Phase Modulation Most modern Fm transmitters use some form of PM to produce indirect FM.

The reason for using PM instead of direct FM is that the carrier oscillator can be optimized for frequency accuracy and stability. Crystal oscillators or crystalcontrolled frequency synthesizers can be used to set the carrier frequency accurately and maintain solid stability. Output of the carrier oscillator is fed to a phase modulator where the phase shift is made to vary in accordance with the modulating signal. Since phase variations produce frequency variations, INDIRECT FM is the result. Simplest phase shifters are RC networks. Output of the phase shifter can be set to any phase angle between 0 90 deg depending on the values of R and C. On Fig. 5-7 (a) (insert fig 5-7 a) -Output leads the input by some angle between 0-90 deg On Fig. 5-7 (b) (insert fig 5-7 b) -low pass version of the same RC filter -Output is taken across the capacitor so it lags the input voltage by some angle between 0-90 deg One of these simple phase-shift circuits can be used as phase modulator if the resistance or capacitance can be made to vary with the modulating signal. One way to do this is to substitute a transistor for the resistor in the circuit in fig 5-7(a). Resulting circuit is shown on fig 5-7(c). (Insert fig. 5-7 (c) ) -The transistor acts as a variable resistor that varies in response to the modulating signal. -Modulating signal increases, base and collector current of the transistor increases -Therefore the effective transistor resistance decreases. - Low resistance increases the amount of phase shift - Causes a corresponding frequency increase. - If the amplitude of the modulating signal decreases, base and collector currents decrease and -therefore effective transistor resistance increases. -This decreases the amount of phase shift as a result amount of frequency shift decreases. -a FET can be substituted for the bipolar transistor w/ a comparable result (Insert fig. 5-7 (d)) -varactor can be used to implement a simple low-pass phase shift modulator -Modulating signal causes the capacitance of the varactor to change - If the modulating signal amplitude increases, it adds to the varactor bias from R1 and R2 ,causing the capacitance to decrease

-This cause the resistance to increase; thus the circuit produces less phase shift. -Decreasing modulating signal subtracts from the reverse bias on the varactor diode, -Thereby increasing the capacitance or decreasing the capacitive reactance increase the amount of phase shift. Insert FIG. 5-8 -Uses a phase shifter made up of a capacitor and the variable resistance of a field effect transistor Q1. -Carrier signal from a oscillator or a phase-locked loop frequency synthesizer is applied directly to the output trough C1 and C2. - Carrier signal is also applied to the gate of the FET trough C1. -The series capacitance of C1 and C2 and the FET source to drain resistance to produce a leading phase shift of current in the FET and a leading voltage at the output. - Carrier signal applied to the gate of the FET also varies the FET current . - C1 and R1 produce a leading phase shift less than 90 deg. - The leading voltage across R1 also controls the current in Q1 -With two signals controlling the FET current, the result is a phasor sum of the two currents. -The modulating signal is applied to the gate of the FET. RFC1 keeps the carrier RF out of the audio circuits - The audio signal now also controls the FET current -This changes the amplitude relationships of the other two controlling inputs, thereby producing a phase shift that is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. - The carrier output at the FET drain varies in phase and amplitude. -The signal is then usually passed on to a class C amplifier or frequency multiplier which removes the amplitude variations but preserves phase and frequency variations. Insert FIG 5-9 -Shows the basic impedance Z response curve of a parallel resonant circuit. Also shown is the phase variation Insert GIF 5-10 -The parallel tuned circuit made up of L,C1 and C2 is part of the output circuit of an RF amplifier driven by the carrier oscillator. -Capacitor C1 is large so that its reactance at the carrier frequency is low. -therefore, the resonant frequency is controlled by C2 .

- A varactor Diode D1 is connected in parallel with C2 in the tuned circuit - Therefore it will provide a capacitance change with the modulating signal. - The voltage divider made up of R1 and R2 sets the reverse bias on D1. -The value C3 is very large and simply acts as a dc blocking capacitor, preventing bias from being applied to the tuned circuit. -Its value is very large, so it is essentially an ac short at the carrier frequency. Therefore ,it is the capacitance of D1 and C2 that controls the resonant frequency -Modulating signal is first passed trough a low pass network R3-C5 that provides the amplitude compensation necessary to produce FM. -The modulating signal appears across potentiometer R4. - In this way the desired amount of modulating signal can be tapped off and applied to the phase shift circuit. -The potentiometer acts as a deviation control. The higher the Modulating voltage, the greater the frequency deviation. - The modulating signal is applied to the varactor diode trough capacitor C4. - The RFC has a high impedance at the carrier frequency to minimize the loading of the tuned circuit which reduces Q. -With 0 modulating voltage, the value of the capacitance of D1 along with capacitor C2 and the inductor L set the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit. - The PM output across L is inductively coupled to the output - When the modulating signal goes negative, it subtracts from the reverse bias of D1. -This increases the capacitance of the circuit and lowers the reactance, making the circuit appear capacitive. - Thus leading phase shift is produced. -The parallel LC circuit looks like a capacitor to output resistance of the RF amplifier, so the output lags the input. -A positive going modulating voltage will decrease the capacitance, and thus the tuned circuit will become inductive and produce a lagging phase shift. - The LC circuit looks like an inductor to output resistance of the RF amplifier, so the output leads the input - The result at the output is a relatively wide phase shift which, in turn, produces excellent linear

frequency deviation. 2 Main disadvantages 1.)The amount of phase shift the produce and the resulting frequency deviation is relatively low 2.) All the phase shift circuits described produce amplitude variations as well as phase changes. NOTE: Both these problems are solved by feeding he output of the phase modulator to class C amplifiers used as frequency multipliers. It eliminates any amplitude variations and increase the carrier frequency and deviation to the desired final values.