]

]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

]
]
]
]

1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
ratio off cut
ratio n compressio
1
2
3
2
1
c
c
c
c
c
r
r
r p
mep
r
v
v
v
v
r
UNIT-2
Gas Power Cycle
Review of Equations
OTTO Cycle
Diesel Cycle
2
1
r a t i o n c o m p r e s s i o
v
v
c
r
2
3
r a t i o
p
p
p r e s s u r e E x p l o s i o n
1

c
r
1
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
| 1

,
`

.
|
1
1

1
1
1
c
c c
r
r r p
mep
Semi-Diesel or Dual Combustion cycle
Problem 1
In an Otto cycle, the upper and lower limits for the absolute temperature respectively are
T1 and T2. Show that for the maximum work, the ratio of compression should have the
value
Solution:
Process 1-2 is reversible adiabatic
Process 3-4 is reversible adiabatic
3
4
2
1
ratio off cut
ratio n compressio
v
v
v
v
r
c


2
3
ratio pressure explosion
p
p

( ) ( )
( ) [ ] ) 1 (
1
1
1) ( + 1
1

1
c
r
c
r
c
r p
mep
25 . 1
1
3

,
`

.
|

T
T
r
c
....(1) ..........

1 2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1

,
`

.
|

c
c
r T T
r
V
V
T
T
(2) ..........

3
3
4

2
1
3
4
1
1
1
1

,
`

.
|


c
c
c
r T
r
T
T
r
V
V
T
T
Work done = Heat added - Heat rejected
In the above equation T3, T1 and Cu are constants. Therefore for maximum work
Problem 2
An engine working on Otto cycle in which salient points are 1,2,3 and 4 has upper and
lower temperature limits T3 and T1. If the maximum work per kg of air is to be done,
show that the intermediate temperatures are given by
Solution: For maximum work/kg in an Otto cycle

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
| 1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1
1
3 1 3
1 4 2 3
- C - - C
- C - - C
T r T r T T
T T T T
c c
0
dr
dW
( ) 1
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
3 1
1
1
3 1 3



0 1 C - C -
0 1 C - C -
0 - C - - C
2
2 2 + 2

,
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|

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|

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|

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`

.
|

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.
| 1

,
`

.
|

1 1

,
`

.
|

]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
| 1

1
1

c
c c
c
c
c c
c c
c c
c c
r
r r
r
r
T
T
r T r T
r T r T
r T r T
T r T r T T
dr
d
( ) ( )
25 . 1
1
3
1 4 .
1
1
3
1
1
1
3

,
`

.
|
1 2

,
`

.
| 2

,
`

.
|

T
T
r
T
T
T
T
r
c
c
3 1 4 2
T T T T
( )
( )
3 1
2 1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1 1 2
1
1
1
3


1) problem in proved (as
T T
T
T
T
T
T
T r T T
T
T
r
c
c

,
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.
|
1
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
1
2

,
`

.
|
( )
1
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
1

1
1
1
3
3 3
4


T
T
T
r
T
T
c
Problem 3
An engine working on the otto cycle has a suction pressure of 1 bar and a pressure of 14
bar at the end of compression. Find
(i) Compression ratio
(ii) Clearance volume as a percentage of cylinder volume
(iii) The ideal efficiency and MEP if the pressure at the end of combustion is 21 bar.
Solution:
Given:
P1 = 1 bar, P2 = 14 bar, P3 = 21 bars
3 1 4 2
3 1
3
1
3


1

T T T T
T T
T
T
T
Again

,
`

.
|
1 . 4

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
14

P
P
r
v
v
v
v
P
P
c
5 3 %
5 8 . 6
1
1
1
1 e f f i c i e n c y I d e a l
1 5 . 1 8 %
1 0 0
6 . 5 8
1
1 0 0 x

4 .
1
2
1
2
1

1 1
1
c
c
c
r
x
v
v
v
v
v
v
r
bar 1.65
) 1 58 . 6 )( 1 4 . 1 (
) 1 1)(6.58 - 1x6.58(1.5

