nd omputer progrmsF he durtion of opyright hs expnded over the yersD from IR yers under the ttute of enne to the urrent minimum of life of the uthor plus SH yers for most worksF eent treties hve lso inluded provisions prohiiting the irumvention of mehnisms to ontrol reprodution or distriution of opyrighted worksF ome of these extensions rguly stimulte dditionl retivity y inentivizing itF roweverD the extension of opyright to more kinds of works nd for greter length of time hs resulted in the redution of the mount of mteril in the puli dominF es resultD mterils tht otherwise ould hve een used in the retion of new rtisti or literry works n no longer e usedF es opyright lw hs expnded it hs lso frgmentedF sn other wordsD speil rules hve een devised to del with prtiulr kinds of worksF ome of those speil rules re desried elowF
the rodsting of her work or its ommunition to the puli y ny mens of wireless di'usion of signsD sounds or imgesY
18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations
further ommunition to the puli y wire or y rerodsting of the originl rodst of the workD when this ommunition is mde y n orgniztion other thn the originl rodsterY the puli ommunition y loudspeker or ny other nlogous instrument trnsmittingD y signsD sounds or imgesD the rodst of the workF
he ferne gonvention permits individul ountries to determine whih of these rights my e exerised nd in wht irumstnesF roweverD it requires tht they should not e pplied in wy tht would negtively 'et n uthor9s morl rightsF
QR
CHAPTER 4.
4.16.1 Assignment
IF ht is the opyright term in your ountryc vist some of the uthors whose work will fll in the puli domin in your ountry on tnury I of the oming yerF PF row do you think opyright lw should pply to situtions in whih mny people ontriute smll mounts to n online resourec por exmpleD suppose tht ikipedi32 hd not dopted forml opyright poliyF row should ontriutions to it e tretedc
4.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y snge ysmn33 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz34 D illim pisher35 D rs qsser36 D edm rollnd37 D uimerley ssell38 D eter tszi39 D golin wly40 D endrew woshirni41 D nd ghris eterson42 F
26 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/1991%20Feist.pdf 27 http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/judgmentsles/j1577/hodgens_v_beckingham.htm 28 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/1989%20CCNV.pdf 29 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62007J0240:EN:HTML 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/2003%20ELDRED%20V.%20ASHCROFT%20Abridged.html 31 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/IP/1992%20Altai.pdf 32 http://www.wikipedia.com/ 33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#osman 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 35 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 36 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 37 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
Chapter 5
Rights, Exceptions, and Limitations
1
QS
QT
CHAPTER 5.
originl pinter9s right of reprodution @unless the student ould invoke one of the exeptions or limittions disussed previouslyAF es one might imgineD the question of how lose one work must e to nother to e 4sustntilly similr4 is highly ontroversil nd is often litigtedF glosely relted to the right of reprodution is the right of adaptationD whih provides opyright holders with the right to dpt opyrighted work from one form of expression to notherD or to uthorize nother to do soF ixmples of dpttions inlude trnsforming ook into movie or song into musilF he right of dpttion is lso found in virtully ll opyright systemsF por exmpleD ertile IP of the ferne gonvention3 requires memer ountries to grnt uthors the right to uthorize dpttionsD rrngementsD nd other ltertions of opyrighted worksF he right of dpttion lso enompsses the right to trnslte work into other lngugesF ertile V of the ferne gonvention4 requires memer ountries to reognize this right of trnsltionF sn some legl systemsD the right of dpttion is expressed s the right to mke derivtive worksD whih use the originl work s strting point ut re not diret opies of the originl workF sn most ountriesD the reprodution right nd the dpttion right re losely lignedF sn other wordsD the mjority of tivities tht violte the dpttion right lso violte the reprodution rightF roweverD there re exeptionsF por exmpleD utting up photogrph to inlude it in ollge my violte the dpttion right @unless of ourse tht ehvior is exused y one of the exeptions or limittionsAF futD euse tht tivity did not entil mking new opyD it would not violte the right of reprodutionF roweverD the degree of overlp etween these two rights vries somewht y ountryF hih of the two rights is implited y prtiulr se will sometimes mke di'erene ! for exmpleD if the opyright owner hs grnted liense for one of the rights ut not the otherF row fr do these rights rehc ell from wodule QX he ope of gopyright vw5 tht opyright only protets the expression of idesD not the ides or fts themselvesF husD work tht is inspired y the ides ontined in nother work ut does not use ny of the proteted expression from the initil work is neither reprodution nor n dpttionD nd will not violte the opyright holder9s rightsF elsoD note tht ertile P@QA of the ferne gonvention6 provides tht uthorized dpttions re proteted y their ownD seprte opyrightD in ddition to the opyright protetion given to the originl workF pinllyD opyright holder lso hs the exlusive right to distribute his or her workD nd the right to import opies of the work sujet to ertin exeptionsF he right to distriute enompsses the right to sell or uthorize the initil sle of opy of the workF
QU imilrlyD person who owns pinting or sulpture my disply the work in her home without infringing the right of puli displyF he opyright holder9s right to ontrol the puli performne of her work extends to mny ommuniE tions tht might not initilly seem like performnesF por exmpleD s indited oveD it grnts opyright holder the right to uthorize rodsts of her workF his inludes television rodstingD le distriutionD stellite distriutionD nd reErodsts of workF st n lso enompss onEdemnd digitl trnsmissions nd pyEperEview rodstsF et lest in some ountriesD the right lso extends to performnes in settings tht don9t seem espeilly 4puli4 in the ordinry sense ! for exmpleD in shoolsD nursing homesD nd prisonsF he sy gopyright rety @gA nd sy erformers nd honogrms rety @AD disussed in wodule P8 D ltered this set of rules sutly ! nd in wys tht hve not yet een fully resolvedF ertile V of the g nd ertiles IH nd IP of the require memer ountries to reognize right to mke opyrighted work 4ville4 to the puliF he nited ttes hs tken the position tht these trety provisions do not require ny hnge in the wy tht the hs formulted nd enfored the right of puli performneF xot ll ountries greeF he iD for exmpleD hs tken the position tht the 4mking ville4 right dds something newF he prinipl irumstne in whih this disgreement might mke di'erene is when someone posts opyrighted doument on wesiteD ut no one hs yet downloded itF he tretment of suh ses my vry y ountryF
elthough ertile Tis reommends tht these morl rights extend fter the uthor9s dethD t lest until the eonomi rights expireD it lso llows memer ountries to limit morl rights to the life of the uthorF roweverD the protetions of ertile Tis re not s strong s they my seemD euse it is the only provision in the ferne gonvention tht is not inorported y the s egreementF hus the teeth provided y the y dispute resolution system re not ville to ompel memer ountries to reognize morl rightsF sn ddition to the right of ttriution nd the right of integrityD mny ountries lso reognize right of dislosure nd right of withdrwlF he former gives n uthor the exlusive right to determine when she will relese work to the puliF his right tkes preedene even over ontrtul ommitment y the uthor to trnsfer the work to lient or ptronF he ltter permits n uthor to withdrw works from pulition or irultion if she determines tht she no longer wnts to e represented y or ssoited with those prtiulr worksF his right is muh less powerful in prtie thn it (rst ppersD oth euse the
8 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework 9 http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P123_20726
QV
CHAPTER 5.
uthor would hve to py the people from who the opies re withdrwn nd euse the right of withdrwl is trumped y the right of purhser to keep goods he or she hs purhsedF es resultD it is lmost never invokedF st is importnt to hek your ountry9s sttutory provisions relting to morl rightsF xtions vry onsiderly on the rights they reognizeD the durtion of those rightsD whether they my e wivedD nd so forthF por exmpleD in pinD seven morl rights re reognizedX the right of dislosureD the right to pulish under the uthor9s rel nme or pseudonymD the right to e knowledged s the uthor of the workD the right to the integrity of the work @whih inludes the right to prevent distortion or modi(tion of the workAD the right to modify the work @limited y other sttutory provisionsAD the right to withdrw the workD nd the right of ess to single or rre opy of the workD even if tht opy is owned y third prty @though the uthor9s exerise of this right is limited y ertin onsidertions for the holder of the opyAF
@lso lled related rightsA onsist of the rights of those who ssist the uthor of opyrighted workD ut who do not qulify for opyright in the workF hey inlude the rights of rodsters nd rodsting orgniztions in their trnsmissions of progrms @s opposed to the opyrights in the progrms themselvesAD the right of n rtist in her performne of piee @s distinguished from the opyright in the underlying work itselfAD nd the right of the produer of reord @s opposed to the opyright in the musil ompositions tht the reord emodiesAF st is importnt to keep these neighoring rights in mindD in ddition to the rights of the opyright holderD when onsidering wht uses of given work re permissileF sn ddition to the neighoring rights tthed to performnesD some ountries reently hve reognized rights in dtsesD semiondutor hip designsD otEhull designsD nd so forthF hese rights re ommonly known s sui generis rights ! lthough the distintion etween 4neighoring rights4 nd 4sui generis4 rights is lrgely ritrryF yf these new rightsD the only one tht might signi(ntly 'et the tivities of lirrins is the protetion of dtsesF es indited oveD most ountries use ordinry opyright lw to protet originl wys in whih the dt in dtse is seleted or rrngedF futD so frD only in the iuropen nion re the contents of the dtse protetedF he i9s dtse protetion system is highly ontroversilF gritis ontend tht it is unneessry to provide inentives for the retion of dtses nd merely impedes the )ow of ftul informtionF roweverD e'orts to test this ritiism empirilly y ompring the rtes of dtse innovtion in ountries with nd without dtse protetion rules hve thus fr een inonlusiveF ntil the dispute is resolvedD dtse protetion is unlikely to spred to developing ountriesF
QW diretive require memers to extend oth rentl nd lending rightsD not just to performersD phonogrm produersD nd (lm produersD ut lso to 4uthorsF4 ertile S of the diretive permits memer ountries to limit the lending rightD ut only if uthors re ompenstedD or to exempt tegories of institutions from its overgeD ut only if they do not therey e'etively exempt ll institutionsF he diretive proved extremely ontroversilD nd forml proeedings were neessry to fore severl i memers to onform to itF qiven the highly inomplete overge of rentl nd puli lending rights in the suprntionl greementsD it is not surprising tht mny ountries urrently do not reognize themF yf prtiulr importne to lirriesD urrently only PW ountries11 hve estlished puli lending rights systemsF wost of those ountries re in iuropeF he nited ttes does not hve oneD nor does ny ountry in vtin emeriD efriD or esiF virrins in developing ountries my soon e lled upon to prtiipte in disussions onerning whether their ountries should dopt puli lending right systemF ht position should they tkec he snterntionl pedertion of virry essoitions nd snstitutions @spveA12 o'ers two sensile reommenE dtions13 F pirstD lirrins should not ept ny legisltive proposls tht would require the lirries themselves to py fees to uthorsD performersD nd produersF he only wys tht lirries ould mke suh pyments would e either to hrge users or to withdrw sre resoures from other progrmsF iither strtegy would fundmentlly impir the lirries9 ore missionF sn shortD the only eptle version of puli lending system would e one in whih the governmentD not the lirriesD pid the fees ! s ours in most iuropen ountriesF eondD the spve rgues tht even system in whih the government pid the fees would e unwise in developing ountriesD euse it would redue the money the government ould spend on even more essentil soil or ulturl funtions ! suh s providing its itizens dequte helth re or si edutionsF his issue will lmost ertinly require lirrins9 lose ttention in the ner futureF
(b) in respect of reproductions on any medium made by a natural person for private use and for ends that are neither directly nor indirectly commercial, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation which takes account of the application or non-application of technological measures referred to in Article 6 to the work or subject-matter concerned;
RH
CHAPTER 5.
(c) in respect of specic acts of reproduction made by publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments or museums, or by archives, which are not for direct or indirect economic or commercial advantage;
(d) in respect of ephemeral recordings of works made by broadcasting organisations by means of their own facilities and for their own broadcasts; the preservation of these recordings in ocial archives may, on the grounds of their exceptional documentary character, be permitted;
(e) in respect of reproductions of broadcasts made by social institutions pursuing non-commercial purposes, such as hospitals or prisons, on condition that the rightholders receive fair compensation.
etion Q then uthorizes memer sttes to rete ny of the following exeptions oth to the right of reprodution nd to the right to ommunite or mke works ville to the puliX
(a) use for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientic research, as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible and to the extent justied by the non-commercial purpose to be achieved;
(b) uses, for the benet of people with a disability, which are directly related to the disability and of a non-commercial nature, to the extent required by the specic disability;
(c) reproduction by the press, communication to the public or making available of published articles on current economic, political or religious topics or of broadcast works or other subjectmatter of the same character, in cases where such use is not expressly reserved, and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, or use of works or other subject-matter in connection with the reporting of current events, to the extent justied by the informatory purpose and as long as the source, including the author's name, is indicated, unless this turns out to be impossible;
(d) quotations for purposes such as criticism or review, provided that they relate to a work or other subject-matter which has already been lawfully made available to the public, that, unless this turns out to be impossible, the source, including the author's name, is indicated, and that their use is in accordance with fair practice, and to the extent required by the specic purpose;
(e) use for the purposes of public security or to ensure the proper performance or reporting of administrative, parliamentary or judicial proceedings;
(f ) use of political speeches as well as extracts of public lectures or similar works or subject-matter to the extent justied by the informatory purpose and provided that the source, including the author's name, is indicated, except where this turns out to be impossible;
(g) use during religious celebrations or ocial celebrations organised by a public authority;
(h) use of works, such as works of architecture or sculpture, made to be located permanently in public places;
RI
(i) incidental inclusion of a work or other subject-matter in other material;
(j) use for the purpose of advertising the public exhibition or sale of artistic works, to the extent necessary to promote the event, excluding any other commercial use;
(m) use of an artistic work in the form of a building or a drawing or plan of a building for the purposes of reconstructing the building;
(n) use by communication or making available, for the purpose of research or private study, to individual members of the public by dedicated terminals on the premises of establishments referred to in paragraph 2(c) of works and other subject-matter not subject to purchase or licensing terms which are contained in their collections;
(o) use in certain other cases of minor importance where exceptions or limitations already exist under national law, provided that they only concern analogue uses and do not aect the free circulation of goods and services within the Community, without prejudice to the other exceptions and limitations contained in this Article.
wny of these exeptions plinly ene(t the lirries @nd their usersA in the i ountries tht hve reognized themF ispeilly noteworthy re the exeptions for 4spei( ts of reprodution mde y pulily essile lirries4 so long s they re not for 4eonomi or ommeril dvntge4 nd 4uses for the ene(t of people with disilityF4 ht sidD the set of exeptions ontined in ertile S of the i gopyright hiretive is surely not the only exmple of the enumertedElist pprohF he threeEstep testD disussed in wodule P16 D gives individul ountries onsiderly more ltitude in seleting exeptions nd limittions thn the i hs exerisedF ome ountries hve gone good del furtherF he seond generl pproh is to stte some generl guidelines for permissile uses nd then delegte to the ourts responsiility for pplying those ftors to individul sesF he premier exmple of this pproh is the fir use dotrine in the nited ttesD whih is emodied in setion IHU of the FF gopyright etX
Notwithstanding the [statutory provisions granting copyright holders exclusive rights], the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specied by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include (1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprot educational purposes; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) the eect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a nding of fair use if such nding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework
RP
CHAPTER 5.
gourts in the nited ttes hve relied on this provision to reognize exeptions for wide rnge of tivitiesD inluding the mking of prody of opyrighted workD reproduing portion of opyrighted work for the purpose of sholrshipD nd using videossette reorder to reord television progrm or movie for viewing t lter timeF sn etween these two generl pprohes is strtegy sometimes known s 4fir delingF4 e good exmple is the system used in eustrliF he eustrlin gopyright et @s mended in PHHTA identi(es some rod irumstnes in whih n unuthorized use of opyrighted work might e onsidered firX reserhD ritiism or reviewD news reportingD legl dvieD nd prody or stireF werely flling into one of these oxes does not menD howeverD tht prtiulr tivity will e deemed firF therD the ourts onsider individul ses y onsulting set of ftors tht loosely prllel the ftors used in the systemF sn generlD the ourts will exuse ondut within these oxes if they deem it pproprite 4judged y the riterion of fir minded nd honest personF4 he eustrlin pproh is generlly thought to e less unpreditle ! ut lso less )exile ! thn the pprohF e seprte nd nerly universl exeption to the rights of opyright holder is the rst sale doctrine. he (rst sle dotrine sys tht one onsumer hs lwfully purhsed opy of opyrighted workD the opyright holder no longer hs the ility to ontrol tht prtiulr opyF por this resonD resleD lendingD or rentl of lwfully purhsed opyrighted work is generlly permissileF roweverD ountries n impose ertin limittions on these rightsF hey my restrit or require ompulsory lienses for ertin uses of opyrighted worksF por exmpleD s indited oveD ntion my prohiit the rentl of goods tht re esily nd frequently opiedD suh s softwre or phonoreordsF edditionllyD ntion my require tht the uthor of the work e pid ertin fee upon resle of opy of opyrighted workF @his soElled 4droit de suite4 only exists in few jurisditionsD nd even there only pplies to unique works of (ne rtFA he opertion of the (rst sle dotrine is less intuitive with digitl worksF his is euse wht my seem like norml use from onsumer9s perspetive my tully involve the mking of dditionl digitl opiesF his in turn ould e prohiited y the uthor9s exlusive right of reprodutionF por exmpleD if onsumer purhses ghD she n listen to it on ny gh plyer without worrying out infringing the uthor9s opyrightF he n lsoD euse of the (rst sle dotrineD lend tht gh to friend who n listen to it on gh plyer nd then give it kD without worrying out infringing the uthor9s rightsF roweverD if tht sme onsumer purhses sound reording onlineD listens to itD nd then emils opy to friendD she will hve violted the opyright lw @even if she deletes her originl opyA euse the originl reording hs een reproduedF here remins serious poliy question s to whether the (rst sle dotrine to govern suh sesD ut s yet tht hs not ourredF
5.10.1 Allowing Library Patrons to Use the Library's Copy Machines or Other Copy Equipment
trons frequently wish the ptron is opying is the opying exeeds the opyright infringementF to mke opies of exerpts of lirryEowned mterilsF nless the ook or rtile in puli dominD suh opying is regulted y the ountry9s opyright sttuteF sf mximum set y other exeptions nd limittionsD the ptron my e ommitting sn some situtionsD sent sttutory or other sfe hrorD the lirry ould e
17 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=109192/
RQ held seondrily or indiretly lile for llowing the infringement to tke ple y providing the equipmentF @he onepts of seondry nd indiret liility will e disussed in more detil inwodule U18 FA portuntelyD mny ountries hve ented spei( sttutory provisions tht shield lirrins nd lirries from liility for opyright infringement ommitted y ptrons who use photoopiers or other equipment the lirry providesF o qulify for the sttutory exemptionD lirries typilly must post notie nd dislimerD stting tht the mking of photoopies or other reprodutions is governed y opyright lwD nd tht the person using the equipment is lile for ny infringementF
the lirry owns the originl work the work is pulily essile the originl is t risk for dmge or deteriortionD is in osolete formtD or nnot e viewed euse of the onditions in whih it must e keptF
he permitted reprodution is often limited to smll numer of opiesF sf n pproprite opy is ommerE illy villeD the right to reprodue for preservtion or replement is typilly limitedF purtherD opying is often limited to pper reprodutionD nd opies mde in digitl formt typilly my not e mde ville to the puli outside of the lirry premisesF
RR
CHAPTER 5.
