PATROL DIVISION Patrol is the foundation of police work. Its importance to the community cannot be overstated.

The uniformed officer is frequently the most visible component of the department. Major emphasis is placed on the deployment of personnel allocating patrol presence to the entire town 24 hours per day. The functions and objectives of the patrol division are preventative patrol, law enforcement, crime prevention activities, response to calls for service, preliminary investigations of crimes and incidents, arrests and processing of prisoners, traffic direction and control, traffic accident investigation, maintenance of public order, provisions of emergency services, development of positive relationships between citizens and the department, and reporting of information to appropriate organizational components. The departments largest force is patrol. Currently we have 25 members assigned to the patrol division. Units within the patrol division include Police Canine (K-9), Traffic Safety and Community Services. The patrol division is supervised by four uniformed sergeants whose primary responsibility is shift supervision. The motto to protect and to serve which is clearly visible on our patrol units, exemplifies the manner in which we provide service to the community.

Patrol officers are the front line of the police force and are placed in some of the most dangerous situations on the street. Surviving such a dangerous job requires support, equipment and training. Several academies offer training for all sections of the police force, including patrol officers.

Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,The, Nov, 2003 by Larry R. Moore 1 2 Next Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics by George T. Payton and Michael Amaral, Criminal Justice Services, San Jose, California, 1996.

Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics is a comprehensive, straightforward book involving current law enforcement activities. Both authors are experts in the fields of patrol operations, procedures, tactics, and officer survival. Besides having written numerous other related books and articles, they teach extensively at local colleges and universities and provide training for many officers throughout the United States. Each has received much recognition from peers and various professional organizations. They comment that their book is not the "gospel of patrol operations," but when read by those with law enforcement experience, including those aspiring for participation in academics, such readers will be impressed with the book's depth, practicality, comprehensiveness, and application to their jobs and positions. It is a well-designed and researched effort that contains experiences of frontline uniform and plainclothes officers laced with invaluable critical personal opinions. It covers most of the latest professional techniques and methods of operation and knowledge coupled with skills for the new recruit, officers with limited experience, as well as veteran law enforcement personnel. As a book, it lends itself to the safety and survival of officers facing grave situations and assists them in enhancing the lessening of officer-induced errors and mistakes. Larry R. Moore "Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics". FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,The. FindArticles.com. 13 Mar, 2011. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2194/is_11_72/ai_111496583/

patrol Definition noun a group of people who walk through an area to see what is happening Usage a police patrol a group of policemen who are patrolling an area Usage on patrol monitoring an area to see what is happening Example We have six squad cars on patrol in the centre of the town. Usage on foot patrol

patrolling an area on foot, not in a car verb to walk regularly through an area to see what is happening Example Groups of riot police were patrolling the centre of the town. highway patrol [singular] the police who make sure that people obey the law on main roads 1. Patrol t To go the rounds of, as a sentry, guard, or policeman; as, to patrol a frontier; to patrol a beat 2. (verb) Patrol to go the rounds along a chain of sentinels; to traverse a police district or beat 3. (verb) Patrol a going of the rounds along the chain of sentinels and between the posts, by a guard, usually consisting of three orfour men, to insure greater security from attacks on the outposts 4. (verb) Patrol a movement, by a small body of troops beyond the line of outposts, to explore the country and gain intelligence of the enemy's whereabouts 5. (verb) Patrol the guard or men who go the rounds for observation; a detachment whose duty it is to patrol 6. (verb) Patrol any perambulation of a particular line or district to guard it; also, the men thus guarding; as, a customs patrol; afire patrol