1
1
. .
1.5
14
21

ratio
1 - 1.4
1
2
3

1
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
| 1

,
`

.
|
c
c
r
r p
P E M
p
p
pressure Explosion
Problem 4
In a constant volume cycle the pressure at the end of compression is 15 times that at the
start, the temperature of air at the beginning of compression is 37 C and the maximum
temperature attained in the cycle is 1950C. Find,
(i) the compression ratio
(ii) thermal efficiency of the cycle
(iii) heat supplied per kg of air
(iv) the work done per kg of air
Solution:
Given:
P2/P1 = 15 , T1 = 13C = 310 K
T3 = 1950C = 2223 K
Heat supplied = C
u
(T
3
-T
2
) = 0.72(2223-671.66)
=1116.96 KJ/kg of air
Work done = 0.54 x 1116.96
= 603.16 KJ/kg of air
6.91
15
r
1
1
1
2
c
2
1
1
2

1 . 4

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
c
c
r
P
P
r
v
v
P
P
54%
0.54
91 . 6
1
1
1
1
4 .

1 1
1
c
r
K 671.66 (31096.91)
1 - 1.4
1 2

1
c
r T T
supplied Heat
done Work

Problem 5
An air standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18 and the heat transferred to the
working fluid per cycle is 2000 kJ/kg. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the
pressure is 1 bar and the temperature is 300 K.
Calculate the thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Given:
r
c
= 18
P
1
= 1 bar
T
1
= 300 K
Heat transferred = C
p
(T
3
T
2
)
2000 = 1.005(T3 -953.3)]
T3 = 2943.34 K
Problem 6
An engine with 200 mm cylinder diameter and 300 mm stroke length, works on the
theoretical Diesel cycle. The initial pressure and temperature of air are 1 bar and 27 C.
The cut off is at 8% of the stroke and compression ratio is 15. Determine
(i) Pressure and temperatures at all salient points of the cycle.
(ii) theoritical air standard efficiency.
(iii) mean effective pressure.
(iv) power developed if there are 400 working strokes per minute.
K 953.3
300(18)
1 - 1.4
1 2

1
c
r T T
3.08
953.3
2943.34
ratio off cut
2
3

T
T
58.6% 0.586
08 .
1 08 .
18
1
1
1
4 .

1 3
3
1.4

1

]
]
]
]

1.4
1 1
]
]
]
]

1
c
r
Solution:
Given:
r
c
= 15
P
1
= 1 bar
T
1
= 27 C
d = 200 mm, L = 300 mm
3
m .009424
.3 2 . 0
s
V
V
2
s

x
dL volum e Swept
3
2 3
2 3
2 s
c 2
c
c
s
c
s
c
s c
2
1
c
c 2
m 0.001427
009424 . 0 08 . 0 0006731 . 0 08 . 0
100
8
) (
stroke of 8% at place takes off
m 0.0006731
14
0.009424

14
V
V
14 1) - (15 ) 1 (r
V
V
V
V
1
V
V V

V
V
r
volume clearance V

+ +



+
+


x V V V
V V V
Cut
V
V
s
s
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
kPa P E M
x
c
r
r
r p
P E M
c
c
c
r
cut
2
4 . 1 1
4 . 1
4 . 1
1
2
3
10 x 7.41 bar 7.14 . .
1 12 . 15 12 . 4 .
1 15 .
15 1

1
1
1
. .
59.8% 0.598

12 .
1 12 .
15
1
1
1
2.12
0.0006731
0.001427

V
V
ratio off

2 1 2 1
1 4 1

1
1

1 2
2

1

]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
]
]
]
]

1.4
]
]
]
]

1.4
1

1.4
1

bar 44.3
3 . 44 1x15
25 . 886 300x15
3
2
2
1.4
1 2
1 - 1.4
1 2
kW 46.53 Power
60
400
x 6.98 Power
sec / cycles of Number x cycle / done Power Work
kJ/cycle 6.98 0.00942 10 x 7.41 cycle / done
me Swept volu
cycle done work
. .

P P
bar r P P
K r T T
c
c
x Work
P E M
bar P
r V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
P
P
x
V ce
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
c
86 . 2
15
12 . 2
3 . 44
x x
K 858.99
15
12 . 2
85 . 1878
r
1

V sin x x
K 1878.85 2.12 x 886.25
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1
1 4
1 1 1

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`

.
|

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`

.
|

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`

.
|

,
`

.
|

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`

.
|

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.
|

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.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