sn the nited ttesD mny universities used to ssemle ourse pks without otining permission from the opyright holders of the individul rtilesD elieving tht suh opying quli(ed for the fir use exeption for demi purposesF roweverD ourt deisions in the IWWHs held tht the preprtion nd sle of suh ourse pks y ommeril 4opy shops4 did not onstitute fir useF st is not ertin tht those deisions would pply to universitiesD ut the lwyers dvising most universities hve tken utious pprohF et their urgingD most universities hve now dopted systems for otining lienses to ll mterils inluded in ourse pksF st is possile tht ountry thtD unlike the nited ttesD relies upon list of spei( exeptions nd limittionsD rther thn generl fir use dotrineD to set the limits of opyright protetion my hve spei( provision tht uthorizes the retion of ourse pksF sf notD lirrins in suh ountry must otin written liense from the opyright holders in order to rete ourse pksF o redue the dministrtive urden of seeking permission from mny di'erent opyright holdersD lirrins my wish to ontrt with olletive mngement orgniztions like those desried in wodule S19 F hese privte servies who enter into 0litions with demi pulishers nd otin lnket lerne lienses for the pulisher9s entire tlogD or enter into greements with olletive mngement orgniztion representing pulishersF
5.10.6 Adapting Materials for the Blind, Visually Impaired and other Reading Disabled Persons
sn most ountriesD spei( exemptions llow lirrins to provide modi(ed opies of works to serve the needs of visully impired ptronsF e more detiled disussion of the opyright exeption for visully impired persons n e found in tudith ullivn9s report of the pifteenth ession of the sy tnding gommittee on gopyright nd elted ightsD whih is ville here20 F his sitution my hnge soon if trety urrently eing onsidered y sy is doptedF
RS
RT
CHAPTER 5.
por highly essile study of ltitude tht (lmmkers @prtiulrly in the nited ttesA enjoy when quoting opyrighted mterilD see t eufderheide nd eter tsziD eutD efrmeD eyle31 @genter for oil wedi PHHVAF
5.15 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX vrrikin wusi vF wen t ork32 @eustrli PHIHA @right of reprodutionA gse gESGHVD snfopq snterntionl eG vF hnske hgldes porening33 @right of reprodutionA qilhm vF D gourt of eppel of inglnd nd les @gourt of eppel of inglnd nd lesAD PHHW34 @right of reprodutionA tFuF owling vF h fooksD SUS pFuppFPd SIQ @PHHWA35 @derivtive worksA gse gEQHTGHSD oiedd qenerl de eutores y iditores de isp @qeiA vF fel roteles e36 @wening of gommunition to the uliA gse gERUWGHRD vserdisken ep vF uulturministeriet37 @ixhustionA gse gEPRSGHHD tihting ter ixploittie vn xurige ehten @ixeA vF xederlndse ymroep tihting @xyA38 @entl ights ! iquitle emunertionA gour de sstion @Ire hF ivFAD PV fvrier PHHTD tudio gnlD niversl itures video prne et i G F erquin et f que ghoisi39 r40 @rivte gopies ! ehnologil rotetionsA wedenX f IQQHIEHTD IU epril PHHW @irte fy gseA41 @wening of wking evilleA fu'et vF persigD tudgment of wy QHD IWTPD gour d9ppelD risD IWTP eueil hlloz hF turF SUH @desried in werrymnD he efrigertor of fernrd fu'et42 D PU rstings vFtF IHPQ @IWUTAA @morl rightsA gmpell vF eu' ose wusiD snFD SIH FF STW @IWWRA43 @fir useA qermnyX fundesverfssungsgerihtD rteil vom IUF perur IWWVD E I fvp IGWU44 @ight to hort eportingA
5.16.1 Assignment
IF ere the restritions tht opyright lw ples on lirrins in your ountry too stritD too loose or the right lnec se the referenes in the list of edditionl esoures @elowA to lote the list of lirry exeptions pplile in your own ountryF ummrize the prinipl exeptionsF PF smgine nd desrie projet tht you would like to develop t your lirry ut tht would not e permitted y the opyright lws in your ountryF hrft n mendment to your ntionl opyright sttute tht would over this useF
31 http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/les/pdf/CSM_Recut_Reframe_Recycle_report.pdf 32 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8497433.stm 33 http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?lang=en&num=79909283C19080005&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET 34 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/2293.html 35 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._and_JK_Rowling_vs._RDR_Books 36 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0306:EN:HTML 37 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62004J0479:EN:HTML 38 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62000J0245:EN:HTML 39 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2006/4/article20.en.html 40 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2006/4/article20.en.html 41 http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2009/04/piratebayverdicts.pdf 42 http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hastlj27&div=45&id=&page= 43 http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/92-1292.ZO.html 44 http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/1998/3/article10.en.html
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5.17 Contributors
his module ws reted y imily gox45 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz46 D illim pisher47 D rs qsser48 D edm rollnd49 D uimerley ssell50 D eter tszi51 D golin wly52 D endrew woshirni53 D nd ghris eterson54 F
45 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 46 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 47 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 48 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 49 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 50 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 51 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 52 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 53 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 54 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
RV
CHAPTER 5.
Chapter 6
Managing Rights
1
ht tivities my e overed y lienses the lirry hs lredy otined from pulishers or olleting soietiesc por the tivities tht require seprte lienseD wht luses should s negotitec row should s hndle those mterils whose uthors nnot e identi(ed or lotedc
the uthorized use @eFgFD reprodutionD the preprtion of derivtive worksD puli performnesAY the durtion of the uthoriztion @eFgF one yerAY the nture of the uthoriztion @eFgF exlusive or nonEexlusiveAY the fee relted to the trnstion @eFgF )t fee or fee proportionl to the numer of opies or of usesAY
RW
SH
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
the formt or medi type @eFgF print only or lso digitlY text only or lso in nother mediD suh s reording or (lmAY the udiene nd lotion @eFgF prtiulr ountryD the premises of the lirryD the lssroomD distne lerning ourseAF
ometimes the opyright holder nd the prospetive liensee negotite the liense diretlyF et other timesD liense my e o'ered y the opyright holder in stndrd form to ll potentil usersF sn suh irumstnesD individul users my hve little or no power to negotite modi(tions of the liense termsF ome lienses re exlusiveF sn other wordsD the liensor grees not to permit ny other prty to engge in the tivities overed y the lienseF ythers re nonEexlusiveD mening tht the liensor remins free to permit other prties to engge in the sme tivitiesF en assignment ours when opyright holder permnently trnsfers some or ll of his exlusive rights to nother prtyF por exmpleD historilly pulishing ontrts for ooks nd rtiles hve often required the uthor to ssign ll rights to the pulisherF @wore reentlyD mny uthors hve resisted ssigning the opyrights in their works s prt of pulishing greementF he holrly ulishing 8 edemi esoures golition @egA hs reted model ddendum for pulishing ontrts tht llows uthors to retin the opyrights to their worksD while liensing pulishers to mke spei( uses of those worksF wore informtion out the eg euthor eddendum n e found here2 FA e few ountries llow the uthors of ertin types of works to 4repture4 the rights ssoited with opyright tht hs een ssigned or liensed fter set period of timeD sujet to ertin limittionsF o repture the opyrightD the uthor or her heirs must omply with forml notie requirementsF por exmpleD FF lw ontins two provisions ddressing the repture of opyrightsF @IU FFgF setions PHQD QHRFA hen nd how opyright n e reptured depends upon numer of ftorsD inluding when the work ws retedD who signed the greement liensing or ssigning the workD when the greement ws signedD nd whether the work hs een pulishedF gretive gommons hs reted tool3 to help uthors nd their heirs determine when or if opyright n e repturedF gnd nd eustrli hve repture systems tht di'er sustntilly in their detils ut emody the sme generl prinipleF felgium nd weden use di'erent pprohY in those ountriesD ertin kinds of ssignments lpse if the rights tht hve een grnted re not exerisedF gopyright holders re generlly permitted to divide nd liense the rights to di'erent uses of their work s they pleseF roweverD the opyright lws in some ountries limit the freedom of ontrting for opyrighted works or ontin spei( provisions regulting trnstions involving opyrighted worksF por instneD some ountries require lienses or ssignments to e in writing nd to desrie the terms of use spei(llyD or else the liense or ssignment will e invlidF he degree to whih the terms of liense re negotile depends on the type of work t issue nd the rgining power of the liensor nd lienseeF otentil liensees n sometimes inrese their rgining power y ting olletivelyF por exmpleD onsortium suh s espvFnetD y pooling the resoures of mny lirriesD hs muh more power thn its individul memersF glik here to lern more out espvFnet wodel lienses4 F
SI W5 F enother ommon form is lled n endEuser liense greement @iveA or browsewrap lienseF ives re frequently used y the liensors of online ontentF ives llow prospetive liensees to red the terms of the liense on the liensor9s wesiteF sf they deide they wnt to use the liensor9s produt or servieD they enter into the liense y liking on utton stting s egreeF ome lienses do not even require lik @the eletroni mnifesttion of signtureAD ut insted presume tht use of the liensor9s wesite is su0ient to demonstrte tit eptne nd thus form lienseF hrinkwrp lienses nd ives re often limited to the spei( user of the mterilD nd do not extend to n orgniztion of whih the user my e memerF foth shrinkwrp lienses nd ives ontin preEset termsD nd re lmost lwys nonEnegotileF hile mny legl systems hve not fully ddressed the e'et of these types of liensesD ourts in some ountries hve ruled tht vlid onsentD giving rise to inding ontrtsD n e formed in these fshionsF sn most ountriesD howeverD the terms of suh greements will e sujet to onsumer protetion lws nd other limittions on unonsionle provisionsF
st is importnt not only to identify the prties to n greementD ut lso to on(rm tht the persons negotiting tully hve the legl uthority to mke greements on ehlf of their orgniztionF sf lirry is prt of n edutionl institution or is funded y the lol governmentD for exmpleD not every lirrin my hve this uthorityF e liensor might wnt proof tht the person liming to negotite on ehlf of the liensee is in ft permitted to ind the liensee y ontrtF he lirrin might wnt to mke sure the sme is true of the person negotiting on ehlf of the liensorD nd tht the liensor is entitled to exerise the rights of the opyright holderF his should e lerly ddressed nd inluded in the greementF
6.5.3.2 Denition of Terms That Will Be Used in the Agreement
feuse lirries often otin lienses from opyright holders from other ountries nd from vrious indusE triesD similr terms n hve di'erent menings to the negotiting prtiesF por exmpleD one importnt term in liensing greements is material breach. e mteril reh is n tion y one of the prties to liensing greement tht permits the other prty to terminte the ontrtul reltionshipF feuse of the importne nd miguity of this termD the lirrin should speify in the greement wht tions y eh prty would mount to mteril rehF por instneD suppose the lirry were to negotite liense to ess mterils from n online dtseF sn this seD it might e mteril reh if the dtse is inessile for long periods of timeF vikewiseD the st' should onsider wht potentil filures y the lirry to live up to its end of liensing greement might legitimtely e onsidered mteril rehesF
6.5.3.3 Subject of Agreement
rties to n greement should e very spei( out wht opyrighted work is eing liensedF sf it9s n online reserh dtseD for exmpleD liensee should mke sure tht the liense entitles ptrons to view the full text of rtilesD rther thn just strts or summriesF sf the resoure is something tht should ontin tle of ontentsD index or imgesD the liensee should ensure tht these re inluded in the liense s wellF sf there re imgesD one might even wnt to determine whether they will e viewle ndGor printle in lk nd white or olorF
5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_9:_Activism
SP
6.5.3.4 Use Rights in the Agreement
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
viensing greements often ontin luses tht reserve to the liensor the exlusive right to ll uses of opyrighted works tht re not spei(lly mentioned in the greementF e liensee should therefore think of ll possile uses tht it might wnt to mke of opyrighted work efore it engges in negotitionsF hese use rights provisions re the most importnt prt of liensing greement euse they ontrol wht the greement tully llows the liensee to doF here n eletroni resoure is onernedD some si use rights might inludeX serhing or rowsing the dtseD viewing nd downloding mterilD forwrding rtiles to othersD printing mterilsD nd inluding listing of the works nd possily their strts in the lirry9s own tlogueF e lirry tht is 0lited with n edutionl institution my lso wnt to mke sure tht liense llows fulty nd st' to ple mterils in eletroni reservesD inlude them in ourse pksD nd distriute ndGor disply portions of the mterils in letures or other speking enggementsF purtherD while the prtie of loning mterils to other lirries or shring resonle mount of mterils with ollegues for sholrly purposes is implied in some jurisditions y lwD liensee nnot normlly shre opyrighted mterils for ommeril purposesF sf liensee wishes to do soD it will hve to negotite for the right nd inlude it in the greementF sf modifying work in order to ide y lol norms is neessryD lirry should mke sure tht the modi(tion does not on)it with the uthor9s morl rightsF yn one (nl issueD the liensee should e espeilly refulF wny liense greements hve the e'et of displing the generl set of exeptions nd limittions @disussed t length in wodule R6 A pertining to the works overed y the lienseF husD the liensee should not ssume tht it will ontinue to enjoy the use rights reted y those exeptions nd limittionsF sf the liense wishes to retin themD it must insist upon inlusion in the liense greement of provision preserving those rightsF
6.5.3.5 Other Conditions on Licensed Uses
e liensor might wnt to limit ertin uses y lotion or frequeny of essF sn return for the right to unlimited printing of the opyrighted mterilD for exmpleD liensor might wnt dditionl ompenstionF sn this eventD liensee n negotite for the right to hrge its ptrons fees to reover opying or printing ostsF e lirry should lso determine who its users re going to e nd where they will e le to ess given resoureF por exmpleD it my wish its users to e le to ess the opyrighted mteril from ny omputer or only from omputers loted in the lirryF st should lso deide whether ess to the opyrighted mteril or ertin uses of it will require pssword or will e open to ny memer of the puliF
6.5.3.6 Licensor Obligations
viensor oligtions re the duties liensor hs to her lienseeF his luse is prtiulrly importnt for eletroni resouresF por instneD it is resonle for susrier to n online journlD dtse or other resoure to expet tht the mteril will e essile very lose to PR hours dyD every dyF here lirry hs softwre lienseD it might wnt to negotite for the right to mintin kEup opy of the progrmF sn either seD liensing greements for eletroni mterils typilly inlude some oligtion on the prt of the liensor to provide the liensee with tehnil supportF feuse liensor nd its tehnil support st' might e loted in nother ountryD liensee should mke sure tht tehnil support will e ville during the lirry9s pek hoursF yn relted noteD most online resoures hve periods of downtime during whih the liensor9s tehnil st' will updte the online mterilsF e liensee might wnt to ensure tht this is not normlly done during the lirry9s pek hoursF hen n online servie or other eletroni resoure is unville for signi(nt period of timeD liensing greements typilly inlude penlty luse tht requires the liensor to prtilly refund the liensee9s susription feeF
6 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights,_Exceptions,_and_Limitations
SQ yften liensors re oligted to provide the liensee periodilly with n 4udit of useF4 en udit of use is report tht gives the liensee detils out how its ptrons re using the liensor9s progrm or dtseF uh use udits n help lirry st' memers in future liensing negotitionsD enling them to determine etter whih fetures nd uses of liensed mterils re most vlule to the lirry ptronsF here use udits re performedD the prties might lso wnt to inlude refunds to the liensee for periods of underuse nd dditionl fees to the liensor for periods of overuseF vstlyD liensee should mke sure tht the liense ontins warranty nd n indemnity clause. he e'et of these luses is tht the liensor gurntees tht it hs the uthority to grnt the rights ontined in the liense nd epts liility for ny lims mde y persons or orgniztions tht lter lim to hve inonsistent rightsF
6.5.3.7 Term, Termination and Renewal of a License
xegotiting prties should speify how long they intend the liense to lstF sf the lirry wishes to hve ess dtse perpetullyD for exmpleD it should e sure to insert suh term in the liense greementF es disussed erlierD the prties should lso list ll of the onditions tht would led to termintion of the liensing reltionshipF his might require the prties to rete n endEofEterm greementD whih spei(es the proedures tht will e followed in the event of termintionD inluding the osts tht my e reovered y either prtyF sf n greement is terminted euse of the liensor9s filure to mke the liensed mteril ville to the lienseeD for exmpleD the prties will wnt to rete formul to ompenste the lienseeF hile most liensing greements ontin provision tht provides for utomti renewl of the liensing reltionshipD mny do not gurntee tht the sme terms will e ville for the following susription periodF e liensee should mke sure thtD if the terms of the previous susription period re sujet to hngeD the renewl luse inludes n oligtion on the prt of the liensor to notify the liensee of these hnges in dvne of the new susription periodF pinllyD it is ruil to disuss the lirry9s rights if the liense is not renewedF por exmpleD if the liense pertins to olletion of demi journlsD will the lirry ontinue to hve ess to k issues of the journlsD or will ll ess to those journls e ut o'c sf the ltter ! nd if the liensor refuses to udge on this issue ! the lirry might seriously onsider ontinuing to quire pper versions of the journls insted of @orD oneivlyD in ddition toA susriing to the online versionF
6.5.3.8 Fees