The importance of foot patrol. It is clear that challenges to the traditional policing model and the assumption that the police could reduce crime on their own, helped generate interest in policing alternatives. However, it was not until the late 1970s that both researchers and police practitioners began to focus more intently on the specific elements associated with communityoriented policing. The major catalyst for this change was the reimplementation of foot patrol in U.S. cities. In 1978, Flint, Michigan, became the first city in a generation to create a city-wide program that took officers out of their patrol cars and assigned them to walking beats (Kelling and Moore). Meanwhile, a similar foot patrol program was launched in Newark, New Jersey. The difference between these two lay primarily in their implementation. In Flint, foot patrol was part of a much broader program designed to involve officers in community problem-solving (Trojanowicz). In contrast, the Newark Foot Patrol Experiment, which was modeled on the study of preventive patrol in Kansas City, focused specifically on whether the increased visibility of officers patrolling on foot helped deter crime. Results from these innovative programs were encouraging. It appeared that foot patrol in Flint significantly reduced citizens' fear of crime, increased officer morale, and reduced crime. In Newark, citizens were actually able to recognize whether they were receiving higher or lower levels of foot patrol in their neighborhoods. In areas where foot patrol was increased, citizens believed that their crime problems had diminished in relation to other neighborhoods. In addition, they reported more positive attitudes toward the police. Similarly, those officers in Newark who were assigned to foot patrol experienced a more positive relationship with community members, but, in contrast to Flint, foot patrol did not appear to reduce crime. The finding that foot patrol reduced citizen fear of crime demonstrated the importance of a policing tactic that fostered a closer relationship between the police and the community. As foot patrol was capturing national attention, Herman Goldstein proposed a new approach to policing that helped synthesize some of the key elements of community policing into a broader and more innovative framework. Foot patrol and police-community cooperation were integral parts of Goldstein's approach, but what distinguished problem-oriented policing (POP) was its focus on how these factors could contribute to a police officer's capacity to identify and solve neighborhood problems. By delineating a clear series of steps, from identifying community problems to choosing among a broad array of alternative solutions to law enforcement,

Goldstein showed how increased cooperation between the police and community could do more than reduce fear of crime. An intimate familiarity with local residents could also provide the police with an invaluable resource for identifying and solving the underlying causes of seemingly unrelated and intractable community problems. With its common emphasis on policecommunity partnerships, parts of the philosophy of problem-oriented policing were readily incorporated into ideas about community policing.

Read more: Police: Community Policing - Origins And Evolution Of Community Policing Crime, Patrol, and Foot http://law.jrank.org/pages/1649/Police-Community-Policing-Originsevolution-community-policing.html#ixzz1GUQZ7mE8

Patrol Activities and Purposes Crime Detection and Prevention Apprehension of Criminals & Wanted Suspects Data & Information Collection Report Writing & Documentation Public Assistance Peace Keeping and Order Maintenance Conflict Resolution Traffic Control and Enforcement Parking Enforcement Law Enforcement Reduce Citizens Fear of Crime Detect and Enforce Code and Safety Violations Rapid Responses to Emergencies Public Relations Police Visibility Property Protection

PATROL SUPERVISION Hands on - supervisor involved in day to day activities Command - supervisor shows up at incident sites and gives orders Counsel - supervisor available and when requested shows up at incident sites

POLICE OPERATIONS PATROL - 50 % OF FORCE ~ 80 % OF BUDGET

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (Detectives) - SOLVE 20 % OF CASES SOLVED IN DEPT case screening TRAFFIC SUPPORT/SPECIAL SEVICES

Police Patrol Functions

The Functions of a Patrol Officer

The oldest and most basic function in law enforcement is the patrol function. The purpose of patrol is strictly to protect and preserve life and property in communities. Along with protecting citizens, patrol officers deteriorate crime by becoming a visible presence preventing potential crime. Their accessibility to people in the community maintains order and allows a trust to develop between the people and the department. The process of developing a patrol officer demands preparing an officer for patrol, and to put these duties and responsibilities into the hands of an officer of the law.

The history of police can be dated back to Babylonian times in 2000 B.C. A clay tablet shows an officer arresting a man and taking his property, watchouses were stationed to patrol the streets and maintain order. Progression in the middle ages led to watchmen, in cities in Europe. These watchmen were put there by local government to provide order. These men carried a pointed or bladed staff as a sign of authority, lantern to see in the night, and a horn or bell to call for back up or assistance. Patrol Division The main function of the patrol division is to provide around the clock patrol to ensure campus safety by maintaining high levels of visibility. Patrol officers are committed to providing the highest quality of police services to the University community. Officers respond to a wide variety of calls, ranging from emergency calls for service, to providing informational, instructional and training services. Patrol Methods: Mobile Patrol: Mobile patrol refers to motor vehicle and golf cart patrol. Through mobile patrol officers are able to cover more areas, patrol the same area more often and patrol in a random manner. The main advantage of mobile patrol is that officers are able to respond promptly to calls for service. Foot Patrol: Foot patrol is the most common type of patrol performed by TAMIU police officers. When on foot patrol, officers provide a consistent and visible presence on campus. Through foot patrol, officers are easily accessible and are often able to deal with community concerns before they ever receive a call from a police dispatcher. Bike Patrol: Bike patrol offers easy mobility while maintaining a high level of visibility. Officers have increased vision on bike patrol, which allows greater awareness and provides an opportunity for greater public contact in high pedestrian areas.

