http://addmathproject.scorespm.com/2011/05/spm-additional-math-project-2011-work2.

html Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers' Day celebration.

1) If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800cm, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use = 3.142] 2) The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers.

(b) Based on the values in your table, (i) state the range of heights that is NOT sui table for the cakes and explain your answers. (ii) suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer.

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] (ii) (a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1 cm. (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). (b) Suggest thr ee of her shapes fo r cake , that will have t he same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. (c) Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Part III Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. FURTHER EXPLORATION Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2.

The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. (a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. (b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. REFLECTION While you were conducting the project, what have you learnt? What moral values did you practise? Represent your opinions or feelings creatively through usage of symbols, illustrations, drawing or even in a song

Part 1 (Find out how maths is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings)

(actually I'm not sure how to write this some websites tat provide last year's sample wrote loooong answers for this part ended up writing too little about this but I'll just give you SOME of the points here. If you have any other suitable ones, do write in down too.) Geometry To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced, etc. Calculus (differentiation) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced, etc. Progressions To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration, etc. (if there's more, add it yourself and don't forget to elaborate on the points you provide ) Part 2 (bake a 5 kg round cake for your school. given the height of cake, h and the diameter of cake, d.) Q1) Given 1 kg cake has volume 3800cm, and h is 7cm, so find d. Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800 x 5 = (3.142)(d/2) x 7 19000/7(3.142) = (d/2) 863.872 = (d/2) d/2 = 29.392 d = 58.784 cm Q2) Given the inner dimensions of oven: 80cm length, 60cm width, 45cm height a) Find corresponding values of d with different values of h, and tabulate the answers. First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h 19000/(3.142)h = d/4 24188.415/h = d d = 155.53/h Then, draw and complete table of 2 columns, 10 rows (example), as shown below: (use that formula to find d, for every value of h) h d

1.0 155.53 2.0 109.98 ... ... 10.0 49.18 b) i) State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain. (my answer) h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. b) ii) Suggest and explain the most suitable dimensions (h and d) for the cake. NOTE: just provide ONE h and its corresponding d only, it asks for most suitable (which means the one and only suitable) (my answer) h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling. c) i) Form a linear equation relating d and h. Hence, plot a suitable (linear, best fit) graph based on that equation. The same formula in Q2/a is used, that is 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h. The same process is also used, that is, make d the subject. This time, form an equation which is suitable and relevant for the graph: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h 19000/(3.142)h = d/4 24188.415/h = d d = 155.53/h d = 155.53h-1/2 log d = log 155.53h-1/2 log d = -1/2 log h + log 155.53 (the final equation for graph-drawing) Create another table (or add two extra columns to the 1st table in Q2/a), with one column is log h and the other is log d. Then, plot a graph of log d against log h. NOTE: 2cm on graph represents 0.1 units for both axes. The x-axis must be from 0 till 1.2 or more, in order to answer the next question. (NOTE: I chose not to use the d = 155.53(1/h) to draw the graph because when h = 0, then 1/0, which is undefined (graph will not be a straight-line graph). Therefore, I chose to do the safer way of using other forms or similar equations (such as the log equation above) so that the graph will be a continuous straight-line graph. BUT I'm still open for discussions about this issue. =) ) ii) Use the graph you've drawn to determine:

a) d when h = 10.5cm h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm b) h when d = 42cm d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm Q3) Decorate the cake with fresh cream, with uniform thickness 1cm. a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake, using the dimensions you've suggested in Q2/b/ii My answer in Q2/b/ii ==> h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface (The bottom surface area of cake is NOT COUNTED, because we're decorating the visible part of the cake only (top and sides). Obviously, we don't decorate the bottom part of the cake, right?) Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)(54.99/2) x 1 = 2375 cm Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm b) Suggest THREE other shapes (the shape of the base of the cake) for the cake with same height (depends on the Q2/b/ii) and volume (19000cm). Estimate the amount of fresh cream (the volume) to be used for each of those cakes. NOTE: Circles may NOT be accepted, because it's already part of the questions earlier, so it's safe to provide three different shapes for this question. Depends on your choice of shapes, but usually the volume of top surface is always the same for all shapes (since height is same), therefore your job is to first find out the lengths and widths of the base shape, then find vol. of side surfaces only. This process can be quite difficult, especially if you choose shapes that has more than 4 sides, such as pentagon or hexagon. By the way, draw the shapes that you choose for each question, so that you'll better understand the area involved for cake-decorating. My answer (with h = 8cm, and volume of cream on top surface = 19000/8 = 2375 cm): 1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid) (draw cuboid) 19000 = base area x height base area = 19000/8 length x width = 2375

By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm 2 Triangle-shaped base (draw an isosceles triangle, then make it a 3D shape by drawing vertical lines on the vertices. Then join the vertices to form the top surface of the cake) 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375 length x width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm 3 Pentagon-shaped base (draw a regular pentagon, then draw vertical lines on its vertices, then join the vertices to form the top surface of cake) 19000 = base area x height base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375 = 3135 cm (all the answers above may differ from yours, depending on how do you do the calculations) c) Based on the values above, determine the shape that require the least amount of fresh cream to be used. (depends on your answers, but here's my obvious answer) Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used. Part 3 (Find dimensions of 5kg ROUND cake (volume: 19000cm) that require minimum amount of cream to decorate. Use two different methods, including Calculus (differentiation/integration). Also, explain whether you would choose to bake that cake with such dimensions and give reasons why.

When there's minimum or maximum, well, there's differentiation and quadratic functions. Use both to find the minimum height, h and its corresponding minimum diameter, d. (Note: This question only gives you just ONE info only: the mass of cake (which you can change into volume of cake, as shown), so use this ONE info only to find the minimum dimensions) Here's my answer: Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh (2) From (1): h = 19000/(3.142)r (3) Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r(19000/(3.142)r) V = (3.142)r + (38000/r) V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 dV/dr = 2(3.142)r (38000/r) 0 = 2(3.142)r (38000/r) -->> minimum value, therefore dV/dr = 0 38000/r = 2(3.142)r 38000/2(3.142) = r 6047.104 = r r = 18.22 Sub. r = 18.22 into (3): h = 19000/(3.142)(18.22) h = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) f(r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + 2h/2) (2h/2) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104

h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily. (add in your own explanation.) Further Exploration (order to bake multi-storey cake) Given: height, h of each cake = 6cm radius of largest cake = 31cm radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake etc. From question, you'll get: 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599, (GP with a = 31, r = 9/10) a) Find volume of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th cakes. Determine whether the volumes form number pattern, then explain and elaborate on the number patterns. Use the formula for volume V = (3.142)rh, with h = 6 to get the volume of cakes. The values of r can be obtained from the progression of radius of cakes given in previous question. My answer: Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995 18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, (it is a GP with first term, a = 18116.772 and ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81) b) Given the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg ( total mass < 15 kg, change to volume: total volume < 57000 cm), find the maximum number of cakes that needs to be baked. Verify the answer using other methods. Use Sn = (a(1 - rn)) / (1 - r), with Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 to find n: 57000 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)n)) / (1 - 0.81)

1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n log0.81 0.40221 = n n = log 0.40221 / log 0.81 n = 4.322 therefore, n 4 Verifying the answer: When n = 5: S5 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)5)) / (1 0.81) = 62104.443 > 57000 (Sn > 57000, n = 5 is not suitable) When n = 4: S4 = (18116.772(1 (0.81)4)) / (1 0.81) = 54305.767 < 57000 (Sn < 57000, n = 4 is suitable)