pees for susriptions to journlsD online dtses or other resoures re typilly pid on n nnul or monthly sisF hen works re eing liensed to lirries or other lrge edutionl institutionsD liensors typilly tke into ount the size of the institutionD the numer of usersD nd the numer of pges tht re downloded when determining the pproprite susription feeF viensors of online journls nd eletroni dtses vry widely in their )exiility regrding fee rE rngementsF ome liensors re willing to negotite feesD others o'er vrious pkgesD nd others o'er only one rrngementF e susription fee ould inlude unlimited use of the liensor9s mterilsD limited use for prtiulr purposeD pyEperEuse rrngementD or omintion of theseF yEperEuse rrngements might set fee for eh logEon essD eh time user serhes for ontentD or might llow unlimited ess ut hrge users or susriing institutions for eh downlodF niversities often purhse wht is lled site licenseD whih gives ll the memers of the university ommunity ess to the mteril for set feeF
SR
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
prohiitively expensiveF st would not e prtilD for exmpleD for the holder of the opyright to populr song to ttempt to respond to thousnds of liensing requests from rdio sttions ll over the worldF es resultD opyright holders frequently llow collective management organizations @lso known s olleting soietiesA to grnt liensesD monitor uses of opyrighted mterilD nd ollet nd shre omE penstion from liensees on their ehlfF his llows opyright holders to exerise their rights s e0iently s possileD s they n grnt mny more lienses thn they would e le to under diret liensing sysE temF hey lso ene(t from the rgining power of n orgniztion tht negotites pyments on ehlf of them nd mny other uthorsD nd n ring infringement suits ginst persons or orgniztions tht use opyrighted works without permissionF viensees n lso ene(t from the use of olletive mngement orgniztions euse those orgniztions provide users with onvenient ess to lrge olletions of mterilsF e rdio sttion wnting to rodst musi from round the world on dily sis would not e le to do so if it hd to seek out nd quire rights from the opyright nd neighoring rights holders of eh songD ut n esily enter into lienses with smll numer of olletive mngement orgniztionsF roweverD liensees should er in mind tht most suh orgniztions t s gents for opyright holdersY their primry ojetive is to mximize the opyright holders9 revenuesF hey should thus not e thought of s neutrl ritersF e opyright holder tht uses olletive mngement orgniztion for someD ut not llD of her rights is engged in prtil olletive mngementF eginD opyright holder9s exlusive rights in work mens tht he or she lone is le to deide whether to uthorize or prohiit ny use overed y tht opyrightF sn prinipleD this gives opyright holder )exiility in deidingD if he hooses to use olletive mngement t llD extly whih funtions olletive mngement orgniztion will perform on his ehlfF sn prtieD howeverD some olletive mngement orgniztions require prtiipting opyright holder to ssign ll of his rights in opyrighted work to the orgniztionF sn these situtionsD the uthor will not e le to liense others to use the opyrighted workD exept through the olletive mngement orgniztionF golletive mngement orgniztions my lso provide soil welfre ene(ts to their memers in ddition to their roylty pymentsD suh s medil insurne nd retirement pkgesF hey my lso use prt of the roylties they ollet to fund drm festivlsD musi ompetitionsD or the prodution or export of ntionl worksF
neighoring rights for puli performneD rodstingD nd le trnsmission of sound reordingsF puli lending rights reprogrphi reprodution rights for literry worksF
he seond nd third of these ontexts re espeilly importnt for lirriesF uli lending rights were disussed t length in wodule R7 F es ws desried thereD puli lending rights re urrently reognized in
7 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations
SS very few ountries outside iuropeD nd they pose dngers to the entrl mission of lirries in developing ountriesF golletive mngement of suh rightsD prtiulrly if the liense fees re pid y the governmentD redue those dngersD ut it is proly est if puli lending rights re not extended to developing ountries t llF eprodution rightsD y ontrstD re reognized in ll ountriesF golletive mngement of those rights n e ene(ilD espeilly for lirriesD whih would (nd it di0ult to negotite individul lienses for ll of the irumstnes in whih they would like to reprodue mterils in their olletions ! nd re not le to invoke one of the exeptions or limittions disussed in wodule R8 F he orgniztions tht ful(ll this funtion re ommonly lled eprodution ights yrgniztions @ysAF heir tivities re disussed in detil in the rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries prepred y espv9 F ome reformers hve proposed using ompulsory olletive mngement to del with the distriution of works on the snternet through peerEtoEpeer networksD rguing tht suh system would ene(t oth users @y leglizing (leEshring of opyrighted mteril urrently unlwful in most ountriesA nd retors @y providing them with relile soure of revenueAF en importnt nd often ttrtive vrition on the ompulsoryEolletiveEmngement model is known s 4extended olletive mngementF4 e system of this sort llows n orgniztion to liense the works of ll opyright holders for ertin retive lss one it represents lrge perentge of the memers of tht lssF his generlly inludes foreign nd nonEmemer opyright holdersF golletive mngement orgniztions often enter into greements with their sister orgniztions in other ountries in order to represent their repertoiresF ometimes suh orgniztions re lso orgnized into interE ntionl networksF ixmples inlude the snterntionl gonfedertion of oieties of euthors nd gomposers @gsegA nd the snterntionl pedertion of eprogrphi eprodution yrgnistions @spyAF hese networks typilly prtiipte tively in negotition of new opyright legisltion t the interntionl nd ntionl levelsF
ST
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
hey prevent mny tivities tht opyright lw would permitF es resultD they frustrte the importnt soil poliies tht lie ehind the exeptions nd limittions disussed in wodule R10 feuse ws re often proprietryD they impede the interoperility of retive works nd onsumer eletroni produts otined from di'erent soures hen the tehnologies in whih they re emedded eome osoleteD they frustrte users9 ility to gin ess to the proteted works
wore extensive disussion of ws nd the hzrds they pose to lirries my e found in the espv rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries11 F
SU sn epril PHHVD the iuropen gommission9s righ vevel ixpert qroup pulished report on higitl reservtionD yrphn orksD nd yutEofErint orks14 D whih reommended ourses of tion for memer sttes of the iuropen nion to estlish liensing systems tht would del with the prolem of orphn worksF et the sme timeD numerous rights holders nd representtives of lirries nd rhives signed wemorndum of nderstnding on orphn works15 whih expressed the ommitment of these orgniztions to filitte nd enourge the liensing of orphn works for ertin purposesF he wemorndum of nderstnding nd the iuropen gommission9s report re not lw nd re therefore not indingF virrins in the mjority of ountries tht urrently lk system for mnging orphn works hve strong interest in ollorting with other stkeholders to rete suh systemF his is espeilly true of lirrins who wish to initite digitiztion projets for the preservtion nd distriution of older works in deteriortingD nonEdigitl formtsF elthough the exeptions nd limittions disussed in wodule R16 my permit lirries to undertke suh digitiztion projets purely for preservtion purposesD they typilly do not permit the lirries to mke the digitized works ville to the puliF por thtD the lirries usully need liensesD whih re impossile to otin for orphn worksF pinding workle nd fir solution is thus impertiveF por disussion of this issueD nd the positions tht vrious lirry orgniztions hve lredy tken on itD see the espv rndook on gopyright nd elted sssues for virries17 F
SV
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
e muh more inEdepth nlysis of voluntry olletive rights orgniztions my e found in oert wergesD 4gontrting snto viility ulesX sntelletul roperty ights nd golletive ights yrgnizE tions20 D4 VR glifF vF evFIPWQ @IWWTAF e thorough exmintion of olletive liensing orgniztions in iurope is uie tudyE golletive wnE gement of ights in iuropeX e uest for i0ieny21 @PHHTAF pvorle disussions of ompulsory olletive liensingD prtiulrly s solution to the prolem of peerEtoEpeer (leshring of opyrighted worksD my e found in xeil xetnelD 4smpose xonommeril se vevy to ellow pree eerEtoEeer pile hringD422 IU rrvrd tournl of vw 8 ehnology I @PHHQAD nd illim pisherD romises to ueepX ehnologyD vwD nd the puture of intertinment23 @PHHRAF wuh more skeptil views re expressed in oert wergesD 4gompulsory viensing vsF the hree 4qolden yldies4 roperty ightsD gontrtsD nd wrkets424 @gto oliy enlysis xoF SHVD tnF ISD PHHRAF e thoughtful nlysis of the dvntges nd disdvntges of olletive liensing systems in tpn is lil uF wehrD 4he iod xX hy the higitl gopyright ystem of emerin vw rofessors9 hrems piled in tpnD425 UW F goloF vF evF RPI @PHHVAF e ruil guide for lirrins seeking to nvigte these wters is imnuell qivrrD 4viensing higitl esouresX row to evoid the vegl itfllsF26
6.11 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX uX qrisrook vF wqx vimitedD righ gourt ghnery hivision @righ gourt ghnery hivisionA27 @smplied liensesA gse gEITWGHSD rdex gv vF nion rofessionnelle de l dio nd de l ldistriution @hA nd oit snterommunle pour l hi'usion de l lvision @fiviA28 @golleting oieties ! xeighoring ightsA prneX heision of the prenh gonstitutionl gounil noF PHHTESRH hg of PU tuly PHHT29 @higitl ights wngementA hvidson vF tungD RPP pFQd TQH @Vth girF PHHSA30 @ehnologil rotetion wesuresA uX qilhm vF D gourt of eppel of inglnd nd les @gourt of eppel of inglnd nd lesAD PHHW31 @ehnologil rotetion wesuresA gse gEPUSGHTD rodutores de wsi de isp @romusieA vF elefni de isp e32 @oliE gtions of servie providersA
6.12.1 Assignment
IF nderstnd liense
collective-management-rights-en.pdf 22 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=468180 23 http://www.tsher.org/PTK.htm 24 http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-508es.html 25 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010246 26 http://www.ei.net/cps/sections/docs/ip_docs/licensing-digital 27 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Ch/2009/2520.html 28 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0169:EN:HTML 29 http://www.ecln.net/documents/Decisons-France/cc_2006-07-27_no_2006-540_dc_information_english.pdf 30 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/2005%20Blizzard%20Abridged.pdf 31 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2009/2293.html 32 http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?where=&lang=en&num=79919870C19060275&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET
20 https://www.law.berkeley.edu/institutes/bclt/pubs/merges/contract.htm 21 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/study-collective-management-rights-/study-
SW elet liense governing ess to eletroni resoures in your lirry or (nd the stndrd terms of pulisher onlineF ed the use rights desried in the lienseD nd explin whetherD to wht extentD nd under whih onditions it overs the following tionsX
reprodution y the ptronsY reprodution y the lirrinsY downloding y the ptronsY interlirry lon of printed opyY interlirry lon of digitl versionY pulition in n eletroni reserve or ourse pkY rights when reusing resouresX trnsltionD ompiltionD indexingD strtD dtEminingD etFY nd other uses tht you my de(neF
PF golleting soieties ht olleting soietiesD opyright lering housesD opyright o0esD or other entities olletively mnE ging rights re operting in your ountryc por eh of themD provide the nme of the soietyD the wesite if nyD nd the type of medi or works overedF ed the pplile sttutes or ylwsF ixplin wht rights re mngedD if memers must trnsfer ll of their rights to the orgniztion or my only liense some of themD nd if it is voluntry or ompulsory systemF QF yrphn works hih of the systems urrently used y few ountries to filitte use of orphn works is estc ht system would e even etterc
6.13 Contributors
his module ws reted y hvid ott33 nd imily gox34 F st ws then edited y tem inluding esE tin hiz35 D illim pisher36 D rs qsser37 D edm rollnd38 D uimerley ssell39 D eter tszi40 D golin wly41 D endrew woshirni42 D nd ghris eterson43 F
33 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#scott 34 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#cox 35 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 36 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 37 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 38 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 39 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 43 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
TH
CHAPTER 6.
MANAGING RIGHTS
Chapter 7
Creative approaches and alternatives
1
TI
TP
CHAPTER 7.
he wide distriution of intelletul produts is soilly ene(ilF sf tht widespred distriution n e omplished very inexpensivelyD why doesn9t the lw permit itc es we sw in wodule I2 D the onventionl nswer is tht prohiitions on opying re neessry to preserve inentives for novelists to write novels in the (rst instneF sn growing numer of ontextsD reformers re hllenging tht nswerF euthors of some works ! or some kinds of works ! my not need ll of the rights tht opyright lw gives them in order to remin motivted to produe retive worksF sn suh settingsD opyright lw my do more hrm thn goodF o del with situtions of this sortD the reformers hve developed vrious systems to filitte more widespred use of retive works thn the opyright system ontempltesF his module desries those systemsF
he freedom to run the progrm for ny purpose @freedom HAF he freedom to study how the progrm worksD nd to dpt it to your needs @freedom IAF eess to the soure ode is preondition for thisF he freedom to redistriute opies so you n help your neighor @freedom PAF he freedom to improve the progrmD nd relese your improvements @nd modi(ed versions in generlA to the puliD so tht the whole ommunity ene(ts @freedom QAF eess to the soure ode is preondition for thisD nd modi(tions must e shred with the sme degree of freedomF
sn wht senseD extlyD is softwre liensed on these termsD 4free4c tllmn suggested tht nlytil lrity ould e enhned y di'erentiting two menings of 4free4 ! one tht ppers in the phrseD free speehY the other tht ppers in the phrseD free eerF yther ommenttors distinguish these onepts y using the prenh termsD libre @mening freedomA nd gratis @mening no ostAF elying on this distintionD tllmn rgued tht free softwre ws 4free4 in the (rst senseD ut not neessrily in the seond senseF sn other wordsD some 4free softwre4 is sold for feeF ht sidD in prtie most free softwre urrently is 4free4 in oth senses ! in other wordsD oth lire exh grtisF here re mny inentives tht drive the retion of free softwreF e developer might (nd it entertining to do soF he might e driven y desire to ontriute to the puli dominF he might wnt to uild her reputtion s progrmmerF he might distriute the softwre for free ut hrge users for help in ustomizing it to their needsF ionomists ontinue to disuss whether inentives of these vrious sorts re su0ient to sustin vile usinessF wenwhileD usinesses relying on this pproh re )ourishingF
2 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_1:_Copyright_and_the_Public_Domain 3 http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
TQ
7.7.1 Introduction
gretive gommons is nonEpro(t orgniztion reted in PHHI y group of sholrs nd tivistsF st ws founded nd led for long time y renowned yerlw sholr vwrene vessig4 F gretive gommons provides uthors onvenient wys to uthorize spei( uses of their worksD while retining ontrol over other usesF sn other wordsD it llows them esily to rete their own liensesD minimize the orphn works prolemD nd ontriute to ulture nd free expressionF
ettriution @fAX ou let others use your work ut only if they give redit the wy you requestF ettriution is required for ll gretive gommons liensesF xonEgommeril @xgAX ou let others use your work ut for nonommeril purposes onlyF his does not men tht works nnot e used for ommeril purposesD ut tht seprte liense must e otined y user who wishes to use the work ommerillysF xon herivtive @xhAX ou let others opyD distriuteD displyD nd perform only vertim opies of your workD not derivtive works sed upon itF he right to mke dpttions n e liensed under seprte greementF hre elike @eAX ou llow others to mke derivtives from your originl work ut they re permitted to distriute derivtive works only under the sme terms s the liense tht governs your workD or liense tht is omptile with those termsF e is used to prevent people from tking something from the ommons nd then loking it up y using more restritive lienseF
he liense termsD xon herivtive nd hre elikeD re not omptile nd nnot e found in the sme lienseF his is euse it doesn9t mke sense to tell people they should inorporte your work nd shre it like while lso telling them they my not mke derivtive opies of itF ell of the lienses re nonEexlusiveF sn other wordsD uthors re free to enter into other greements with spei( usersF por exmpleD it is possile for opyright holders who hve issued gg lienses to enter into feeEering lienses for rights to engge in tivities not overed y the gg liense in questionF sn this wy songwriter might relese her musi for free on the snternet nd still hrge ompny for using it in ommerilF gretive gommons lienses do not ddress n uthor9s morl rights in ny ountry exept gndF eordinglyD work tht is governed y even the most lierl gretive gommons liense my still e sujet to ertin restritions on useD in ordne with your ountry9s provisions on morl rightsF gretive gommonsD like the opyright regime s wholeD hs no registrtion systemY it merely provides informtion for uthors who wish to liense their works on nontrditionl termsF he gretive gommons wesite provides simple quiz sking retors wht freedoms they9d like to llow with their workF st then gives the retor hoie of pproprite lienses from whih to hooseF he quiz lso llows the uthor to speify whih ountry9s lws will govern the lienseF gurrentlyD the gretive gommons liense hs een trnslted or 4ported4 to the lws of SP ountriesD nd mny more ountries re urrently under developmentF yne retor hs seleted lienseD she tthes this liense to opies of her workD thus lerting users to wht they n nd nnot doF sf the work is @or is o'ered throughA wesiteD the uthor n do this y dding to the site piee of rwv ode tht genertes utton with the gretive gommons logo ontining link to the liense t issueF
4 http://lessig.org/ 5 http://creativecommons.org/license/
TR
CHAPTER 7.
e mhineEredle versionD or digitl odeD whih is emedded in the gretive gommons logo nd informs other omputers of the lienseF he humn redle odeD or ommon deed @ summry explining the min rights nd freedomsD with ions orresponding to the elements whih hve een seletedAD ville from the link emedded in the logoF he legl ode @ liense of severl pges written in legl lngugeD detiling the lusesD whih re represented y the ionsAD ville from link t the end of the humn redle odeF
gretive gommons lienses n e used for works mde nd distriuted o1ine s wellF por instneD work reted in the physil world might hve physil liense tthed tht redsX "This work is licensed
under the Creative Commons BY-SA License. To view a copy of this license, visit the Creative Commons
nfortuntelyD o1ine works nnot e inluded in the gretive gommons serh engine tht tlogs freely ville works on the wesiteF here is n extended explntion of how to tth gretive gommons lienses to works on the gretive gommons wesite6 F
website."