4
1
2
2
3
4
2
2
3
4
3
3
4

1
2
2
3

4
2
2
3

4
3
3
4
2 3
2
3

Problem 7
In a dual combustion cycle the compression ratio is 14, maximum pressure is limited to
55 bar. The cut-off ratio is 1.07. Air is admitted at a pressure of 1 bar. Find the thermal
efficiency and M.E.P of the cycle.
Solution:
Given:
r
c
= 14
P
1
= 1 bar
P
3
= 55 bar
Cut off ratio = =1.07
62.18%
) 1 07 . 1 ( 1.4 367 . 1 ) 1 367 . 1 (
1 1.07 x 367 . 1
14
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 1
1
367 . 1
23 . 40
55
P
P
ratio pressure Explosion
bar 40.23
) 14 ( 1
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1
2
3
4 . 1
1 2

]
]
]

]
]
]

x
r
r P P
c
c

1
1 2
2
3
2 3
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 2
2
3
2
3
4
3 p
2 3 3 4 p
T
P
P P
process lume contant vo is 3 - 2 Pr
T T
1 1 C
) ( ) ( C added

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|

+

c
c
r T
P
T T
T
V
T
V
ocess
r
T
T
T C
T
T
T
T T C T T Heat
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
kg m
c
c c
r P
RT
Swept
x Work
T
r T C r T
/
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1 2 1
1
1
1
1 4 . 1
1
1 4 . 1
1
1
1
1
1 p
T 0.003091
14
1
1
10 x 1
T 0.287

1
1
V
V
1 V V V Volume
T 0.6439
6218 . 0 T 1.0356 x added Heat done
1.0356T
1 367 . 1 14 72 . 0 1 07 . 1 14 T 1.367 x 1.005
1 1 C added Heat

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

+
+

Problem 8
From the PV diagram of an engine working on the Otto cycle, it is found that the pressure
in the cylinder after 1/8th of the compression stroke is executed is 1.4 bar. After 5/8th of
the compression stroke, the pressure is 3.5bar. Compute the compression ratio and the
airstandard efficiency. Also if the maximum cycle temperature is limited to 1000.C, find
the net work out put
bar 083 . 2 . .
kPa 208.3
0.003091T
0.6439T

volume/kg
/kg done Work
. .
1
1

P E M
Swept
P E M
( )
( )
ratio n compressio where -(1) - - -
8
1
8
7
8 8
7
8
1
8
1
300 ) ( 27
1273 273 1000
5 . 3 , 4 . 1
2
2
1
2 1 1
2 1 1
1
3
+
+



+

c c
a
a
a
a
b a
r r
V
V
V
V V
V V V V
V V V V
Solution
K assumed T
K T
bar P bar P
Given
Problem 9
An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16. The temperature before
compression is 27C and the temperature after expansion is 627C. Determine:
i) The net work output per unit mass of air
ii) Thermal efficiency
iii) Specific air consumption in kg/kWh.
( )
( )
( )
( )
8
5
8
3
8
1
8
7
have we 2 and 1 equation From
-(1) - - -
8
5
8
3
8
5
8
5

2
2 1 1
2 1 1
+
+

+


c
c
b
a
c
b
b
b
r
r
V
V
r
V
V
V V V V
V V V V Again
( )
( )
7
924 . 1
8
5
8
3
8
1
8
7
4 and 3 from
(4) - - - - - 1.924
4 . 1
5 . 3

P P
4 . 1
1
1
b a

+
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

c
c
c
b
a
b
a
b
a
b a
r
r
r
V
V
P
P
V
V
V V But

( )
kJ/kg 240.6
445 x 0.5408
supplied heat x output Network
kJ/kg 445
653.4) - 0.718(1273
) ( C added Heat
K 653.4
7 300
% 08 . 54
7
1
1
1
1
2 3
1 4 . 1
1
2
1
1 2
1 4 . 1 1

,
`

.
|

T T
V
V
T T
r
c
(1) - - - T x T
P P and
P P
have we 3 - 2 process For
K 909.43
x16 300 T
T T have we 2 - 1 process
300 ) ( 27
900 273 627
16
2
2
3
3
3 2
3
3 3
2
2 2
0.4
1
2
1
1 2
1
2 2
1
1 1
1
4
2
1
V
V
T
V
T
V
V
V
T Or
V V For
Solution
K assumed T
K T
r
V
V
Given
c

,
`

.
|

1
2
1
1
2 4 3
1
3
2
1
2
1
4 3
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
4 3
1
3
1
4
1
3
4
4 3
1
4 4
1
3 3
T
T
have we (1) Eqn from for
T
T
T T have we 4 - 3 process

