EM316 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

EM316 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS LABORATORY 1

TRANSISTOR-TRANSISTOR LOGIC (TTL)

In 1965, transistor-transistor logic (TTL) was introduced. As the name implies, the usage of diodes in DTL is replaced with transistors (BJTs) in TTL. The resulting TTL circuits provide increase fun-out, improved transient response, and a reduction in chip area required. TTL circuits are the first of the 54x00/74x00 series of BJT logic families. The 74x00 series are adequate for most commercial applications and operate over at temperature of 0 to 70o C. The 54x00 series have the same logic circuit design as the 74x00 circuits but operate over the superior temperature range -55 to 125oC and are primarily used for military applications.

BASIC TTL INVERTER

The basic TTL inverter is shown in Figure 1. The input and level-shifting diodes of the basic DTL inverter have been replaced with a single BJT Q1 at the input. The advantage of the input BJT over the diodes is two-fold. The BJT requires less silicon surface area than the two diodes and propagation delay time is improved by an order of magnitude. To determine the voltage transfer characteristic, we consider VIN to vary from low values through high values and determine the corresponding output voltage range.

Figure 1 TTL

The current IB,I is given by I B , I =

VCC VBE , I VIN RB

Outputs are taken at the collectors of QO and with different input voltages the output changes its values. Voltage transfer characteristic is shown in Figure 2.

INPUT VIN < VBE,O-VCE,I VIN VBE,O-VCE,I VIN >> VBE,O-VCE,I VIN >>> VBE,O-VCE,I

INPUT STATE Low Low High High

QI Cut off On On Saturation

QO Cut off On Saturation Saturation

OUTPUT STATE High High Low Low

Figure 2 TTL Transfer Function

STANDARD TTL NAND GATE

Figure 3 displays the circuit diagram for the series 5400/7400 Standard TTL gate in a 2-input NAND arrangement. The stacking of two BJTs, a resistor, and a diode in the output branch is called a totem pole output.

Figure 3 Standard TTL

To determine the voltage transfer characteristic (VTC) of the standard TTL gate in Figure 4 consider the two inputs connected together with VINA=VINB= VIN. The resulting VTC is displayed in Figure 4 with all critical points labeled.

Figure 4 Standard TTL Transfer Function

TTL FAN-OUT
As with DTL, the maximum fan-out for TTL is dependent on the output low state of the driver gate. The maximum fan-out is again determined by how much current the driving gate can sink from multiple load gates. Maximum fan-out is obtained from N=
I OL I IL For the low state input current;

IIL=

V ' CC V ' BE , I ( SAT ) V ' CE ,O ( SAT ) R' B

For the low state output current; IOL=IC,O(SAT)=OLFIB,O

VBE ,O ( SAT )
IRD= ICS=IRC=

RD
VCC VCE , S ( SAT ) VBE ,0 ( SAT ) RC

LOW POWER TTL (LTTL)

To decrease the power dissipated in TTL logic gates, the resistor magnitudes must be increased. With increased resistances, less current conducts in the gate and ICC x VCC product is decreased. Figure 5 shows the 54Lx00/74Lx00 low power TTL (LTTL) with increased resistances.

Figure 5 Low TTL

HIGH SPEED TTL(HTTL)

As mentioned in the previous section, a decrease in power dissipation is accompanied by a reduction in speed. This suggests that the transient response of TTL might be improved by decreasing resistance values and increasing the power dissipation. This is in fact the case and prompted the development of high speed TTL (HTTL). Figure 6 shows the 54Hx00/74Hx00 series high speed TTL.

Figure 6 High (Speed) TTL

Simulation1:
Figure 7 shows a standard 54x00/74x00 TTL inverter. Setup the circuit and plot Vout and voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) of output. Also plot the frequency response and transient response of outputs. Calculate the fan out for standard TTL inverter. Calculate Fan out experimentally. (Assume your transistor has maximum 100mA collector current)

VCC 5

RB 4k

RC 1600

RCP 120

QP 40235 QS 40235 1 V1 = 5 V2 = 0 V1 2 TD = 0 TR = 2n TF = 2n PW = 50n PER = 100n RD 1k 1 DC 1N4376 QO 40235 Qi 40235 2 DP 1N4376

Output

Figure 7 Standard TTL Inverter

Simulation2:
Change the Rb,Rc and Rcp values of Figure 8 for LTTL and plot Vout, voltage transfer characteristics(VTC) of output, the frequency response and transient response of outputs again. Also calculate the fan out for standard LTTL inverter. Rc=20k Rcp=500 Rb=40k Rd=12k

Simulation3:
Figure 8 shows a standard 54Hx00/74Hx00 TTL inverter. Setup the circuit and plot Vout and voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) of output. Also plot the frequency response and transient response of outputs. Calculate the fan out for standard TTL inverter.

VCC 5

0
RB 2.8K RC 760 RCP 58

QP 40235

QP2

V1 = 5 V2 = 0

Qi 40235

QS 40235

40235 REP 4K QO Output

0
40235 Vin 2 1 TF = 2n PW = 50n PER = 100n RD 470 DC 1N4376 TD = 0 TR = 2n

0
Figure 8 HTTL