he gretive gommons snterntionl7 @ggiA tem oordintes the proess of trnslting the gretive gommons lienses into other lnguges nd dpting them to other legl systemsF his is omplex nd hllenging proessF ggi lso provides tems to work with lol user ommunities nd governments in order to inrese understnding nd use of gg liensesF he lol tems lso work losely with gg st' to improve the liense luses nd mterilF
6 http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Marking 7 http://creativecommons.org/international/
TS
7.7.5.2 Educational and Science Commons
wo other divisions of gretive gommons lso engge in speilized workX vern8 for open edutionl resoures nd iene gommons9 for open ess to sieneF
7.7.5.3 New Creative Commons Protocols
sn ddition to the six liensesD gretive gommons hs reently developed two new protoolsX ggC nd ggHF ggC10 @gg lusA is not lienseD ut tehnology for o'ering users rights eyond the gg liense grnt ! for instne ommeril rightsD or dditionl wrrntiesF ggH11 @gg eroA is universl wiver of opyrightD neighoring nd relted rightsD nd sui generis rightsF ggH thus enles uthors to ple their works in the puli dominF ggH is sometimes known s the no rights reserved optionF nder the lws of ertin ountriesD howeverD it is not possile for n uthor to grnt lnket wiver of his or her morl rightsF xor n n uthor wive the rights tht others my hve relting to the use of work @for exmpleD the puliity rights tht the sujet of photogrph my hveAF e possile implementtion model for digitl lirries would e to propose omintion ofX
gg lienses for works reted y lirrinsX strtsD ommentsD photogrphsD mpsD other opyE rightle elements of the editoril strutureY gg lienses for works reted y ptronsX ommentsD strtsD ritisD log postsY ggH lienses for dtses of puli domin works to whih the lirries hve dded potentilly opyE rightle mterilF
7.7.5.4 Implications for Authors and for Users
euthors onsidering pplying gretive gommons lienses to their retions should onsider the following issuesX he lienses re sed on opyright lwD nd re thus pplile only to opyrightle worksF sn mny ountriesD olleting soieties require their memers to ssign ll of their rights in present nd future works to the soietiesF husD memers nnot use gretive gommons liensesD even for some of their works or some of their rightsF wny uthors do not understnd why the two systems re not omptileD espeilly in the musi industryF hey would like to liense their nonEommeril rights for free under gretive gommons lienseD nd ssign the mngement of their ommeril rights to olleting soietyF his model is possile for some olleting soieties in some ountriesD suh s the nited ttesD the xetherlnds or henmrkF fut other olleting soieties do not use the sme legl tegories s gretive gommonsF por instneD they my not reognize the distintion etween ommeril nd nonEommeril usesF sn those ountriesD uthors re urrently fored to hoose one system or the otherF gretive gommons st' nd interntionl 0lites hve een working with olleting soieties in hopes of resolving this inomptiilityF nfortuntelyD some olleting soieties nd other opyright stkeholders re skeptil of gretive gommons lienses nd re thus relutnt to move forwrdF heir ritiisms of the gretive gommons model inludeX
he gretive gommons system does not provide retors wy to ollet moneyY retors thus must orgnize for themselves wy to hrge for tivities tht fll outside the gg liense termsF gretive gommons does not trk infringements nd is not uthorized to represent liensors in lwsuits or help them enfore the liensesF
8 http://learn.creativecommons.org/ 9 http://sciencecommons.org/ 10 http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CCPlus 11 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/
TT
CHAPTER 7.
gretive gommons lienses re nonErevoleD nd the liense grnt is perpetulF euthors who employ gg lienses thus nnot lter hnge their mindsF hey nD of ourseD ese distriuting the works or distriute them under di'erent onditionsD ut this will not 'et the rights ssoited with the opies tht re lredy in irultionF hetermining wht does nd does not onstitute ommeril use is di0ult questionD nd nswers my vry mong individuls nd user ommunitiesF st is questionle whether jurisditionEspei( liensesD whih hve een dpted to ntionl legl systemsD re relly omptile with eh otherF por instneD some versions of the gg lienses inlude morl rights or dtse rightsY others do notF
TU pinllyD xdi will suggest to engel thtD togetherD they provide the ollegue informtion onerning gretive gommonsD ypen eessD nd other systems tht hve een developed reently tht might enle the ollegue in the future to ensure tht ess to his sholrship is more openF
toseph peller et lFD erspetives on pree nd ypen oure oftwre @PHHUA17 tosh verner nd ten iroleD 4he imple ionomis of ypen oure4 @PHHHA18 ien woglenD pulty resenttion on ypen oureD eptemer IID PHHV19 ghristopher ueltyD wo fitsX he gulturl igni(ne of pree oftwre @PHHV20 A endy eltzerD ypen oure s ypen vw21 @owerpoint resenttionA
he min wesite for gretive gommons is httpXGGretiveommonsForgG22 e lrge repository of photogrphs ville under gretive gommons lienses is ville through plikr23 e thorough disussionD prepred in PHHU y eter uerD of the vrious dimensions of the ypen eess wovement n e found t the ypen eess yverview24 he most importnt doument in the ye wovement is the fudpest ypen eess snititiveF sts history nd impt re disussed on the wesite of the oros poundtion25 e hiretory of ypen eess tournls @hyetA n e found here26 e smpler of ypen eess tournls in the relth ienesX
he ypen hentistry tournl27 snterntionl tournl of hentistry28 vo wediine29 fiowed ye wedil tournls30 fiovine snterntionl ye tournls31 ypen eess wedil tournls32 ypen eess imergeny wediine tournl33 outh efrin pmily rtie34 efrin tournl of rimry relth gre nd pmily wediine35
5tUD8K5tZuQFhNL6BTV_z_8LgQ 22 http://creativecommons.org/ 23 http://www.ickr.com/creativecommons/ 24 http://www.earlham.edu/peters/fos/overview.htm 25 http://www.soros.org/openaccess/index.shtml 26 http://www.doaj.org/ 27 http://www.bentham.org/open/todentj/ 28 http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijd/ 29 http://www.plosmedicine.org/ 30 http://www.biomedcentral.com/browse/journals/ 31 http://www.bioline.org.br/journals 32 http://www.la-press.com/ 33 http://www.dovepress.com/open-access-emergency-medicine-journal 34 http://www.safpj.co.za/index.php/safpj 35 http://www.phcfm.org/index.php/phcfm/about
TV
CHAPTER 7.
7.11 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX gurry vF eekend @histrit gourt of emsterdmD wrh WD PHHTA36 @gretive gommons lienseA qvEioltionsForg vF hEvink @histrit gourt of prnkfurt PHHTA37 tosen vF utzerD SQS pFQd IQUQ @gepg PHHVA38 @ypen oure viensesA
7.12.1 Assignment
ghoose one of the followingX uestion IF gretive gommons urrently supports the liensing of retive works in SP ountriesF sf your ountry is one of theseD use serh engines nd other diretories to lote some douments ville under gg lienses tht you ould help promote nd reEdistriuteF uestion PF hetermine if there re ny ye journls pulished in your ountryF wke list suitle for distriution to your ptronsF uestion QF repre slides or oneEpge hndout tht you ould use to edute lirrins nd demis onerning the gretive gommons system nd ye optionsF ulish your doument online with the gretive gommons liense of your hoie nd send the link to the groupF sf your lirry doesn9t hve wesiteD you my use lidehre39 F uestion RF row would you design nd implement n ye poliy in your ountryc
7.13 Contributors
his module ws reted y welnie hulong de osny40 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz41 D illim pisher42 D rs qsser43 D edm rollnd44 D uimerley ssell45 D eter tszi46 D golin wly47 D endrew woshirni48 D nd ghris eterson49 F
%20Westlaw.pdf 39 http://www.slideshare.net/ 40 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#rosnay 41 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 42 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 43 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 44 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 45 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 46 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 47 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 48 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 49 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
Chapter 8
Enforcement
1
TW
UH
CHAPTER 8.
ENFORCEMENT
UI PHHHGQIGig @hiretive on iletroni gommereA disussed in wodule P3 F his hiretive ontins di'erent rules for di'erent kinds of servie providersF were onduitsD or servies tht only route nd he online tr0D re exempted from liility entirelyF roviders tht tully host dtD howeverD re exempted only if they hve no tul knowledge or wreness of illegl tivitiesD nd if they t quikly to remove or disle ess to the infringing mterils one they hve een noti(edF roweverD the question of wht onstitutes tul knowledge of hosting infringing mterils hs een left lrgely unnsweredF his retes serious prolemsF st is unler whether servie provider who reeives notie from opyright holder tht it my e hosting infringing mterils will e deemed to hve 4tul knowledge4 of hosting the mterilsF vikewiseD it is unertin whtD if nyD evidene suh noties must inludeD whether the person sending it is required to identify himself nd inlude goodEfith sttement of elief of infringementD nd under wht irumstnes the servie provider is oligted to remove the ontent in order to tke dvntge of the sfeEhror provisionsF he wreness of illegl tivities riterion is similrly vgueD nd it is fr from ler how rigorously providers must selfEregulte nd monitor the dt they host or provide ess to in order to ome within the sfe hror provisionsF he iuropen nion diretive is roder thn the pproh in tht it does not provide lerly rtiultedD multiEstep pproh for inititing nd responding to tkeEdown notiesF feuse of this lk of lrityD servie providers hve inentives to respond ggressively to tkeEdown notiesF purtherD under the hiretiveD there does not pper to e set proedure in ple for user to ojet to removl of the mterilD nor re providers required to notify user when mteril is removed or mde inessileF he pprohes tken y other ountries to the exemption of online servie providers from liility for infringement ommitted y their users my di'er sustntillyF eustrlin lwD for exmpleD ontins n exemption tht is similr to tht odi(ed in the nited ttesF roweverD it does not require servie providers to notify the person who posted the mteril tht hs een removedF ssrel likewise hs notie nd tkeE down proedure s prt of its sfe hror sttuteF nlike the nited ttesD thoughD it does not require the servie provider to remove the mteril quikly upon the reeipt of omplintF snstedD it llows users three dys to respond to the omplint efore the mteril will e removedF ome ountries E suh s sndi E do not reognize sfe hror provisions for snternet servie providersD nd my hold them lile for opyright infringement ommitted y their users even if the provider hs no tive or diret involvement in tht infringementF urprisingly enoughD these rules my 'et some lirries in developing ountriesF he reson is tht some lirries my ssist in running or mnging the networks in universities with whih the lirries re 0litedF sn suh irumstnesD it is possile tht some of the lirries9 tivities my qulify for protetion under sfeEhror provisionF sf soD lirrins should py lose ttention to the detils of the notieEndEtkedown systems @if nyA ontined in their ountries9 opyright lwsF
UP
CHAPTER 8.
ENFORCEMENT
et the outset of litigtionD the defendnt ! who ould e n individul userD lirrinD or lirry ! should onsider whether settlement is etter lterntive thn proeeding towrd full trilF feuse the (ner points of opyright infringement litigtion re often omplexD defending ginst n llegtion of opyright infringement n e very expensiveF purtherD euse some ountries llow plinti' who sueeds in his opyright infringement lwsuit to ollet dmges s set y sttuteD insted of hving to prove tul dmgesD the (nl wrds in opyright infringement tions n e lrgeF pinllyD sttutes or ourts my even wrd ttorney9s fees nd other osts to the plinti' if he previls in his litigtionF sn light of these onsidertionsD the defendnt my deide tht settling with the plinti' is etter option thn fing the unertinty nd potentil expense of litigtionF sn settlement proedureD one the prties hve greed to set of terms nd one the defendnt hs omplied with those termsD the plinti' will dismiss his lwsuitF he terms of settlement n vry signi(ntlyF sn some instnesD the plinti' my e ontent with the defendnt simply removing the mterils from her we siteF sn other sesD the plinti' my demnd tht the defendnt py some mount of money in ddition to removing the infringing mterilF prequentlyD s prt of settlementD the prties will gree to permnent injuntion tht prohiits the defendnt from engging in the sme ehvior in the futureF et other timesD howeverD the defendnt my deide tht settlement is not ppropriteD nd thus will proeed with the litigtionF sn order to previl in opyright infringement lwsuitD the opyright holder must proveX
tht the work is opyrightle tht she is the holder of the opyright tht the defendnt used the plinti'9s work tht unuthorized exerise of one or more of the exlusive rights ourredF ih of these requirements is disussed in depth in erlier modulesY we review them here rie)yF
nuthorized opying nd reprodution is the most ommon form of opyright infringementF gopying my e demonstrted y diret proofD ut suh evidene is often unvilleF gopying my lso y demonstrted indiretlyD y presenting evidene of sustntil similrity etween the originl work nd the opied workD nd y demonstrting tht the defendnt hd ess to the opyright holder9s workF eess my e proven y fts showing spei(lly how the defendnt ould hve otined the opyrighted workF elterntivelyD it my e shown y the ft tht the opyrighted work ws generlly ville nd widely distriutedF he sustntilEsimilrity requirement nd the ess requirement re interonneted in tht the more similr the two works reD the less evidene the plinti' needs to introdue regrding ess to the workF sn defending ginst lim of opyright infringementD the defendnt my lim severl defenses nd exeptionsD suh s fir useD sttute of limittionsD unopyrightility of the originl workD puli dominD (rst sle dotrineD sfeEhror provisionsD independent retionD nd other sttutory exemptionsF e exmined those ixeptions nd vimittions in detil in wodule R4 F wost ountries9 opyright regimes provide rod rnge of remedies for opyright infringementF his is required y severl of interntionl greements disussed in wodule P5 F he opyright holder n typilly seek temporry or permnent injuntive reliefD tul dmges su'ered s the result of the infringementD wrd of tril osts nd ttorney feesF pinllyD in extremely rre irumstnes involving ltnt opyright infringementD the infringing prty my e found to e riminlly lileD nd sntioned with (nes nd imprisonmentF st should e emphsized tht suessful opyright infringement suits re unusulF he lrge mjority of opyright holders re ontent with settlements in whih defendnts gree to ese their ehvior nd perhps py modest dmge wrdsF virries re espeilly unlikely to e trgets of suessful opyright infringement suitsF here re very few reported judiil opinions in ny ountry in whih puli or demi lirry hs een found lile for violting the opyright lwsF husD it is importnt tht lirrins e wre of the potentil sntions for opyright infringementD prtiulrly so tht they n give relile dvie to
4 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_4:_Rights%2C_Exceptions%2C_and_Limitations 5 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_2:_The_International_Framework
UQ their vrious onstitueniesF fut the lirries themselves should not e unduly worried out the prospet of eing suedF
UR
CHAPTER 8.
ENFORCEMENT
US
8.10 Cases
he following judiil opinions explore nd pply some of the priniples disussed in this moduleX ony gorportion of emeri vF niversl gity tudiosD snFD RTR FF RIU @IWVRA11 @seondry liilityA gf ongs vimited 8 ythers vF emstrd gonsumer iletronis l nd enorFD rouse of vordsD IP wy IWVV12 @seondry liilityA
8.11.1 Assignment
IF hoes your ountry hve sfe hror limiting servie providers9 liilityc sf yesD plese desrie the mehnismF PF elet one tivity of your lirryD desrie it nd elorte est prties to void opyright infringeE mentF por exmpleD you might drft set of guidelines for professors who prepre ourse pks or notie to e displyed next to the printing mhine or the omputers ville to ptronsF
8.12 Contributors
his module ws reted y hmitriy ishyevih13 F st ws then edited y tem inluding estin hiz14 D illim pisher15 D rs qsser16 D edm rollnd17 D uimerley ssell18 D eter tszi19 D golin wly20 D endrew woshirni21 D nd ghris eterson22 F
age
11 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tsher/1984%20Sony%20Abridged.pdf 12 http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipcass/ipcass-legislation/ipcass-legislation-copyact-1956/ipcass-cbs.htm 13 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#tishyevich 14 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#diaz 15 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#sher 16 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#gasser 17 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#holland 18 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#isbell 19 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#jaszi 20 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#maclay 21 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#moshirnia 22 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Contributors#peterson
UT
CHAPTER 8.