Several operational studies have been conducted within the Kansas City Police Department, the most well known being the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment which was conducted between 1972 and 1973 by the Kansas City Police Department. The experiment tested the assumption that the likelihood of a crime being committed could be reduced by the presence (or potential presence) of uniformed officers in marked cars. It was also the first study to

demonstrate that research into the effectiveness of different policing styles could be carried out responsibly, ethically, and safely. Another internal study conducted by the Kansas City Police Department was their Strategic and Target Oriented Plan, conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s, which attempted to produce the most effective workload and patrol strategies to combat the rise the almost 40% increase in Part I offenses. In the early 1990s the Kansas City Police Department conducted another study, the officers were told to proactively patrol neighborhoods with an emphasis on seizing illegal firearms. The officers did this by increasing traffic patrol. A follow up study was conducted in 1995 in order to gauge public opinion of the experiment. In the 1950s Stanley Schrotel published a paper detailing the pros and cons of foot patrol vs. motorized patrol. Studies have also been conducted involving the effectiveness of one-man vs. two-man police patrol cars, the most notable by Frank Day. Studies of one vs. two man police patrol cars have also been conducted in New York, San Diego and Kansas City. Kansas City Police Department The first of the Kansas City Police Department evaluations is the Preventative Patrol Experiment. The department wanted to test whether the likelihood of a crime being committed could be thwarted by the presence of the likelihood of a police patrol being present. The experiment was designed to study the impact routine police patrol had on the incidence of crime, the publics reaction to police patrol and the publics fear of crime. Three controlled levels of preventative patrol were used; reactive and area which received no preventative patrol, proactive in which police visibility was increases two to three times the usual, and control an area where police patrol activities remained normal. (Brown, Dieckman, Kelling, Pate 1974;7) The study utilized 15 beats evenly divided among the three study variables. (Brown et al 8) Findings were produced on the effect the experimental conditions had on the types of crimes (burglary, auto theft, larceny-theft of auto accessories, robbery, and vandalism) traditionally considered to be deterrable through preventative patrol. (Brown et al 1974;9) The study revealed that the three experimental patrol areas used had no significant impact in the level of crime, citizens attitude toward police patrol, citizens fear of crime, or officer response time. The study did however show that officers non committed time (60% in the experiment) could be used for purposes other than routine patrol without a negative impact on public safety. (Brown et al1974;vii) Between 1978 and 1981 the department conducted Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol Plan experiment. Fiscal stress was very high in Kansas City as was the rate of Part I crimes being committed, which made the department look for a way to meet their obligations with existing resources. The ten-plan was the first response to the dilemma, it attempted to compensate for lack of patrol by applying an overlap of personnel during peak workload hours. (Caron, Curtin 1984:252) The goal of the ten-plan was not achieved due to the continuing increase of calls for service. Next the department decided to reorganize the beats in order to best meet demands while distributing work evenly throughout the area. The plan called for 65 percent call for service commitment level, which means that if 65 percent of an officers time was used was used in a particular beat during a particular shift then he would be assigned full time to that beat while the other 33 percent of his time would be used random patrol, administrative activity, etc (Caron 1984:255) The department also aimed to reevaluate its patrol strategy to allow field officers to

