For B.Sc. , B.E. And B. Tech. Classes A COURSE IN GEOLOGY Dr. S. |. MOHSIN DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY , UNIVERSITY OF KARACHIFOREWORD The subject of geology has a regional aspect ond a text written for Pakistani students is welcome, The author has chosen to write a concise yet comprehensive text illustrating with examples from Pakistan and adjoining regions. He has attempted to cover the basic essentials to provide a frane- work upon which students can build and expand their gcologi- cal knowledge. The writer has selected topics which ere generally included in B.Sc. classes ond closely confirms to the sylla+ bi proposals of the University Grants Commission. The text should prove useful to the studmts of geology in the colleges,universities and to the students of civil engincer= ing, who require a trainiag in general’ geology. Dr. N. A, Hussain August 20, 1980. Chairman £ z : Department of Geology, University of. Karachi.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ihave received the most valuable assistance from Mr. Najmul Sagib Siddiqi, graduate student of the Department in bringing out this text. I am grateful to my colleagues Mr. Mir Jan Nuhanmad for reading the whole manuscript and to Mr. His@muddin for helping me in drawing of map exercises. I want to extend my thanks to many teachers of Geology in particular those of colleges namely Messers Sardar Naqvi, Iftikhar Ahmed, Amjad Awan and Mohammad Iqbal for their valu~ able comments. Thanks are also due to Mr. Nasiruddin, Office Assistant, for his efficient typing work. Dr. 8. I. Mohsin Associate Professor, Department of Geology, University of Karachi.