ENFORCEMENT
Chapter 9
Traditional Knowledge
1
9.4 Lesson
UU
UV
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
et of Bosnia and Herzegovina sttes tht 4the use of folk literture nd rt retions for the purpose of literryD rtisti or sienti( rrngement shll e freeF4
he trditionl s sttutes in some ntions ontin no expliit referenes to folkloreD ut gis my still e proteted in those ntions under opyright lwD other trditionl intelletul property dotrinesD or through
4 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/carpetscase-main.pdf 5 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en//studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/rockart.pdf 6 http://cita.chattanooga.org/chml.html 7 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacic/1627209.stm 8 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/studies/cultural/minding-culture/studies/trademarks.pdf 9 http://www.villagevoice.com/2004-04-13/news/rap-rage-redvolution/ 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines 11 http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/legal/oth-legist/doc/BH-LAW-ON-COPYRIGHT-AND-RELATED-RIGHTS.doc
UW speil sttutesF por exmpleD most ountries in iurope hve opyright legisltion tht my e used to over trditionl knowledgeD ut do not hve ny provisions expliitly mentioning gisF hese inludeX Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, nd SwitzerlandF everl other 4mjor inE dustrilized ountries4 lk expliit gi referenes s wellF hese inludeX Australia, Canada, Japan, nd the United StatesF edditionllyD severl ountries with reentlyEented opyright legisltion hve
not expressly inluded gis within its sopeF snluded in this group re severl esin ountries @suh s India, Malaysia, Philippines, nd ThailandA nd severl grien nd outh emerin ounE tries @suh s Barbados, El Salvador, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, nd VenezuelaAF ilene in these sttutesD howeverD does not men tht trditionl knowledge is unproE tetedF therD in these ountries gis re proteted on the sis of trditionl sD ustomryD regionl or interntionl lws or through sui generis legisltionF sn AustraliaD gis re proteted through trditionl opyright lwF por exmpleD in wilpurrurru vF sndofurn ly vtdF12 D originl eustrlin rtists sued to prevent the importtion y erthEsed ompny of rpets mnuftured in ietnmD upon whih were reprodued the designs of severl prominent originl rtists without their permissionF he designs hd een opied from portfolio of rtworks produed y the eustrlin xtionl qlleryF he federl ourt wrded the originl rtists sustntil dmges for opyright infringement nd grnted n injuntion ginst ny further infringementF he ourt pointed out tht the unuthorized use of the rtwork involved the pirting of ulturl heritge nd tht suh ehvior ould hve fr rehing e'ets on the eustrlin ulturl environmentF st ws deemed espeilly o'ensive tht the imges hd een used on medium @rpetA tht ws designed to e wlked uponF yther ntions hve egun using trdemrk lw to protet gisD even when gis re not mentioned in ntionl sttutesF por exmpleD in Canada, New Zealand nd the United StatesD s well s AustraliaD indigenous people hve sometimes relied @with vrying degrees of suessA upon trdemrk lw or its equivE lent to protet tril nmes nd other designs nd motifs ginst unuthorized use y othersF gonsiderle e'orts hve lso een mde to protet sred nd ulturlly signi(nt symols s well s olletive nd erE ti(tion mrks under trditionl trdemrk lwF por instneD Australiaprovides for design registrtionD whih llows for the registrtion of fetures of shpeD on(gurtionD pttern or ornmenttion pplile to n rtileF his system protets the visul form for IT yersD provided tht it is new nd originl nd is not sed on preEexisting designF tillD euse of the originlity requirementD this system hs not yet een e'etive for proteting folkloreF wore e'etive is the system used in New ZealandF hereD the reently dopted rde wrks et of PHHP13 D prevents the registrtion of trdemrks sed on wori text or imgery where the use or registrtion of suh mrks would e o'ensive to the woriF he gommissioner of rde wrks hs set up wori edvisory gommittee to dvise on whether the proposed registrtion or use of mrk is likely to e o'ensiveF elthough the United States hs not ted to provide generl protetion for indigenous peoples9 trE ditionl knowledgeD it hs sometimes dopted nrrow sttutes in response to xtive emerins9 ttempts to regin selfEgovernne nd to ontrol the use of their trditionl knowledge y nonEommunity memersF i'orts of this sort inludeX
the entiquities et of IWHT14 @IT FFgF RQIEQQ @PHHHAAD giving the resident power to set side s ntionl monuments ertin histori lndmrksD strutures nd other ojets of histori interestD the ristori itesD fuildings nd entiquities et of IWQS15 @IT FFgF RTIETUAD empowering the xtionl rk ervie to restoreD reonstrutD nd mintin sites nd ojets of histori interestD the xtionl ristori reservtion et of IWTT16 @IT FFgF RUHAD providing for the mintenne of xtionl egister of ristori les nd requiring the eretry of the snterior to estlish progrm to help xtive emerin tries to preserve their propertiesD tking into ount tril vluesD
12 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AILR/1996/20.html 13 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2002/0049/latest/DLM164240.html?search=ts_act_Trade+Marks+Act_resel&sr=1 14 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/anti1906.htm 15 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/hsact35.htm 16 http://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/nhpa1966.htm
VH
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
the xtive emerin erts nd grfts et17 @PS FFgF QHS @PHHHAAD intended to ssure the uthentiity of xtive emerin rtiftsD nd the xtive emerin qrves rotetion nd eptrition et18 @xeqeA@ PS FFgF QHHI@IAE@IQA @PHHHAAD whih provided tht the ownership or ontrol of xtive emerin ulturl items exvted or disovered on federl or tril lnds remined with linel desendntsD xtive emerin triesD or rwiin yrgniztionsF
9.5.2.2 Protection Using Explicit Reference to TCEs
wny ountries now expliitly refer to folklore in their opyright legisltionF uh referenes tke vrious formsF ome ountries hve setionsD hptersD or speil prts of opyright lw tht re entirely devoted to folkloreF gountries within this group inlude Algeria, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Chile,
Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Rwanda, Seychelles, Togo, Tanzania, Tunisia, nd ZimbabweF sn the CongoD for exmpleD folklore is onsidered prty of the ountry9s heritgeD nd gongolese opyright
lw protets folklore without time limittionF e 4fody of euthors4 soiety is responsile for olleting royltiesD representing uthors9 interestsD nd overseeing the use of folkloreF ermission must e sought from the soiety efore ny puli performneD reprodutionD or dpttion of folklore for ommeril purposesF his inludes the import or distriution of opies of works of ntionl folklore mde rodF uli genies re exempted from the oligtion to otin prior uthoriztion to use folklore for nonEpro(t tivitiesD though they still must notify the soiety efore useF sn GhanaD the reently dopted gopyright et of PHHS19 signi(ntly hnged the wy trditionl knowledge is protetedF sn the etD opyright protetion extends to literry worksD rtisti worksD musil worksD sound reordingsD rodstsD inemtogrphi worksD horeogrphi worksD derivtive worksD nd progrmErrying rodst signlsF o e eligile for opyrightD the work must e originlD in writing @or otherwise redued to mteril formAD nd reted y itizen or resident of qhnF he work must lso hve een (rst pulished in qhnD orD if (rst pulished outside qhnD pulished in qhn within thirty dys of its originl pulitionF e work reted y n individul is proteted for the life of tht individul plus (fty yersY work reted y orportion is proteted for (fty yers from the dte on whih the work ws (rst mde puliF sn qhnD n uthor hs exlusive rights to reprodue the work @with the exeption of privte useD quottions in other worksD nd use in pedgogyD whih re permittedAF st is n infringement of the opyright to reprodueD sell or exhiit in puli for ommeril purposes ny work without uthoriztionD or to use the work in mnner tht dversely 'ets the reputtion of the uthorF foth ivil nd riminl penlties my pplyF ertile SW of the et estlishes xtionl polklore fordD whih governs the dministrtionD preservtionD registrtion nd promotion of expressions of folkloreF he ford my uthorize the use of folklore nd my determine fee to e pidF he et provides tht the opyrights of uthors of folklore vest in the government s if the government were the retor of the worksF sn qhn @s in the gentrl efrin epuli nd gongoAD funds from fees or other money ruing from the use of folklore re to e used for soil welfre ene(tsF Namibia grnts indigenous ommunities inde(nite exlusive rights to ontrol expressions of folklore nd their dpttionsD trnsltionsD nd trnsformtionsF hese exlusive rights inlude the right to puliizeD mke reprodutionD or distriute opies of n expression of folkloreY ommunite n expression of folklore to the puli y performneD rodstingD distriution y le or other mensY inlude n expression of folklore in inemtogrphi (lm or television rodstY use the folklore expressionD or television progrm or other progrm inluding the expressionD to e trnsmitted in di'usion servie @unless suh servie trnsmits lwful rodstD inluding the expressionD nd is operted y the originl rodsterAY
17 http://www.doi.gov/iacb/act.html 18 http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/MANDATES/25USC3001etseq.htm 19 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_pdf.jsp?lang=EN&id=1789.
VI mke dpttionsD trnsltions nd other trnsformtion of the expression @ertile TH20 AF ertile TI21 D howeverD llows seondry user to use expressions of folklore for personl or privte useD ritiism or reviewD tehing or sienti( reserhD nd inidentl useF ertile TI lso llows the use of the originl expression if the use is 4omptile with fir prtieD4 suh s for reting n illustrtion or orrowing the expression to rete n originl workF vikewiseD Nigerian gopyright vw22 protets expressions of folklore 4ginst reprodutionD ommuE nition to the puli y performneD rodstingD or distriution y leF4 sn dditionD it forids dpttionsD trnsltionsD nd other trnsformtions of suh folkloreD when mde either for ommeril purE poses or outside their trditionl ustomry ontextF he right to uthorize ny of these ts lies with the xigerin gopyright gounilF roweverD xigerin folklore my e used without uthoriztion for privteD edutionlD or illustrtive purposesF he lw requires identi(tion of the soure of the folklore y referene to the ommunity or ple from whih the folklore is derivedF ioltions of the lw sujet the user to liility in dmgesD injuntionsD nd other remedies the ourt deems ppropriteF xigeri lso protets trditionl knowledge through ptents nd trdemrksF o e ptentleD n invention must e newD result from inventive tivityD nd e ple of industril pplitionF he ptent right is vested in the inventorD nd the ptent is vlid for PH yers fter the (ling dteF edditionllyD xigerin legisltion protets registered trdemrksF egistrtion is vlid for seven yers nd then n e renewedY registrtion is limited to mrks tht re distintiveF sn RwandaD ertF Q of the gopyright vw @IWVQA23 provides generous protetion to folkloreF snluded in its overge re trditions nd literry produtions @tlesD legendsD mythsD proversD ountsD nd poemsAD rtisti works @dnes nd spetles of ny kindD musil works of ny kindD styles nd works of deortive rtD nd rhiteturl stylesAD religious works @ritul ritesD ojetsD lothingD nd ples of worshipsAD sienti( knowledge @prties nd produts of mediine nd phrmologyD theoretil nd prtil (elds of the nturl siene nd nthropologyAD nd tehnologil knowledgeF he gopyright vw of Zimbabwe protets performers9 rights to reordD rodst nd distriute opies of their performnes @etion TV24 AF sn dditionD it extends protetion to 4work of folkloreD4 whih it de(nes s literryD musil or rtisti workD whether or not it is reordedD of whihX @A no person n lim to e the uthorY nd @A the form or ontent is emodied in the trditions peulir to one or more ommunities in imweY nd inludesX @iA folk tlesD folk poetry nd trditionl riddlesY @iiA folk songs nd instrumentl folk musiY @iiiA folk dnesD plys nd rtisti forms of ritulY nd @ivA produtions of folk rtD in prtiulr drwingsD pintingsD sulpturesD potteryD woodworkD metlworkD jeweleryD skets nd ostumes @etion VH25 AF he opyright lws in severl other ountries shield trditionl knowledge y inluding folklore in the list of literry nd rtisti works eligile for regulr opyright protetionF gountries dopting this pproh inlude Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Djibouti, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Madagascar, must seek permission from the xtionl gopyright gorportion efore ny ommeril exploittion of folklore my ourF egents uthorized y the gorportion regulte the use of folklore in gmeroonD while the gorportion ollets roylties (xed y greement etween the prties nd rings infringement tions ginst unlwful users of proteted worksF Lesotho's gopyright yrder of IWVW27 de(nes folklore s ulturl produtions with 4hrteristi eleE ments of the trditionl rtisti heritge developed nd mintined over genertions y ommunity or y individuls re)eting the trditionl rtisti expettions of their ommunityF4 orks inspired y expressions
Mali, Mozambique, Oman, Republic of Central Africa, Senegal, Togo, Uganda, and Zaire. por instneD Cameroonian lw extends opyright protetion to 4works derived from folkloreF426 sers
VP
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
of folklore re proteted s originl works @ertile R@AAF sn Mali ll persons @exept puli entitiesA seeking to use folklore for pro(t must otin prior uthoE riztion from the winister of erts nd gulture who my impose fee for suh useF he lw prohiits the ssignment or liensing of 4works derived from folklore4 without the pprovl of the winisterF he lw lso ples in the puli domin nd hrges user fee for ll 4works whose uthors re unknownD inluding the songsD legendsD dnesD nd other mnifesttions of the ommon ulturl heritgeF4 Senegal inludes folklore in the list of works eligile for opyright protetionF ertile I of the eneglese gopyright et provides speil protetion for folkloreD nd ertile W sttes tht ny 4diret or indiret4 (xtion of suh mteril for 4pro(tEmking purposes4 is sujet to prior uthoriztion y the gopyright y0e of eneglF ell folklore uses require prior uthoriztion from the y0eD whih hrges users fee whose mount depends on the nture of the use nd prior rrngementsF enegl riminlizes the importtion of works into enegl tht violte its opyright lwF Uganda's gopyright nd xeighouring ights etD PHHT28 grnts opyright protetion to 4work in the (eld of litertureD trditionl folklore nd knowledgeD siene nd rt4 @ertile SAF st grnts performers ! persons who tD singD deliverD delimD ply inD interpretD or otherwise perform literry or rtisti works or expressions of folklore ! the right to ontrol the (xtionD trnsmission nd reprodution of their performnes @ertiles P nd PPAF e (nl group of ountries protet gis y grnting rights to the tte for its protetionF snluded in this group re Egypt, Jordan, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, nd QatarF por instneD in SudanD ertile U29 of the gopyright et notes tht 4xtionl folklore of the udnese ommunity is deemed to e the property of the tte4 nd tht the 4tte represented y the winistry of gulture nd snformtionD shll endevor to protet works of folklore y ll legl wys nd mensD nd shll exerise the rights of n uthor in ses of mutiltionD trnsformtion nd ommeril exploittionF4 imilrlyD in EgyptD ertile IRP30 of the vw on the rotetion of sntelletul roperty ights xoF VP @Q tune PHHPA de(nes 4ntionl folklore4 s prt of the 4puli domin of the peopleF4 he t sttesD 4he ompetent ministry shll exerise the uthor9s eonomi nd morl rights nd shll protet nd support suh folkloreF4 sn Saudi ArabiaD ertile U31 of the gopyright vw of PHHQ sttes tht 4folklore shll e the property of the stteD nd the winistry shll exerise the opyright pertining theretoD4 nd tht 4the import or distriution of opies of folklore worksD opies of their trnsltions or others whih re produed outside the uingdom without liense from the winistry shll e prohiitedF4 vikewiseD in QatarD ertile QP of the gopyright et of PHHP provides tht 4ntionl folklore shll e the puli property of the tte4 nd tht 4the tteFFFshll protet ntionl folklore y ll legl mensD nd shll t s the uthor of folklore works in fing ny deformtionD modi(tion or ommeril exploittionF4 sn JordanD ertile U@A@QA32 of the gopyright vw xoF PP of IWWP exludes from opyright protetion 4works whih reverted to the puli dominF por the purpose of this rtile folklore shll e onsidered in the puli domin with the minister exerising the opyrights of these works ginst distortionD misrepresenttion or dmge to ulturl interests4 unless 4the olletions of these works were distinguished y personl e'ort involving innovtion or rrngementF4
9.5.2.3 Countries with Sui Generis Traditional Knowledge Laws
he ountries disussed in the previous setion inlude trditionl knowledge in their regulr opyright lwsD ut typilly tret u somewht di'erently from other types of opyrighted worksF he memers of the (nl group of ountries go one step furtherF snsted of lssifying u s @speilA type of opyrighted workD these ountries hve dopted soElled sui generis lws tht rete n entirely di'erent sort of legl protetion for uF @es we will seeD the distintion etween ustomized opyright lws nd sui generis lws is lurryD ut is nevertheless helpful in di'erentiting the types of pprohes to this issueFA
28 http://www.i-network.or.ug/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=93&Itemid=130 29 http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=3605#P116_9052 30 http://www.ecipit.org.eg/Arabic/pdf/IPR%20law%20no%2082%20year%202002%20English.pdf 31 http://www.boe.gov.sa/English/En%20Word/2%20Media,%20Culture%20and%20Publishing/Copyright%20Law.doc 32 http://www.agip.com/country_service.aspx?country_key=50&service_key=C&SubService_Order=3&lang=en
VQ wo erly exmples of ntionl sui generis lws grew out of ountries9 e'orts to protet the trditionl knowledge of indigenous groups onerning the mediinl vlue of plntsF Ecuador's vw on sntelletul roperty of IWWV33 protets the ountry9s iologil nd geneti heritge nd onditions the grnt of produt or proess ptents relting to tht heritge on the quisition of rights from the relevnt trditionl ownersF imilrlyD in IWWUD the Philippine Congress pssed the sndigenous eoples ights et34 to reognize nd promote ll the rights of sndigenous gulturl gommunitiesGsndigenous eoples @sggsGssAD inluding their rights to preserve nd develop their ulturesD trditionsD nd institutions in ulturl propertyF he et 0rms the right of sggsGss to the full ownership nd ontrol of their ulturl nd intelletul rightsF husD ess to iologil nd geneti resoures is permitted only fter otining the free nd informed onsent of suh ommunitiesF sn dditionD the et gurntees sggsGss the right to prtie nd revitlize their ulturl trditionsD inluding to prtie nd teh their spiritul nd religious trditionsD ustoms nd eremoniesY the right to mintinD protet nd hve ess to their religious nd ulturl sitesY the right to the use nd ontrol of eremonil ojetsY ndD the right to the reptrition of humn reminsF Panama's et xoF PH35 lunhed the sui generis protetion movement spei(lly for gis in tuneD PHHHF he et sujets the rights of use nd ommeriliztion of the rtsD rfts nd other ulturl expresE sions sed on the trdition of the indigenous ommunity to the regultion of eh indigenous ommunity pproved nd registered in the hsqis or in the xtionl gopyright y0e of the winistry of idutionF st de(nes indigenous olletive rights s indigenous intelletul nd ulturl property rights lw relting to rtD musiD litertureFFFnd other sujet mtter nd mnifesttions tht hve no known uthor or owner nd no dte of origin nd onstitute the heritge of n entire indigenous peopleF vikewiseD Peru's PHHP sui generis36 37 u vw38 ims to promote respet for nd protet the 4olletive knowledge of indigenous peoplesY to promote the fir nd equitle distriution of the ene(ts derived from the use of tht olletive knowledgeY to promote the use of the knowledge for the ene(t of the indigenous peoples nd mnkind in generlY to ensure tht the use of the knowledge tkes ple with the prior informed onsent of the indigenous peoplesY to promote the strengthening nd development of the potentil of the indigenous peoplesFFFnd to void situtions where the ptents re grnted for inventions mde or developed on the sis of olletive knowledge of the indigenous peoples of eru without ny ount eing tken of tht knowledge s prior rt in the exmintion of the novelty nd inventiveness of the sid inventionsF4 sn PHHQD Guatemala designed nd implemented speil sui generis set of intelletul property rights for indigenous folkloreD ked y oth ivil nd riminl penltiesF quteml9s 4gulturl reritge rotetion vw4 lso enles the ttorney generl to protet ny registered indigenous ulturl good @inluding orl or musil trditionsA nd provides perpetul intelletul property protetion for ny registered itemF he qutemln system is reiprolY it reognizes the registered folklore of ny other ountry tht reognizes the qutemln registryF st is likely tht mny other ountries will soon dopt sui generis u lwsF yne indition of the trend in this diretion is tht mny ntionl memers of sy9s sntergovernmentl gommittee on sntelletul roperty nd qeneti esouresD rditionl unowledgeD nd polklore hve lled for the estlishment of sui generis systems in their written sumissions to the gommitteeF emong suh ountries re Brazil,
Colombia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Morocco, the Russian Federation, Thailand, nd VenezuelaF
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CHAPTER 9.