handle calls for service and report duties effectively while allowing for proactive attacks on specific crime problems. The department reviewed several alternative patrol strategies. Two concepts emerged as primary alternatives to existing protocols, which were deemed ineffective by the Preventative Patrol Experiment, police specialist and sector-planning. The police specialist concept divided the patrol in two teams, A and B. Team A consisted of single officer cars dispatched to prepare reports arising out of service calls, while also being available to handle emergency calls. Team B consisted of one or two officer cars dispatched to handle calls for service to events in progress. Sector planning grouped beats together with near to equal workloads and a sector sergeant deployed officers to these areas based on monthly crime trends. (Caron 1984:257) The new strategy was named the Strategic and Target Oriented Patrol (or S.T.O.P). After six months of operation the study found that, with few exceptions, the plan resulted in a timely response to peak-hour calls for service there was also a more than 10 percent drop in Part I offenses. Supervisors were also able to measure individual officer performance. In the early 1990s the department aimed to locate and seize illegal firearms by using directed patrol. The strategy looked to utilize officers who were free from responding to calls for service and directed them to use aggressive means of traffic enforcement in high crime areas in order to seize firearms. The strategy produced striking results. The increase in traffic enforcement led to an astonishing 65 percent increase in the seizure of illegal firearms and a 50 percent decrease in gun-related crime. (Chermak, McGarrell, Weiss, Wilson 2001:119) In 1995 a follow up study was conducted in order to gauge public opinion about the gun control strategy. According to surveys the public thought the police did not show discrimination or show aggression in any manner towards the citizens they stopped, while observing a high level of legality in their basis for stopping the individuals. It also showed the patrol did not increase community tension and was supported in advance and in results by the majority of citizens interviewed. One group who was not surveyed was the offenders who were stopped by police and their illegal firearm seized. It was also found that nearly 1/3 of offenders who were arrested did not live in the Kansas City area. (Shaw 1995;708) The multiple experiments conducted by the Kansas City Police Department provide very useful strategies that could be employed by other departments across the country and even the world to efficiently operate. Foot Patrol vs. Motorized Patrol Foot patrol is performed almost always by uniformed officers on foot, while in some larger cities it is performed by mounted police and in some cases on bicycles. (Schrotel 1954:46) The rationale behind foot patrol was to engage the officer in a friendly relationship with his clientele. Foot patrol however has no guarantee that the desired relationship will be forthcoming, while imposing definite limitations on the effectiveness of the officers area served and quality of service. (Schrotel 1954:47) Fatigue is another serious limitation of foot patrol, once the officer arrives on the scene he me be, out of breath or ill prepared for an arduous effort. (Schrotel 1954:48) Schrotel also details the advantages of motorized patrol over foot patrol. He states motorized patrol amplifies the power of police patrol through superior mobility, maneuverability, and speed of movement. While used in conjunction with advanced communication, motorized patrol is the most effective method. (Schrotel 1954:49) One Man vs. Two Man Patrol

In 1977 the San Diego Police Department decided to study the effectiveness of one and two man police patrol cars. The study used stratified sampling which considered the patrol area, watch, and former staffing to select 44 patrol units, and assigned half to two man patrols and the other half to one man patrols. The overall performance of both groups pertaining to type and frequency of calls for service activities and officer initiated activities proved to be about equal. (Boydstun, Moelter, Sherry 1977:5) The study had concluded with several findings. The overall efficiency of one officer patrol units clearly exceeded that of two unit patrols even though single officer patrols required more backup support. The study also found that two officer units required less time to service calls than one officer units, but the relative time savings per minute was not enough to offset the overall cost per minute. One officer patrols seems to have an advantage in safety over two officer patrols, with an equivalent amount of exposure one officer patrols experienced less involvement in resisting arrest and equal involvement in assault on officers and other officer injuries. (Boydstun et al 1977:6) Frank Day conducted a study of police departments around the country in regards to one vs. two man patrols. He found one man patrols are more economically sound, cover a wider area effectively, provided more efficient officer performance, and enhanced safety with proper training. The only disadvantage is securing the investment to purchase and equip more cars, and training officers to transition to one man patrols. (1956:704-706) Kansas City Police Department attempted to recreate the results of the San Diego experiment within their own department while also attempting to expand its findings. The Kansas City Department found that two officer cars responded faster to calls but explains that the reason for this is due to the fact that one officer cars need to wait for backup. It is well known however that officers do not always wait for backup. The study also concluded that two one officer cars respond more rapidly than one single officer car. (Kessler 1985:58-60) New York City also wanted to test the feasibility of using one man patrol cars. The study found that an equivalent response time could be reached with one man patrols. This study however should be considered tentative because of the limited data available for NYs two man patrol. The study also failed to account for an overbearing workload on the dispatchers being able to contact a patrol and send them a call for service. (Green 1984;970) http://www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com/police-patrolling-methods