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

V
V
T T
T
T
V
V
T
V
V
ng Substituti
V
V
V
V
T
V
V
T
V
V
T Or
V V For
[ ]
kwh kg
W
Specific
W
W
T T C Heat
k
V
V
T T
p
/ 57 . 5
5 . 658
3600 3600
n consumptio air
% 45 . 60 6045 . 0
3 . 1089
5 . 658
q
efficiency Thermal
658.5kJ/kg
8 . 430 3 . 1089 done Work
g 1089.3kJ/k
909.43] - [1993.3 x 1.005
) ( q mass unit per supplied
3 . 1993 6 1 x 09.43 9 x 900
T
3 - 2
2 3 3 - 2
4 . 1
1
4 . 0 4 . 0
1
1
2
1
1
2 4 3

]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

Problem 10
The compression ratio of a compression ignition engine working on the ideal Diesel
cycle is 16. The temperature of air at the beginning of compression is 300K and the
temperature of air at the end of expansion is 900K. Determine
(i) cut off ratio
(ii) expansion ratio and
(iii) the cycle efficiency
1
3
2
c
4
3
1
3
2
2
1
4
3
1
3
2
2
4
1
3
4
4
3
1 4 . 1 1
1 2
1
4
x
T
T
x
T
T
x
T
T
42 . 909 6 1 x 300 T
300 ) ( 27
900 273 627
16

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

V
V
r
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
K r T
Solution
K assumed T
K T
r
Given
c
1993.28K
) 909.42 x 6 1 x 00 9 (
) T (
T
T x T
x
T
T

T
T

P P and
P P

4 . 1 1 1 4 . 1 1 4 . 1
1 1
2
1
4 3
1
2
1
4 3
1
2
1
4
1
3 3
1
3
1
2 1
1
3
2
c
4
3
3
2
3
2
3 2
3
3 3
2
2 2

,
`

.
|

T r T
T r T
T r T
T
T
r
T
T
r
V
V
T
V
T
V
c
c
c
c
Problem 11
An air standard limited pressure cycle has a compression ratio of 15 and compression
begins at 0.1 MPa, 40C. The maximum pressure is limited to 6 MPa and heat added is
1.675 MJ/kg. Compute
(i) the heat supplied at constant volume per kg of air
(ii) the heat supplied at constant pressure per kg of air
(Hi) the work done per kg of air
(iv) the cycle efficiency
(v) cut off ratio and
(vi) the m.e.p of the cycle
29 . 7
900
28 . 1993

r ratio Expansion
60.46%
1 19 . 2
1 19 . 2
4 . 1
6 1
- 1
1
1 r
- 1
19 . 2
42 . 909
28 . 1993
T
T
ratio off cut
1 4 . 1
1
1
1
4
3
3
4
E
4 . 1
1.4 - 1
1
c
2
3

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

T
T
V
V
354 . 1
2 . 4431
6000
P
26 . 4431 5 1 x 100 P
1675kJ/kg MJ/kg 1.675 added
6000 6
40
100 1 . 0
15
2
3
1 4 . 1
1 2
4 3
1
1

P
KPa r P
Solution
Heat
KPa MPa P P
C T
KPa MPa P
r
Given
c
c

/kg 1439.286kJ 235.71 - 1675

olume constant v at added heat -
added heat Total pressure constant at added Heat
g 235.71kJ/k
) 65 . 924 251.99 1 0.72(
) 0.72( olume constant v at added Heat
K 1251/99
1.354 x 6 . 924
924.65k
) 15 ( 313
2 3
2 3
1 4 . 1 1
1 2

T T
J T T
r T T
C

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
60.56%
1 1438 . 2 1.4 x 354 . 1 1 354 . 1
1 2.1438 x 354 . 1
15
1
- 1
1 1
1
r
1
- 1 effeciency standard
11 . 2684 T
) 99 . 1251 1.005(T 1439.286
C pressure constant at added
4 . 1
1 4 . 1
1 -
c
4
4
3 4 p

]
]
]

]
]
]

Air
K
T T Heat
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
KPa 2000.13
1 .1438 2 x 354 . 1 15 1 1438 . 2 .354 1 x 4 . 1 1 354 . 1
1 15 1 4 . 1
15 x 100

1 1 1
1 1
. .
4 . 1 4 . 1 1
4 . 1
1 1

c
c
r
r
r P
P E M