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use of gis in foreign territoriesF edvntges of this pproh inlude hrmonizing lol lwsD entrlizing dministrtionD nd voiding duplition of ostly e'orts ross multiple ountriesF hile the ojetives of regionl lws my e soundD it is detle whether the regionl orgniztions provide e'etive forms of enforementF he mjor exmples of this strtegy re desried elowF
in IWWW so tht its forml nme is now the egreement of PR perury IWWW evising the fngui egreement of P wrh IWUU on the retion of n efrin sntelletul roperty yrgniztionF elthough the IWUU version of the egreement is no longer e'etiveD ompring the IWUU nd IWWW versions helps to identify the strengths nd weknesses of yes9s most importnt greementF
VS the pproprite ntionl geny @IWUU egreementD ennex ssD ghpter ID ertile QVD prF PAF he older system n e desried s one in whih folklore utomtilly elongs to the puli domin nd folklore users simply py the puli domin for the use to e uthorizedF elterntivelyD this older system n e hrterized s one in whih folklore is owned nd regulted y the stte euseD s delred in the originl egreementD the stte hs n indefesile right with respet to folklore nd folklore is y its origin prt of ntionl heritge @IWUU egreementD ennex ssD ghpter ID ertile VD prF IAF he tension etween these two interprettions ultimtely reted onfusion regrding who owned gisF rotetion of folklore nd ulturl heritge ws then moved from the opyright setion of the IWUU egreement to the setion disussing provisions ommon to opyright nd neighoring rights in the IWWW egreementF es disussed elowD this new plement did not eliminte onfusion nd miguityF
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CHAPTER 9.
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on the gulturl sntegrtion of wigyF elthough trditionl knowledge is not spei(lly mentionedD this protool fouses on the retion of ulturl poliies tht disply historil trditionsD ommon vluesD nd ulturl diversity of memer ountriesF
9.6.7 Pacic Regional Framework for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expression of Culture
he i( egionl prmework for the rotetion of rditionl unowledge nd ixpression of gulture45 ws reted in PHHP ut hs not yet een implementedF st ws drfted y the i( sslnds porum ereE trit46 whose memer ountries re Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji,
Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Marshal Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, nd VanuatuF edditionllyD the following ountries hve ssoite memershipX New Caledonia nd French PolynesiaF pinllyD Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna, the Commonwealth, the Asia Development Bank, nd Timor L'este ll hve oserver sttusF he porum hs developed spei( tion pln47 tht detils wys tht the memer ountries pln to
protet the egion9s trditionl knowledgeF sn prtiulrD the porum hs reted set of wodel vws to protet trditionl knowledge nd the expressions of ulture48 F he lws re noteworthy euse they not only protet u nd gis ut lso employ ustomry uses s the foundtion of the frmeworkF he prmework9s generl pproh is to rete new rights in trditionl knowledge nd expressions of ultureD whih previously my hve een regrded s prt of the puli dominF eople seeking to use gis must hve prior nd informed onsent from the trditionl ownersF he rights the prmework spei(es fll into two tegoriesX morl rights nd trditionl ulturl rightsF st is ruil to note tht neither morl nor trditionl ulturl rights depend on opyright formlities @eFgFD registrtion requirementsAF worl rights inlude the right of ttriutionD the right ginst flse ttriutionD nd the right of integrity of indigenous workF es stted in gluse U@PA of rt sD trditionl ulturl rights inlude the right to reprodueD pulishD performD mke ville onlineD nd rete derivtive worksD mong mny othersF hese re sid to e oth exlusive nd inlienleF gluse II is noteworthy euse it sttes tht trditionl rights exist in ddition to @nd do not 'etA the rights reted y other intelletul property lw regimesF gluse U@RA provides tht there is no trditionl
44 http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/normativa/D486e.htm 45 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/PacicModelLaw,ProtectionofTKandExprssnsofCulture20021.pdf 46 http://www.forumsec.org/index.cfm 47 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/Traditional%20Knowledge%20Action%20Plan%202009.pdf 48 http://www.forumsec.org/resources/uploads/attachments/documents/PacicModelLaw,ProtectionofTKandExprssnsofCulture20021.pdf
VU knowledge protetion in the following ontextsX feEtoEfe tehingD ritiism or reviewD reporting news or urrent eventsD judiil proeedingsD nd inidentl useF gluse U of rt s of the prmework mkes ler who owns the proteted gisF rditionl owners re de(ned sX groupD lnD or ommunity of peopleD or the individul who is reognized y groupD lnD or ommunity of people s the individulD in whom the ustody or protetion of the trditionl knowledge or expressions of ulture re entrusted in ordne with ustomry lw nd the prties of tht groupD lnD or ommunityF pinllyD gluse QU detils the role of the gulturl euthority in proteting gisF hose ttempting to seek permission to use elements of proteted gis hve two optionsX @IA pply diretly to the gulturl euthority or @PA ommunite diretly with the trditionl ownersF yne of the euthority9s mny roles is to dvise the trditionl ownersF lid gi users must prove they hve reeived onsent from the trditionl owners vi n uthorized user greementF his prmework is mitious nd my provide for strong gi protetion one doptedY howeverD its potentil impt is unknown s the lws hve not yet een implementedF
indigenous peoples ever developedD giving prominene to olletive rights to degree unpreedented in interntionl humn rights lwF he doption of this instrument is the lerest indition yet tht the interE ntionl ommunity is ommitting itself to the protetion of the individul nd olletive rights of indigenous peoplesF he key provisions followF
9.7.1.1 Article 8
IF sndigenous peoples nd individuls hve the right not to e sujeted to fored ssimiltion or deE strution of their ultureF ttes shll provide e'etive mehnisms for prevention ofD nd redress forX eny tion whih hs the im or e'et of depriving them of their integrity s distint peoplesD or of their ulturl vlues or ethni identitiesY eny tion whih hs the im or e'et of dispossessing them of their lndsD territories or resouresY eny form of fored popultion trnsfer whih hs the im or e'et of violting or undermining ny of their rightsY eny form of fored ssimiltion or integrtionY eny form of propgnd designed to promote or inite ril or ethni disrimintion direted ginst themF
49 http://www.sami.uit.no/girji/n02/en/102daes.html#Anchor-39228
VV
9.7.1.2 Article 11
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to prtise nd revitlize their ulturl trditions nd ustomsF his inludes the right to mintinD protet nd develop the pstD present nd future mnifesttions of their ulturesD suh s rheologil nd historil sitesD rteftsD designsD eremoniesD tehnologies nd visul nd performing rts nd litertureF PF ttes shll provide redress through e'etive mehnismsD whih my inlude restitutionD developed in onjuntion with indigenous peoplesD with respet to their ulturlD intelletulD religious nd spiritul property tken without their freeD prior nd informed onsent or in violtion of their lwsD trditions nd ustomsF
9.7.1.3 Article 12
IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to mnifestD prtiseD develop nd teh their spiritul nd religious trditionsD ustoms nd eremoniesY the right to mintinD protetD nd hve ess in privy to their religious nd ulturl sitesY the right to the use nd ontrol of their eremonil ojetsY nd the right to the reptrition of their humn reminsF PF ttes shll seek to enle the ess ndGor reptrition of eremonil ojets nd humn remins in their possession through firD trnsprent nd e'etive mehnisms developed in onjuntion with indigenous peoples onernedF
9.7.1.4 Article 25
sndigenous peoples hve the right to mintin nd strengthen their distintive spiritul reltionship with their trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied nd used lndsD territoriesD wters nd ostl ses nd other resoures nd to uphold their responsiilities to future genertions in this regrdF
9.7.1.5 Article 27
ttes shll estlish nd implementD in onjuntion with indigenous peoples onernedD firD independentD imprtilD open nd trnsprent proessD giving due reognition to indigenous peoples9 lwsD trditionsD ustoms nd lnd tenure systemsD to reognize nd djudite the rights of indigenous peoples pertining to their lndsD territories nd resouresD inluding those whih were trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied or usedF sndigenous peoples shll hve the right to prtiipte in this proessF
9.7.1.6 Article 28
IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to redressD y mens tht n inlude restitution orD when this is not possileD justD fir nd equitle ompenstionD for the lndsD territories nd resoures whih they hve trditionlly owned or otherwise oupied or usedD nd whih hve een on(stedD tkenD oupiedD used or dmged without their freeD prior nd informed onsentF PF nless otherwise freely greed upon y the peoples onernedD ompenstion shll tke the form of lndsD territories nd resoures equl in qulityD size nd legl sttus or of monetry ompenstion or other pproprite redressF
9.7.1.7 Article 31
IF sndigenous peoples hve the right to mintinD ontrolD protet nd develop their ulturl heritgeD trditionl knowledge nd trditionl ulturl expressionsD s well s the mnifesttions of their siE enesD tehnologies nd ulturesD inluding humn nd geneti resouresD seedsD mediinesD knowledge of the properties of fun nd )orD orl trditionsD literturesD designsD sports nd trditionl gmes
VW nd visul nd performing rtsF hey lso hve the right to mintinD ontrolD protet nd develop their intelletul property over suh ulturl heritgeD trditionl knowledgeD nd trditionl ulturl expressionsF PF sn onjuntion with indigenous peoplesD ttes shll tke e'etive mesures to reognize nd protet the exerise of these rightsF
9.7.1.8 Article 34
sndigenous peoples hve the right to promoteD develop nd mintin their institutionl strutures nd their distintive ustomsD spiritulityD trditionsD proeduresD prties ndD in the ses where they existD juridil systems or ustomsD in ordne with interntionl humn rights stndrdsF
9.7.2 WIPO Draft Provisions on Traditional Cultural Expressions/Folklore and Traditional Knowledge (2006)
sn IWWVD the orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion @syA emrked on ftE(nding mission to PV ountries to identify intelletul propertyErelted regultions of trditionl knowledgeF pollowing review of those mterilsD the sy sntergovernmentl gommittee on sntelletul roperty nd qeneti esouresD rditionl unowledge nd polklore @the sqgA ws formed in PHHIF ine PHHRD it hs een working50 on drft provisions for the enhned protetion of trditionl ulturl expressions ginst mispproprition nd misuseF elthough the provisions re still in drft formD they re ment to serve s points of referene for ongoing poliy disussions t the ntionlD regionlD nd interntionl levelsF he hrft rovisions hve the following ojetivesX to reognize vlueY to promote respetY to meet the tul needs of ommunitiesY to prevent the mispproprition of trditionl ulturl expressionsGexpressions of folkloreY to empower ommunitiesY to support ustomry prties nd ommunity oopertionY to onE triute to sfegurding trditionl ulturesY to enourge ommunity innovtion nd retivityY to promote intelletul nd rtisti freedomD reserh nd ulturl exhnge on equitle termsY to ontriute to ulturl diversityY to promote ommunity development nd legitimte trding tivitiesY to prelude unuthorized s rights nd to enhne ertintyD trnspreny nd mutul on(deneF he qenerl quiding riniples nd ustntive riniples re ville here51 F
9.7.3 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)
he gonvention on the rotetion nd romotion of the hiversity of gulturl ixpressions uilds o' the erlier niversl helrtion on gulturl hiversity52 of @PHHIAF Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, nd Senegal nd prnophone memer sttes of xigy strongly supE ported the gonventionF he United States opposed itF IHR ountries hve eded to or rti(ed the gonventionF he gonvention reognizes 4the importne of trditionl knowledge s soure of intngile nd mteril welthD nd in prtiulr the knowledge systems of indigenous peoplesD nd its positive ontriution to sustinle developmentD s well s the need for its dequte protetion nd promotionF4 st seeks to to re0rm the sovereign rights of ttes to mintinD dopt nd implement poliies nd mesures tht they deem pproprite for the protetion nd promotion of the diversity of ulturl expressions on their territory @ertile I@hAAF he gonvention lso seeks to mitigte the dilution of ulture tht follows from the movement of ulturl goods nd servies ross ntionl ordersF he gonvention mentions intelletul property rights oneD y reognizing 4the importne of intelletul property rights in sustining those involved in ulturl retivityF4 he gonvention is miguousD howeverD
50 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/consultations/draft_provisions/draft_provisions.html 51 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/consultations/draft_provisions/pdf/draft-provisions-booklet.pdf 52 http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
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CHAPTER 9.
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on how muh protetion to grnt to gisF ertile T lists the types of mesures memer sttes my dopt to protet nd promote ulturl diversityF usetion P@gA llows mesures imed t nurturing nd supporting rtists nd others involved in the retion of ulturl expressions ut susetion P@eA llows for mesure tht promote the free exhnge nd irultion of F F F ulturl expressions nd ulturl tivitiesD goods nd serviesF trong support for indigenous groups s retors of gis is not required y ertile UD s memers sttes need only endevour to reognize the importnt ontriution of rtistsD others involved in the retive proessD ulturl ommunitiesD nd orgniztions tht support their workD nd their entrl role in nurturing the diversity of ulturl expressionsF rofessor vurene F relfer hs noted53 tht the gonvention disregrds the protetion for gis tht ould e derived from the use of intelletul property lwF
9.7.4 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
sn PHHID xigy54 egn drfting de(nition of intngile ulturl heritge nd formulting provisions for its protetionF sn PHHQD the resulting gonvention ws dopted nd in PHHT it entered into foreF IPI55 ounE tries hve rti(ed the gonventionF Australia, Canada, New Zealand nd the United States hve not rtE i(ed the gonventionF Argentina, Columbia, Denmark, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles nd the Syrian Arab Republic ll entered delrtions or reservtionsF ertile I56 lists the purposes of the gonvention s 4to sfegurd the intngile ulturl heritgeY to ensure respet for the intngile ulturl heritge of the ommunitiesD groups nd individuls onernedY to rise wreness t the lolD ntionl nd interntionl levels of the importne of the intngile ulturl herE itgeD nd of ensuring mutul ppreition thereofY to provide for interntionl oopertion nd ssistneF4 elthough the gonvention does not diretly disuss intelletul property rightsD ertile Q57 notes tht nothE ing in the gonvention 'ets 4the rights nd oligtions of ttes rties deriving from ny interntionl instrument relting to intelletul property rights FFF to whih they re prtiesF4 ih tte rty shllX tke the neessry mesures to ensure the sfegurding of the intngile ulturl heritge present in its territoryY mong the sfegurding mesures referred to in ertile PD prgrph QD identify nd de(ne the vrious elements of the intngile ulturl heritge present in its territoryD with the prtiiption of ommunitiesD groups nd relevnt nongovernmentl orgniztionsF
Article 11 Role of States Parties
WI selfEdetermintionF here re pprent on)its etween the intelletul property rights regime emodied in the s egreementD on the one hndD nd interntionl humn rights lwD on the otherF he uE gommission urged ntionl governmentsD intergovernmentl orgniztionsD nd ivil soiety groups to give humn rights primy over the eonomi poliies nd greementsF ine the pssge of the PHHHGU esolutionD rumn ights odies t the x hve investigted the reltionship etween intelletul property lw nd humn rightsD s disussed y vwrene relfer in this rtile59 F
9.7.7 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1979)
elthough the ferne gonvention @disussed t length in wodule PA does not mention trditionl knowledgeD ertile IS@RA n e interpreted to leve to the disretion of eh memer ountry how @if t llA to protet gisF
Article 15(4)
59 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=891303 60 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C107 61 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/ratifce.pl?C169 62 http://www.ilo.org/indigenous/Resources/Publications/langen/docNameWCMS_115929/index.htm 63 http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C169
WP
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
IF sn the se of unpulished works where the identity of the uthor is unknownD ut where there is every ground to presume tht he is ntionl of ountry of the nionD it shll e mtter for legisltion in tht ountry to designte the ompetent uthority whih shll represent the uthor nd shll e entitled to protet nd enfore his rights in the ountries of the nionF
WQ
IF iveryone hs the right to own property lone s well s in ssoition with othersF PF xo one shll e ritrrily deprived of his propertyF IF iveryone hs the right to freely prtiipte in the ulturl life of the ommunityD to enjoy the rts nd to shre in sienti( dvnement nd its ene(tsF PF iveryone hs the right to the protetion of the morl nd mteril interests resulting from ny sienti(D literry or rtisti prodution of whih he is the uthorF
Article 27
WR
CHAPTER 9.
TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
es we hve seenD mny ntions hve used opyright lw @either lone or in onjuntion with sui generis lwsA to protet uF roweverD there re mny rguments ginst using stndrd opyright to protet uF IF ome opyright systems require tht work e (xed in mteril formF his is n ostle in the protetion of gisD whih re not lwys mnifested in tngile expressionsF PF Originality. gopyright lw requires tht work e 4originl4 in order to merit protetionF ine most u is 4trditionl4 rther thn newD this originlity requirement will often e di0ult to stisfyF QF Authorship. wuh ulturl expression develops grdully over timeD through the ontriutions of severl memers of ommunityF sf no single uthor or group of uthors n e identi(edD it will e di0ult for opyright protetion to e otinedF RF The term of protection. he term of protetion for opyright in most ountries is trditionlly limitedD nd not in(niteF wny forms of u re in ft older thn the opyright termF es resultD opyright protetion my e unville for themF
The xation requirement.
o void these di0ultiesD it is possile for ountries to modify opyright legisltion so tht it hs di'erent requirements for folklore or ulturl expressionF por exmpleD the unis wodel vw for gopyright in the heveloping gountries72 D dopted in IWUTD dvotes extending opyright protetion to works of folklore without requiring (xtion nd with n unlimited term of protetionF
9.8.2.1.2 Trademark Law
ome expressions of folklore might e registered s trdemrksF rdemrk lw protets not only grphi representtionsD ut lso words nd @in some ountriesA soundsF en dvntge of protetion through trdeE mrk lw is its ner inde(nite term of protetionD nd its lk of novelty requirementY it is su0ient for purposes of protetion tht the trdemrk hs 4distintive hrterF4 roweverD t lest in some ountriesD trdemrk protetionD unlike opyright nd ptent protetionD requires tht the pplint demonstrte use of the mrk in ommereF wny ulturl expressions do not hve diret link to ommere nd re not used s designtions of soure to the onsuming puliF purthermoreD the pplition of trdemrk lw to u is omplitedD sine y registering mrk the ommunity mkes puli u tht the ommunity my desire to keep seret for religious or other resonsF
9.8.2.1.3 Collective Trademarks, Certication Marks, and Geographic Indicators
golletive trdemrksD erti(tion mrksD nd geogrphi inditors form suset of trdemrk lw tht ould e prtiulrly useful for the protetion of uF golletive trdemrks re trdemrks tht re used y group of produers rther thn one produerF golletive mrks re held y n ssoition rther thn n individulY in order to e useful for proteting uD memers of indigenous groups would need to form n ssoition for the purpose of mrking their ulturl expressionsF gerti(tion mrks indite tht the produer of good hs met ertin stndrds of qulityF @e populr exmple is the qood rousekeeping73 erti(tion prominent on household produts sold in the nited ttesFA gerti(tion mrks ould e used to speify whih gis meet the stndrds of the indigenous ommunity in whih they origintedF hisD like olletive trdemrkD would require the formtion n o0il oversight orgniztion to t on ehlf of the indigenous ommunity in determining whih expressions n er the erti(tion mrkF qeogrphi inditorsD s the nme suggestsD re mrks tht n e pled on produts tht ome from spei( geogrphi reF qeogrphi inditors re often used for food produtsD suh s winesD ut some
72 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31318&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 73 http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-testing/history/welcome-gh-seal
WS indigenous groups hve experimented with using geogrphi inditors s mens of proteting ulturl expressions y uthentiting produts tht re sold elsewhereF yne exmple of suh progrm is the elskn ilver rnd rogrm74 F
9.8.2.1.4 Sui Generis Laws
es we hve seenD where u does not mp onto trditionl intelletul property regimesD sui generis lws my e doptedF Sui generis legisltion is promising route for dvotes of u protetionD s it n provide strong protetion while voiding the hurdles tht seprte u from trditionl s sujet mtterF
9.8.2.1.5 Absolute Ownership
yne possiility for u protetion is to give solute ownership of the ulturl expression to the indigenous group from whih it origintedF roweverD this is reltively unpopulr optionD s it would impede the spred of knowledge nd risk the loss of ulturl expressions nd informtion in the event tht the group is disnded or its memers re ssimilted into the generl popultionF
9.8.2.1.6 Negotiation and Mutual Respect
wihel frown rgues tht the lw shouldD t mostD foster 4negotition nd mutul respet4 etween indigeE nous ultures nd those who seek to employ ulture9s trditionl expressionsF his pproh would give indigenous groups muh less protetionD ut would filitteD he rguesD ene(il ulturl interhngeF
9.8.2.1.7 International Human Rights
yther sholrsD suh s vurene F relferD pproh the issue s one of rumn ightsF hey dvote grnting u protetion tht is fir nd lned nd not overrehingF heir mition is to lne the needs of indigenous groups nd the ene(ts of roust puli dominF sn this veinD hunn wF wtthews75 points out tht 4 humn rights pproh tkes wht is often n impliit lne etween the rights of inventors nd retors nd the interests of the wider soiety within intelletul property prdigms nd it mkes it fr more expliit nd extingFFFF he rights of the retor re not solute ut onditionl on ontriuting to the ommon good nd welfre of soietyFFFF feuse humn rights pproh lso estlishes di'erent nd often more exting stndrd for evluting the ppropriteness of grnting intelletul property protetionD in order for intelletul property to ful(ll the onditions neessry to e reognised s universl humn rightD intelletul property regimes nd the mnner they re implemented (rst nd foremost must e onsistent with the relistion of the other humn rightsD prtiulrly those enumerted in the govenntF4
9.8.2.1.8 System of Domain Public Payant
he dotrine of domin puli pyntD dvoted y the unis wodel vw76 nd disussed t sy9s IWWW ound le on s nd u @setion Q of the ound le minutesA77 D dvotes pyment of roylties for worksD inluding gisD tht re in the puli domin euse they do not qulify for protetion under trditionl intelletul property lwF his would provide monetry ompenstion for indigenous ommunitiesD ut would not e stisftory solution for ommunities whose priority is ontrol over their gis rther thn remunertionF por more on di'erent versions of domin puli pyntD see the xigy gopyright fulletin from IWWRF
74 http://www.eed.state.ak.us/aksca/Native.htm 75 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1414900 76 http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31318&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html 77 http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=1192
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so my perpetute inequlity nd oppression within indigenous groupsF hen n indigenous group is given the right to ontrol the use of uD the powerful memers of tht indigenous group my ene(t t the expense of the group9s minoritiesF ul uuruk rgues tht protetion of u my further the oppression of women nd suordinted soil nd eonomi groups within n indigenous ultureF Protection of TK may deprive the world community of valuable knowledge. ome might rgue tht priniples of lierl demory ditte tht knowledge should e freely shred rther thn restrited to ertin people or groupsF rotetion of u might deprive outsiders of hne to ene(t from the trditionsD mediinl or otherwiseD of n indigenous ultureF hen dvning this rgumentD howeverD one should keep in mind tht priniples of lierl demoryD while widely epted in the estern worldD re not neessrily n greedEupon strting point for this deteF Increase awareness rather than changing the law. ome orgniztions hve dvoted protetion of u through nongovernmentl orgniztions nd projets rther thn through legisltionF por exmpleD the sntergovernmentl gommittee for the fegurding of sntngile gulturl reritge hs ompiled vist of sntngile reritge in xeed of rgent fegurding78 F xigy lists projets for sfegurding intngile ulturl heritge in efrin ountries here79 F pinllyD groups of demis nd tivists hve reted ommunity stndrds for thoseD suh s nthropologistsD whose work impts indigenous ultures nd my involve sensitive issues of dislosure of uF
WU
9.10.1 In General
ilke on vewinski idFD sndigenous reritge nd sntelletul roperty @PdF PHHVAF sy9s htse80 ontins existing odesD guidesD poliiesD protools nd stndrd greements reltE ing to the reordingD digitiztion nd dissemintion of intngile ulturl heritgeD with n emphsis on intelletul property issuesF ho ywns xtive gulture y wihel pF frown81 is good resoure for understnding urrent detes out the legl sttus of indigenous rtD musiD folkloreD iologil knowledge nd sred sitesF sntelletul roperty ights ynline82 is ompendium rtiles out rditionl unowledge nd gulE turl ixpressions he efrin gopyright 8 eess to unowledge rojet @egePuA83 proes the reltionship etween ntionl opyright environments nd ess to knowledge in efrin ountriesF xtionl ixperienes with the rotetion of rditionl gulturl ixpressionsGixpressions of polkloreX refe84 sy9s resoures on rditionl gulturl ixpressions @polkloreA85 gretive reritge rojetX trtegi wngement of s ights nd snterests86 lists resoures for develE oping est prties nd surveys existing prtiesD protools nd poliiesF esoures on sndigenous gultures nd gulturl roperty87 is serhle dtse of odesD guidesD poliiesD protools nd greements relting to s nd the digitiztion of sgrF st lso inludes short se studies presenting informl summries of est prtiesD multimedi mterilsD rtilesD lws nd other resouresF ss ui qeneris ystem xeessryc88 reviews trditionl s lws nd outlines potentil prolems with sui generis systemsF sy89 list of legisltive texts on the protetion of uF sy se studies of pproprited trditionl ulturl expressions90
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CHAPTER 9.
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9.11.1 Assignment
enswer one of the following questionsX IF hould intelletul property protetion of ny sort e grnted to trditionl knowledgec PF essuming some sort of intelletul property protetion for trditionl knowledge is ppropriteD whih of the mny legl systems disussed in this module is the estc
92 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy 93 http://www.oapi.wipo.net/en/OAPI/index.htm 94 http://www.aripo.org/ 95 http://www.comunidadandina.org/endex.htm 96 http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/12/10/5009.pdf 97 http://www.forumsec.org/index.cfm 98 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/igc/ngo/ciel_gap.pdf
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9.12 Contributors
his module ws reted y imily gox99 D edrienne fker100 D eriel osthstein101 D nd wirim eiler102 F st ws then edited y illim pisher103 F
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CHAPTER 9.
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Chapter 10
Activism
1
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10.4 Case Study #2: "Click Wrap" Licenses and the Uniform Commercial Code
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CHAPTER 10.
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gommeril gode @ggAD omprehensive model set of ontrt lws whih it o'ers s the idel version of stte lwF elthough no stte is oliged to dopt the ggD ll of the sttes hve done soF he gg is not pulished on ehlf of ny one set of politil interests or legl perspetivesF ht ur of ojetivityD whih the evsExggv sustins y opening their drfting proess to legl prtitioners nd sholrs of ll politil stripesD kgroundsD nd soures of expertiseD enourges stte legisltures to ent suessive versions of the gg with few ltertionsF sn IWWRD the evs egn work with the xggv to rft n ddendum to the existing gg tht would ddress the enforeility of lik wrp liensesF
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10.4.4.1 Legal Arguments
he nited ttes gonstitution limits the power of the ntionl legisltureD ut lso provides tht lws properly dopted y the ntionl legislture override or 4preempt4 inonsistent stte lwsF he federl ourts hve interpreted this priniple to invlidteD not only stte lws tht re lerly inonsistent with vlid federl sttutesD ut lso stte lws tht undermine the spirit or purposes of vlid federl sttutesF he result is tht the sope of this priniple of federl 4preemption4 is somewht vgueF ome federl sttutesD inluding the gopyright ttuteD try to redue tht vgueness y speifying the kinds of stte lws they preemptD ut suh provisions do not ltogether eliminte the unertintyF sn this murky environmentD the ritis of likEwrp lienses rgued tht using stte ontrt lw to enfore them should e deemed preempted y federl gopyright lwF he primry reson ws tht likE wrp lienses typilly deprived onsumers of mny ruil privileges under opyright lw nd therefore upset the delite lne lne etween the rights of opyrightEholders nd the exeptions nd limittions tht ene(t users ! lne thtD s we hve seenD is ruil to the opyright systemF et minimumD the ritis rguedD the issue ws su0iently omplex tht the federl ourts would struggle for yers to determine the extent to whih the preemption priniple pplied in this ontextD leving the enforeility of the lienses unler nd undermining the overll spirtion of the gg to seure ntionwide uniformity in ontrt lwF pinllyD demi ritis suh s hvid ximmer rgued thtD if mssEmrket likEwrp lienses were vliE dted y proposed revision of the ggD softwre vendors ould deprive onsumers of hoie nd ompetition y using the sme 4tkeEitEorEleveEit4 likEwrp lienses ross the industryF ximmer suggested tht this would mount to 49privte legisltion9 tht serves to lter en msse the puli9s rights grnted under the gopyright etF4
10.4.4.2 Economic Arguments
gem uner ontended in puli meetings nd in pulished forml letters tht the proposed modi(tion of the gg would shift the reltionship etween softwre ompnies nd their ustomersF hether or not you gree with meD it9s importnt tht you understnd tht the ground rules re out to hngeD he wrote in wrh IWWT mgzine rtileF uner knowledged the legitimy of the softwre ompnies9 onernsF sf ontrt lw were not ltered to limit the ompnies9 liility for the onsequenes of fulty produtsD the ompnies would e oliged to rise the pries of their produtsF ell onsumers would thus su'er to some degreeF wore preiselyD onsumers s group would er the ost of ompensting the reltively few onsumers who su'ered eonomi injuries resulting from defets in softwre produtsF roweverD uner rguedD enling the ompnies to use likEon lienses to void liility for defets would leve to even worse outomesF he inresed leverge for softwre sellersD he rguedD would not motivte them to onvert their svings into lower pries for their produtsF therD it would indue them to spend less money on testing their produts for mjor prolems or on (xing those prolems efore relesing their produts onto the open mrketF hvid ximmer rgued tht the sellers of other kinds of intelletul produts would likely follow the led of the softwre ompniesF re predited tht emerin onsumers would soon e le to uy poetryD rtD novelsD nd feture (lms only from online retil ontent stores tht used likEwrp lienses to dislim ll potentil wrrntiesF
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CHAPTER 10.
ACTIVISM
he wwnis emendment ws (erely ritiized y softwre ompniesF heir ojetions were ired t n importnt demi onferene held t the niversity of gliforni t ferkeleyF
he nited xtion9s orld sntelletul roperty yrgniztion reted to the growing pressure from indigeE nous groups ! nd from the ntionl governments of the ountries in whih those groups were loted ! y designing nine ftE(nding missions overing twenty eight ountries to determine the expettions nd s
7 http://www.law.upenn.edu/bll/archives/ulc/ucita/2brel.htm 8 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/copyrightforlibrarians/Module_8:_Traditional_Knowledge
IHU needs of the groupsF sndigenous representtives informed sy o0ils out the ostles to proteting their lol intelletul property prtiesD the di0ulty of doumenting sred elements of their ulturesD nd their struggles to ur mispproprition of indigenous expressions y emerin entertinment industriesF sy ollted the respondents9 ssessments of spei( ntionl regimes nd pulished report9 F ome respondents fvored ntionl puli roylty systems for the pproprition of indigenous ulturesF ythers dispproved of ny system for selling ess to folkloreF ome fvored government doumenttion of indigeE nous folkloreD ut others felt tht tht would filitte mispproprition y providing onvenient tlog for ompnies seeking new ulturl symols to ommoditizeF sy lso olleted lol perspetives on how est to orgnize indigenous popultions round intelletul property reformF ome suggested tht lol ustomry norms would hve to dopt some of the priniples of opyright lw in order to tke dvntge of opyright protetionF ythers lled for edutionGwreness progrmsD stronger restritions on puli ess to their folkloreD olletive drfting of regionl model lwsD puli funds for legl idD or more prolonged e'orts to lrify existing legl rights for indigenous ommunitiesF et forth elow is olletion of indigenous delrtions de(ning nd seeking protetion for trditionl knowledgeF
10.5.2.2 The Mataatua Declaration, New Zealand, 1993
yne of the most notle expressions of these grievnes ws the wttu helrtion on gulturl nd sntelE letul roperty ights of sndigenous eoples10 D forged fter onferene in tune of IWWQF he onferene ws hosted y the nine tries of wttu in xew elndF yver ISH delegtes from fourteen ountries ttendedF he helrtion prolimed tht indigenous groups were the exlusive owners nd primry ene(iries of indigenous knowledge nd folkloreD nd tht ll forms of misppropritionD whether disrimintory depition or ommeril exploittionD 4must eseF4 he helrtion provided suggestions for indigenous groups ross the worldD whih ws n essentil eleE ment to moilizing glolly dispersed politil seF sn setion leled 4eommendtionsD4 indigeneous groups were instruted to de(ne their own intelletul property prties nd develop ode for externl users to oserve whih inluded sntions for misuseF he helrtion lso demnded tht individul ntionl governments reognize indigenous groups s the keepers of their ulturl expressions nd leglly reognize multiEgenertionlD oopertiveD olletive ownership over ulturlly signi(nt itemsF
10.5.2.3 Kari-Oca Declaration and the Indigenous People's Earth Charter, 1992
et meetings in frzil nd sndonesi in IWWPD indigenous groups from esiD efriD iurope nd the i( promulgted the uriEy helrtion nd the sndigenous eople9s irth ghrter11 F he setion on ultureD siene nd intelletul propertyD delres thtX IF wteril ulture is eing used y the nonindigenous to gin ess to our lnds nd resouresD thus destroying our ulturesF PF wost of the medi t this onferene were only interested in the pitures whih will e sold for pro(tF his is nother se of exploittion of indigenous peoplesF his does not dvne the use of indigenous peoplesF QF es retors nd rriers of iviliztions whih hve given nd ontinue to shre knowledgeD experieneD nd vlues with humnityD we require tht our right to intelletul nd ulturl properties e gurnteed nd tht the mehnism for eh implementtion e in fvour of our peoples nd studied in depth nd implementedF his respet must inlude the right over geneti resouresD genenksD iotehnologyD nd knowledge of iodiversity progrmsF
9 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/tk/m/report/index.html 10 http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/creative_heritage/indigenous/link0002.html 11 http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-30141-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
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CHAPTER 10.