The Police Patrol Officers are assigned area to enforce laws and ordinances, regulate traffic, control crowds, prevent crime, and arrest violators. The Tasks of a Police Patrol Officer: The Police Patrol Officer provides for public safety by maintaining order, responding to emergencies, protecting people and properly, enforcing motor vehicle and criminal laws, and promoting good community relations.

The Police Patrol Officer records facts to prepare reports that document incidents and activities.

The Police Patrol Officer monitors, notes, reports and investigates suspicious persons and situations, safety hazards, and unusual or illegal activity in patrol area.

The Police Patrol Officer identifies, pursues, and arrests suspects and perpetrators of criminal acts.

The Police Patrol Officer patrols specific area on foot, horseback, or motorized conveyance, responding promptly to calls for assistance.

The Police Patrol Officer reviews facts of incidents to determine if criminal act or statutes violations were involved.

The Police Patrol Officer renders aid to accident victims and other persons requiring first aid for physical injuries.

The Police Patrol Officer investigates traffic accidents and other accidents to determine causes and to determine if a crime has been committed.

The Police Patrol Officer testifies in court to present evidence or act as witness in traffic and criminal cases.

The Police Patrol Officer Photographs or draws diagrams of crime or accident scenes and interviews principals and eyewitnesses.

The Police Patrol Officer must have knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions. The Police Patrol Officer needs knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process. The Police Patrol Officer must have a good knowledge of the English language. They need knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. The Police Patrol Officer needs knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality and interest; learning motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

The Police Patrol Officer needs knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs, assessments, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction. The Police Patrol Officer needs some knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control and operation of telecommunications systems. The Police Patrol Officer needs knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins. The Police Patrol Officers need knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups and the measurement of training effects. The Police Patrol Officer needs knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.

The Police Patrol Officer is expects to have the following skills:

The Police Patrol Officer is supposed to have the skill of active listening. That includes giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate.

The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of critical thinking. This includes using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.

The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of monitoring. That includes monitoring/assessing performance of you, other individuals or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action. The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of social perceptiveness. That includes being aware of others reactions and understanding why they react as they do. The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of speaking. That includes being able to talk to others to convey information effectively. The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of coordination. That includes adjusting actions in relation to others actions.

The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of negotiation. This includes bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

The Police Patrol Officer needs the skill of persuasion. That includes persuading others to change their minds or behavior.

The Police Patrol Officer needs to actively look for ways to help people. http://www.bestjobdescriptions.com/security/police-patrol-officers

Contemporary police practice advocates the importance of proactive policing activities. Proactive policing reforms emphasize selfinitiated tasks during unassigned patrol time and directed activities based on supervisor review of crime analysis and problem identification. Our study analyzes data from systematic social observations of police patrol officers to examine how officers spent their discretionary time. We find that, on average, over three quarters of a patrol officers' shift is unassigned. During this time, officers primarily selfinitiate routine patrol, or back up other officers on calls to which they were not dispatched. Just 6 percent of unassigned time activities are directed by supervising officers, dispatchers, other officers or citizens. Moreover, directives provided by supervisors are vague, general in form, and do not operationalize problemoriented policing, communityoriented policing, or proactive policing strategies. We conclude that first, a very significant proportion of patrol officer time is spent uncommitted that could be better utilized doing proactive, problemoriented policing activities, and second, supervisors need to provide patrol officers with much more detailed directives, based on sound crime analysis, to help capitalize on the underutilization of patrol officer time.

