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Summary
I. II.
Introduction
DIP ?, Examples, Fundamental steps, components
III.
Discrete 2D Processing
Vector space, Convolution Unitary Transform
Visual perception
Human visual perception
Eyes + Brain
Visual perception
Brightness adaptation and discrimination
Digital images are displayed as a discrete set of intensities Range of light intensity levels to which the human visual system can adapt?
Enormous: on the order of 1010
Scotopic vision is the monochromatic vision of the eye in low light Photopic vision is the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions. In humans and many animals, photopic vision allows color perception, mediated by cone cells.
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Visual perception
Brightness adaptation & discrimination
Visual perception
Other examples of human perception phenomena: optical illusions
Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelength (m) Photon energy (eV, J)
frequency
Where:
Light sources
Monochromatic (or achromatic) light
Light that is void of color
Light sources
Quality of these sources?
Sun Candle Conventional incandescent light bulbs Fluorescent lamp Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Laser Xenon flash lamp
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White LED
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Line sensor
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Array sensor
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source
Color
object
Texture details
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Hides details, Causes a stronger contrast between light and dark, Creates silhouettes, Emphasizes lines and shapes.
source
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Quantization
Number of intensity levels typically is an integer power of two (often 256 : 1 Byte = 8bits per pixel), the discrete levels are equally spaced
8 bits (256 levels) 4 bits (16 levels) 2 bits (4 levels) false contours appear quantification noise visible (eyes) effect under 6/7 bits quantification for the display : 8bits
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Sampling
Effects of reducing spatial resolution
256 x 256 pixels 64 x 64 pixels 16 x 16 pixels ugly contours (by steps) blur effect Details are less precise / detectable Resolution loose
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Sampling
Sampling of function f(x,y) fe(x,y) = f(x,y).i j ( x - i x , y - j y )
x sampling distance in direction of x y sampling distance in direction of y
y
x
i j ( x - i x , y - j y ): 2D Dirac comb
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x and y limits ?
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Sampling
~ i j The dirac weight of f (ix , jy ) is: The value of f(x,y) at x = i x and y = j y The mean value of f(x,y) around (i x , j y)
R
Sampling
Sampling distances limits
Sampling leads to a reduction in resolution,
structures of about the scale of the sampling distance and finer will be lost
Sampling theorem
We will obtain a periodic structure correctly only if we take at least two samples per wavelength Else : Moir effect (aliasing for 1D signal)
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Image representation
A rectangular grid is only the simplest geometry for a digital image (x=y) Other geometrical arrangements of the pixels and geometric forms of the elementary cells are possible
Pixel center The three possible regular grids in 2-D: left triangular grid, center square grid, right hexagonal grid
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Connectivity
A (digital) path from pixel p to pixel q is a sequence of distinct pixels where the next pixels is adjacent to the previous one Let S represent a subset of pixels in an image. Two pixels p and q are said to be connected in S if there exists a path between them consisting entirely of pixels in S
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d e ( f , f ' ) = (i k ) 2 x 2 + ( j l ) 2 y 2
d c ( f , f ) = i k x + j l y
db ( f , f ) = max( i k x , j l y )
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 X 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3
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Chessboard distance
H [ f ( x, y ) ] = g ( x, y )
H ai f i ( x , y ) + a j f j ( x , y ) = ai H [ f i ( x , y ) ] + a j H f j ( x , y )
= ai g i ( x , y ) + a j g j ( x , y )