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RF e should list the suspet museums nd institutions tht hve misused our ulturl nd intelletul propertiesF SF he protetionD normsD nd mehnisms of rtisti nd rtisn retion of our peoples must e estE lished nd implemented in order to void plunderD plgirismD undue exposureD nd useF TF hen indigenous peoples leve their ommunitiesD they should mke every e'ort to return to the ommunityF UF sn mny instnesD our songsD dnesD nd eremonies hve een viewed s the only spets of our livesF sn some instnesD we hve een sked to hnge eremony or song to suit the osionF his is rismF VF et lolD ntionlD nd interntionl levelsD governments must ommit funds to new nd existing resoures to edution nd trining for indigenous peoplesD to hieve their sustinle developmentD to ontriute nd to prtiipte in sustinle nd equitle development t ll levelsF rtiulr ttention should e given to indigenous womenD hildrenD nd youthF WF ell kinds of folklori disrimintion must e stopped nd foriddenF
10.5.2.4 Santa Cruz de la Sierra Statement on Intellectual Property, Bolivia, 1994
he goordinting fody of the sndigenous eoples of the emzon fsin @gysgeA orgnized the snterntionl gonsulttion on sntelletul roperty ights nd fiodiversity held t nt gruz de l ierrD folivi in eptemer IWWRF he gysge ttement12 ehoed the self determintion theme of the wttu helrtionF st delres tht 4por memers of indigenous peoplesD knowledge nd determintion of the use of resoures re olletive nd intergenertionlF xo FFF individuls or ommunitiesD nor the qovernmentD n sell or trnsfer ownership of ulturl resoures whih re the property of the people nd whih eh genertion hs n oligtion to sfegurd for the nextF4 4ork must e onduted on the design of protetion nd reognition system whih is in ordne with FFF our own oneptionD nd mehnisms must e developed FFF whih will prevent pproprition of our resoures nd knowledgeF4 4here must e pproprite mehnisms for mintining nd ensuring the right of sndigenous peoples to deny indisriminte ess to the ulturl resoures of our ommunities or peoples nd mking it possile to ontest ptents or other exlusive rights to wht is essentilly sndigenousF4
10.5.2.5 Julayinbul Statement on Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights, Australia, 1993
he gonferene on gulturl nd sntelletul roperty held t tingrr dopted the tulyinul ttement on sndigenous sntelletul roperty ights13 F he delrtion re0rms the right of sndigenous eoples nd xtions 4to de(ne for themselves their own intelletul propertyD knowledging FFF the uniqueness of their own prtiulr heritge FFFF4 st sttes tht 4eoriginl intelletul propertyD within eoriginl gommon vwD is n inherentD inlienle right whih nnot e termintedD extinguishedD or tken FFF eny use of the intelletul property of eoriginl xtions nd eoples my only e done in ordne with eoriginl gommon vwD nd ny unuthorised use is stritly prohiitedF4
IHW
10.5.3.1 Training about IP Rights and Technology Uses
sn PHHVD two memers of wsi14 ommunity from vikipiD ueny nd n expert from the xtionl wuseums of ueny trveled to the emerin polklife genter @epgA nd the genter for houmentry tudies @ghA in the nited ttes for intensiveD hndsEon trining in doumentry tehniques nd rhivl skills neessry for e'etive ommunityEsed ulturl onservtionF sy provided s trining15 F sn eugust PHHWD sy16 provided the wsi ommunity in ueny with digitl tehnology to reord their ulturl heritgeF sy trined ttendeesD providing them with requisite tehnil skillsD digitl merD sound reording equipment nd lptop to doument nd digitize their ulturl heritge on n onEgoing sisF
10.5.3.2 Contracting IP Rights at The Garma Festival, Gulkula, Australia
he qrm pestivl17 is elertion of the olngu ulturl inheritneF egrded s eustrli9s most signi(nt sndigenous ulturl exhnge eventD the qrm pestivl ttrts ln groups from northest ernhem vndD s well s representtives from ln groups nd neighouring sndigenous peoples throughout ernhem vndD the xorthern erritory nd eustrliF qrm is orgnised y the othu indi poundtionD notEforEpro(t eoriginl hritle orportionF ell ttendne fees nd other revenues reeived go to the opertion of the poundtion9s progrms nd projetsD suh s qrmD to hieve the following outomesX
inourging nd developing eonomi opportunities for olngu through edutionD triningD employE ment nd enterprise development hring knowledge nd ultureD therey fostering greter understnding etween indigenous nd nonE indigenous eustrlins xurturing nd mintining of olngu ulturl trditions nd prties
qrm pestivl orgnizers require tht ttendees sign the qenerl euthority to wke eord of the pestivl ontrt18 if ttendees seek to tke photogrphs or mke ny other reording of the eventF st is inpproprite to tke ny photogrphs of olngu without (rst seeking the permission of senior elderF
10.5.3.3 Seeking Consent from the Sto:lo Nation for use of Cultural Heritage
toXlo xtion reritge oliy19 requires users of toXlo xtion ulturl heritge to seek onsent from the xtion nd to give proper ttriutionF st prohiits users from misrepresenting their 0lition with toXlo xtionF he poliy llows for the fir use of exerpts of ulturl heritge @exept for property tht is on(dentilD seretD or privteA if the heritge is used for edutionlD informtionlD ommentryD or purposes other thn pro(tD s long s the tXl owner is properly referenedF rior onsent is still enourged for this o useD ut is not requiredF
10.5.3.4 Using Trademarks to protect TK
he q itui gulturl gentre20 D hursdy sslnd in the orres trit sslndsD eustrliD is puli keeping ple for historil sslnder rtifts nd trditionl nd modern rtF st hs registered trdemrk for orres trits ulturl mterilF @e rde wrk numer WWRPPIA he ilver rnd rogrm21 in elskD D uses the ilver rnd vogo nd tg to promote uthenti elskn xtive rt mde in the stteF e permit to use the tg is wrded for two yers from the dte issued nd must e renewed every two yers to remin tiveF ynly fullEtime residents of elsk over the ge of
14 http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html 15 http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/folklore/culturalheritage/pdf/digit_trad_cult.pdf 16 http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2009/article_0030.html 17 http://www.garma.telstra.com/aboutgarma.htm 18 http://www.garma.telstra.com/pdfs/2010/GF10genauthority.pdf 19 http://www.srrmcentre.com/media_pdf/StoloHeritagePolicyManual.pdf 20 http://www.indigenoustourism.australia.com/business.asp?sub=0616 21 http://www.eed.state.ak.us/aksca/Native.htm
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CHAPTER 10.
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IVD who n verify elsk xtive tril enrollment nd who produe rt exlusively in the stteD re eligile for the selF ynly originl rtworkD not reprodutionsD my e identi(ed with the ilver rnd selF sn IWWWD the uktuutit snuit omen9s essoition of gnd22 sought to protet their intelletul property rights in the muti23 D trditionl snuit women9s prkF he e'ort ws provoked y visit to the western rti y representtive from honn urnD xD fshion designerD who ws seeking inspirtion for the PHHH fshion lineF he uktuutit snuit omen9s essoition moilized medi nd letter writing mpign to prevent wht they sw s mispproprition of snuit ultureF he pln to protet the muti involved three stgesF pirstD they sought the thoughts nd opinions of the key stkeholders " snuit lothing produersF his ws ompleted in wy PHHI t workshop in nkin snletD xunvutF he seond stge involved developing ntionl inventory or registry to reognize ll the semstresses nd designers nd to doument regionl vritions in designsF he third stge envisioned n ssoition of mnufturers who will shre trdemrk or mrk of uthentiity tht will gurntee onsumers tht they re uying true hndrfted produtsF es of peF IVD PHIHD no trdemrk mentioning emuti ws loted on the gndin sntelletul roperty y0e rdemrk htse24 D ut the projet ppers to e ongoingF
10.6.1 General
usn uF ellD rivte owerD Public gmridge niversity ressD PHHQF
Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights.
gmridgeX
III
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CHAPTER 10.
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10.7 Contributors
his module ws reted y gonor uennedy50 D imily gox51 D edrienne fker52 D eriel othstein53 D nd wirim eiler54 F st ws then edited y illim pisher55 F
INDEX
IIQ
ITWD W@UUA IWTTD W@UUA IWUUD W@UUA IWVWD W@UUA IWWRD W@UUA IWWWD W@UUA PHHQD PHHSD PHHTD PHHUD PHHWD PfD W@UUA W@UUA W@UUAD IH@IHIA W@UUA IH@IHIA IH@IHIA
euthorD R@PSAD R@PSA euthorsD R@PSAD U@TIA euthorshipD R@PSA evilleD S@QSA
ePuD Q@IIA esoluteD W@UUA eessD Q@IIAD U@TIA egeD Q@IIA etivitiesD R@PSA etsD V@TWA edptingD S@QSA eddressesD IH@IHIA efrinD W@UUA egendD Q@IIA egreementD Q@IIAD T@RWAD W@UUA egreementsD Q@IIA evsD IH@IHIA ellowingD S@QSA elterntivesD U@TIA emendmentD IH@IHIA endenD W@UUA ennexD W@UUA entiEgounterfeitingD Q@IIA epprohesD U@TIA ergumentsD W@UUAD IH@IHIA esyD W@UUA ertileD W@UUA ertistiD R@PSAD W@UUA espetsD W@UUA essignmentsD T@RWA eudiovisulD R@PSA eustrliD IH@IHIA
fnguiD W@UUA siD P@SA fene(tsD Q@IIA ferkeleyD IH@IHIA ferneD Q@IIAD W@UUA filterlD Q@IIA flindD S@QSA foliviD IH@IHIA frodstD R@PSA gliforniD IH@IHIA gseD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD V@TWA ghllengedD IH@IHIA ghrterD IH@IHIA ginemtogrphiD R@PSA ivilD P@SAD R@PSAD W@UUA glikD IH@IHIA godeD IH@IHIA godesD W@UUA gollortionsD R@PSA golletiveD R@PSAD T@RWA gommerilD IH@IHIA ommonD P@SAD W@UUA gommonsD U@TIA gommunitionD S@QSA gommunitiesD IH@IHIA gommunityD W@UUA gompiltionsD R@PSA gomplexD V@TWA gompulsoryD S@QSAD T@RWA gomputerD R@PSA gomputersD S@QSA oneptD P@SAD R@PSA gonditionsD T@RWA gonfereneD IH@IHIA gon)itD V@TWA
IIR gonsentD IH@IHIA gontentD T@RWA gontrtingD IH@IHIA gonventionD Q@IIAD W@UUA gopiesD S@QSA gopyD R@PSAD S@QSA opyrightD I@IAD P@SAD Q@IIAD Q@IIAD R@PSAD R@PSAD V@TWAD IH@IHIA gopyrightedD S@QSA gountriesD Q@IIA gourseD S@QSA govenntD W@UUA goverD W@UUA gretingD S@QSA gretiveD U@TIA grossEorderD V@TWA gruzD IH@IHIA gulturlD W@UUAD IH@IHIA gultureD W@UUA expressionD P@SAD W@UUA ixpressionsD W@UUA ixtensionsD R@PSA ixtrterritorilityD V@TWA
INDEX
ptorsD IH@IHIA firD P@SA firEuseD P@SA peesD T@RWA pestivlD IH@IHIA pixtionD R@PSA polkloreD W@UUAD IH@IHIA pormtsD U@TIA prmeworkD W@UUA preeD Q@IIAD U@TIA puntionsD T@RWA qrmD IH@IHIA qenerisD S@QSAD W@UUA qoverningD W@UUA qovernsD W@UUA qreterD IH@IHIA qroupsD IH@IHIA qulkulD IH@IHIA reritgeD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rireD R@PSA rolderD R@PSA rowD W@UUA rumnD W@UUA sdesD R@PSA sdenti(tionD T@RWA svyD W@UUA smpiredD S@QSA smplitionsD U@TIA sndigenousD W@UUAD IH@IHIA sndiretD V@TWA sndividulD T@RWA snfringeD V@TWA snfringementD R@PSAD V@TWA snfringesD V@TWA snstrumentsD W@UUA sntngileD W@UUA sntelletulD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA snterD S@QSA interntionlD Q@IIAD U@TIAD W@UUA interntionl onventionsD Q@IIA snterprettionD R@PSA snvestmentD Q@IIA sD W@UUAD IH@IHIA sssueD IH@IHIA
htseD T@RWA delingD P@SA heteD W@UUA helrtionD W@UUAD IH@IHIA he(nitionD R@PSAD T@RWA herivtiveD R@PSA hetermineD R@PSA hevelopingD Q@IIA hevelopmentD Q@IIA higitlD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIA hiretD V@TWA hisledD S@QSA histriutionD S@QSA hiversityD W@UUA hominD P@SAD W@UUA hrftD W@UUA hrwksD Q@IIA durtionD R@PSAD R@PSA irthD IH@IHIA ionomiD P@SAD S@QSAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA idutionlD U@TIA ispvD Q@IIA iletionsD IH@IHIA imployeesD R@PSA invironmentD T@RWA iquipmentD S@QSA iuropenD IH@IHIA ixmpleD T@RWA exeptionsD P@SAD S@QSA ixlusionD R@PSA ixpliitD W@UUA
INDEX
IIS yrgniztionsD T@RWA originlD P@SAD R@PSA yriginlityD R@PSA yrphnD T@RWA ytherD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWA ywnershipD R@PSAD W@UUA ywningD R@PSA
J K L
tointD R@PSA tulyinulD IH@IHIA tuneD IH@IHIA turisditionlD V@TWA uriEyD IH@IHIA unowledgeD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA lwD P@SAD Q@IIAD IH@IHIA vwsD V@TWAD W@UUA veglD V@TWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA vendingD S@QSA viilityD V@TWAD W@UUA lirrinsD P@SAD V@TWA lirryD I@IAD S@QSA lienseD P@SAD T@RWAD U@TIA viensedD T@RWA viensesD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD IH@IHIA viensorD T@RWA limittionsD P@SAD S@QSAD V@TWA viterryD R@PSAD W@UUA vonsD S@QSA volD IH@IHIA wkingD S@QSA wngementD T@RWAD T@RWA wrketD W@UUA wttuD IH@IHIA wterilsD S@QSA wwnisD IH@IHIA wesuresD T@RWA wigyeD W@UUA woiliztionD IH@IHIA wodesD W@UUA worlD P@SAD S@QSA movementD U@TIA wultipleD R@PSA wutulD W@UUA xtionD IH@IHIA xtionsD W@UUA xegotitionD W@UUA xeighoringD P@SAD S@QSA xewD U@TIA xew elndD IH@IHIA yesD W@UUA yligtionsD T@RWA ynlineD T@RWAD V@TWA ypenD U@TIA optionsD U@TIA yrgniztionD W@UUA
M whinesD S@QSA
i(D W@UUA ksD S@QSA rlimentD IH@IHIA rtiesD T@RWAD W@UUA rtyD IH@IHIA tronsD S@QSA yntD W@UUA enltiesD V@TWA eopleD W@UUAD IH@IHIA eoplesD W@UUA erformnesD Q@IIA ersonsD S@QSA honogrmsD Q@IIA hysilD U@TIA irteD IH@IHIA oliyD W@UUA olitilD W@UUA reservtionD S@QSA roeduresD V@TWA rofessorsD R@PSA rogrmsD R@PSA rojetsD U@TIA romotionD W@UUA ropertyD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA roposedD Q@IIA rotetD R@PSAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA protetedD W@UUA rotetionD R@PSAD T@RWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rotoolsD U@TIA rovidersD V@TWA rovisionsD W@UUA uliD P@SAD S@QSAD W@UUA urposeD T@RWA edingD S@QSA eordingD R@PSA efereneD W@UUA egionlD Q@IIAD W@UUA eltingD S@QSA eltionshipD R@PSA religiousD P@SA emediesD V@TWA enewlD T@RWA entlD S@QSA
IIT eplementD S@QSA eprodutionD S@QSA eserhersD R@PSA resouresD U@TIAD V@TWA espetD W@UUA esponsiilitiesD V@TWA eviewD IH@IHIA ightsD P@SAD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA iksdgD IH@IHIA oleD W@UUA omeD Q@IIA ulesD R@PSA
INDEX
fegurdingD W@UUA ntD IH@IHIA holrsD IH@IHIA ieneD U@TIA opeD R@PSAD U@TIA eekingD IH@IHIA eptemerD IH@IHIA ervntsD R@PSA ervieD V@TWA houldD W@UUA ierrD IH@IHIA oilD W@UUA oftwreD U@TIA outhD W@UUA ttementD IH@IHIA ttesD W@UUA tepD Q@IIA toXloD IH@IHIA tudentsD S@QSA tudyD Q@IIAD R@PSAD S@QSAD T@RWAD U@TIAD V@TWA ujetD T@RWA uiD S@QSAD W@UUA wedishD IH@IHIA ymposiD IH@IHIA ystemD W@UUA
giD W@UUA ehnologilD T@RWA ehnologyD IH@IHIA ermD T@RWA ermintionD T@RWA ermsD T@RWA estD Q@IIA hreeD Q@IIA uD W@UUAD IH@IHIA rdeD Q@IIA rdeEeltedD W@UUA rdemrksD IH@IHIA rditionlD W@UUAD IH@IHIA riningD IH@IHIA tretiesD Q@IIAD Q@IIA retyD Q@IIA rilD W@UUA sD Q@IIA ypilD T@RWA gD IH@IHIA ggD IH@IHIA nuthorizedD R@PSA xigyD W@UUA niformD IH@IHIA nitedD W@UUA niverslD Q@IIA seD S@QSAD T@RWA sersD U@TIA sesD T@RWAD IH@IHIA singD IH@IHIA ssD W@UUA isullyD S@QSA syD Q@IIAD W@UUAD IH@IHIA workD R@PSAD S@QSA orksD R@PSAD T@RWAD W@UUA D Q@IIA rpD IH@IHIA
W gD Q@IIA
ATTRIBUTIONS
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Attributions
golletionX Copyright for Librarians idited yX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGolIIQPWGIFPG vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4eout gopyright for virrins4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmIURUVGIFSG gesX IEQ gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4gopyright nd the puli dominX n introdution4 fyX welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSPGIFRG gesX SEIH gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4he interntionl frmework4 fyX etroul ntsiouriD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSVGIFRG gesX IIEPR gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4he ope of gopyright vw4 fyX snge ysmnD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSWGIFRG gesX PSEQR gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4ightsD ixeptionsD nd vimittions4 fyX imily goxD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSTGIFRG gesX QSERU gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4wnging ights4 fyX hvid ottD imily goxD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSSGIFRG gesX RWESW gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG
IIV woduleX 4gretive pprohes nd lterntives4 fyX welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSQGIFRG gesX TIETV gopyrightX illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG
ATTRIBUTIONS
woduleX 4inforement4 fyX hmitriy ishyevihD welnie hulong de osnyD illim pisherD ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmPPTSRGIFSG gesX TWEUS gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4rditionl unowledge4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmQVSIWGIFPG gesX UUEWW gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG woduleX 4etivism4 fyX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vX httpXGGnxForgGontentGmQVSPUGIFPG gesX IHIEIIP gopyrightX ferkmn genter for snternet 8 oiety vienseX httpXGGretiveommonsForgGliensesGyGQFHG
gopyright for virrins is joint projet of the ferkmn genter for snternet nd oiety nd iletroni snformtion for virries @espvAD onsortium of lirries from SH ountries in efriD esi nd iuropeF he gol of the projet is to provide lirrins in developing nd trnsitionl ountries informtion onerning opyright lwFwore spei(llyD it spires to inform lirrins onerningX opyright lw in generl the spets of opyright lw tht most 'et lirries how lirrins in the future ould most e'etively prtiipte in the proesses y whih opyright lw is interpreted nd shpedF
About Connexions
ine IWWWD gonnexions hs een pioneering glol system where nyone n rete ourse mterils nd mke them fully essile nd esily reusle free of hrgeF e re eEsed uthoringD tehing nd lerning environment open to nyone interested in edutionD inluding studentsD tehersD professors nd lifelong lernersF e onnet ides nd filitte edutionl ommunitiesF gonnexions9s modulrD intertive ourses re in use worldwide y universitiesD ommunity ollegesD uEIP shoolsD distne lernersD nd lifelong lernersF gonnexions mterils re in mny lngugesD inluding inglishD pnishD ghineseD tpneseD stlinD ietnmeseD prenhD ortugueseD nd hiF gonnexions is prt of n exiting new informtion distriution system tht llows for Print on Demand BooksF gonnexions hs prtnered with innovtive onEdemnd pulisher yy to elerte the delivery of printed ourse mterils nd textooks into lssrooms worldwide t lower pries thn trditionl demi pulishersF