According to George T. Felkenes and Paul M. Whisenand (1972), the authors of Police Patrol Operations, The police are recognized as the only agency of government that has a twenty-four hour a day presence in the community, That will usually respond quickly to a call for assistance and that has sufficiently broad activity-whether real or imagined- to permit effective action in resolving conflicts and in obtaining needed services. This is quite amazing to many people because there are very few agencies out there that run on a constant basis. Not only do they run on a constant basis but at the same time they are protecting and serving the people. Once of the main and most important functions of policing is the patrol function. Without patrol there is no policing. Policing is essentially considered a patrol service which is the nucleus of a department, with various specialized activates developed around it as aids. (Iannone, 1975 p. 5) The main functions of patrol are the prevention and repression of criminal, the maintenance of the peace, and the protection of life and property (Iannone, 1975 p5). In any American community with a police department, the patrol officer would be primarily responsible for the previously listed functions. Astoundingly the patrolman serves one of the most important roles in law enforcement. Even though a patrolman is at the bottom of the chain of command his duty is of great significance. The patrol function can be found in organized police forces throughout history. After all since the down of mankind people have found it necessary to protect themselves from danger. Patrol function can be traced back to the Ancient Greeks, Romans, and the Egyptians 3 Police Patrol in America (Iannone, 1975). In Rome for example, under the reign o Augustus, the police were a dominant stabilizing force. After the fall of Rome however all traces of an organized police force were gone. Hundreds of years would pass until an...

Police Patrol Functions The Functions of a Patrol Officer The oldest and most basic function in law enforcement is the patrol function. The purpose of patrol is strictly to protect and preserve life and property in communities. Along with protecting citizens, patrol officers deteriorate crime by becoming a visible presence preventing potential crime. Their accessibility to people in the community maintains order and allows a trust to develop between the people and the department. The process of developing a patrol officer demands preparing an officer for patrol, and to put these duties and responsibilities into the hands of an officer of the law. The history of police can be dated back to Babylonian times in 2000 B.C. A clay tablet shows an officer arresting a man and taking his property, watchouses were stationed to patrol the streets and maintain order. Progression in the middle ages led to watchmen, in cities in Europe. These watchmen were put there by local government to provide order. These men carried a pointed or bladed staff as a sign of authority, lantern to see in the night, and a horn or bell to call for back up or assistance. In the early middle ages England created the keepers of the peace were established and the

When preparing for patrol duty there are many things you want to do. You always want to be as professional as possible starting with your appearance. You must also check things out before you leave your locker room. You should always check your calendar for court and other important dates. These should also be ample supplies in a police officers locker, and before going out officer should always check the mail slot, daily offense bulletin, beat file, bulletin board, missing persons, daily arrest sheets, computer printouts. You must also know instructions from sergeants and must obtain proper forms and lastly before going out you must check your uniform and vehicle. Possible disturbances of the peace are also reported such as noise, noisy parties, family fights, barking dogs, and vehicle disturbances. In a suicide case officers must be aware of the situation and of possible warning signs, must protect the scene and talk to the person. Stolen vehicle calls are important and most important thing to teach is the prevention of car theft. Officers must learn how to spot hot cars by characteristics. Another call, which should not be overlooked, is for narcotics. An officer must have knowledge of language and terms and the reactions to all drugs. But most importantly it is important to know of the drugs themselves. Vehicle stops is another duty of the patrol officer. Vehicle pursuits should not endanger the lives of innocent civilians and may require taking risks that will risk the lives of themselves or of others. Learning tactics of vehicle stops is important and the officer must know when to ram a suspects vehicle, and other means of stopping a suspect is spike strips. When stopping the vehicle you should pick the best location you must have probable cause in order to pull over the vehicles. Techniques for vehicle stopsare preplanning and taking notice of movement inside the

car, and approaching the vehicle. When approaching the vehicle it is important to check the back seat and stop before the door post and check ignition, face with side facing subject, or approach from the passenger side of the vehicle. Then you should explain the purpose for the stop. Do not stand on the side where your gun can be exposed, and you must observe suspect and when leaving the vehicle it is important to appear as professional as possible. When searching or arresting a person the main goal is to break the balance of the individual so you can remain one step ahead. There are also many protective weapons a patrol officer may have in order for survival. The firearm is the most popular and it is important that you practice practical aspects. The baton can also be used in a defensive manner offering safe and effective control over an assaulting subject. It is important that you not hit the head, neck, throat, spine, groin, or the kidney of suspect and the baton can also be used to break into windows. Yamara sticks are another protective device, which is a smaller version of the baton. Aerosol subject restraint devices are also used; the two most popular are mace and oleoresin capsicum. Officers also may use their own hands for self-defense and stun guns, tasers, and rubber bullets are also used in restraint. Officer survival is taught on officers knowing to wait until fired upon before opening fire on a subject unless gun is already being pointed at their direction. Officers must also be aware of possible ambush situations and body armor also protects the officer. Officer survival is also based on the knowledge of knowing the fellow officers around you. The NEWHALL concept is a concept taught where rules try to set standards to prote Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics by George T. Payton and Michael Amaral, Criminal Justice Services, San Jose, California, 1996. Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics is a comprehensive, straightforward book involving current law enforcement activities. Both authors are experts in the fields of patrol operations, procedures, tactics, and officer survival. Besides having written numerous other related books and articles, they teach extensively at local colleges and universities and provide training for many officers throughout the United States. Each has received much recognition from peers and various professional organizations. They comment that their book is not the "gospel of patrol operations," but when read by those with law enforcement experience, including those aspiring for participation in academics, such readers will be impressed with the book's depth, practicality, comprehensiveness, and application to their jobs and positions. It is a well-designed and researched effort that contains experiences of frontline uniform and plainclothes officers laced with invaluable critical personal opinions. It covers most of the latest professional techniques and methods of operation and knowledge coupled with skills for the new recruit, officers with limited experience, as well as veteran law enforcement personnel. As a book, it lends itself to the safety and survival of officers facing grave situations and assists them in enhancing the lessening of officer-induced errors and mistakes. A snapshot of the book's content reveals a law enforcement code of ethics and a police code of conduct, detailed preventive and selective enforcement operations, and types of patrols ranging from foot to air patrols coupled with computer-directed enforcement locations and techniques. The book also includes the use of forwardlooking infrared systems on air patrols and the advantages and disadvantages of practical law enforcement communications. The authors address state and local automated networks, NCIC, and criminal justice information control, each involving enforcement operations and tactics. They also include an interesting chapter on observation and perception techniques required by officers with 17 identified and proven "attention getters" that officers should employ in detecting and catching criminals. An explanation exists to assist officers in their approach to citizens and criminals, as well as safety concerns of those officers being approached by others.

The book offers four compelling points among a wide variety of information. First, it has a major overall professional depth, practical application, and thoroughness. Next, it contains an extensive critical list of 88 questions, consisting of the who, what, when, where, how, and why of operations and tactics. These questions prove outstanding for both the experienced and inexperienced officer and can enhance patrol investigative report documentation and court testimony when applied. Third, for the promotional examination and the department entrance exam challenger, the book lists 855 study questions relevant to law enforcement operations. Finally, the book contains some useful checklist items that will help maintain an officer's effectiveness, competency, and readiness for duty. These include items officers should consider when preparing to depart their residences for duty, leaving their locker rooms (even what officers should keep in their lockers), handling preparation requirements prior to leaving the squad room, obtaining necessary information for patrol duty, and checking out the patrol vehicle and its care prior to and after departing the garage area. The book also covers the latest information on conducting standard and emergency high-risk vehicle stops, pursuit considerations and effective alternatives, legal and practical aspects of firearms use, safety and liability, and special studies involving police weapons and their applications. In addition, it includes planning for emergency incidents and officer safety countermeasures when confronting specific threats. Patrol Operations and Enforcement Tactics is a valuable resource book for state and local law enforcement departments to upgrade their operating procedures and policies and their academies. It can provide material for the commissions on peace officers standards and training, departmental inservice training programs, assessment center selections and various examinations for different officer skill levels, and merit promotion boards. The book also could help those officers looking for a self-study professional enhancement that they can complete during shift breaks or at their residences and can support their specific college academic courses. It is a must read for all departmental patrol officers and investigative personnel, including supervisors and managers. Reviewed by Larry R. Moore Certified Emergency Manager International Association of Emergency Managers Knoxville, Tennessee