Nfhs 2005-06 Delhi

Delhi
National Family Health 2005-06

Survey (NFHS-3)
India
Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International
and assistance for the HIV component was provided by NACO and NARI.
Funding assistance was provided by:
The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily refect the views of the funding agencies.
For additional information on NFHS-3, visit www.nfhsindia.org.
For related information, visit www.iipsindia.org or www.mohfw.nic.in.
International Institute for Population Sciences
Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088
Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare
Government of India
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Delhi_Cover.indd 1 03/04/09 4:49 PM

NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEY (NFHS-3)
INDIA
2005-06
Delhi
February 2009
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Suggested citation: International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. 2009.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06: Delhi. Mumbai: IIPS.
For additional information about the 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), please contact:
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai - 400 088
Telephone: 022-2556-4883, 022-2558-3778
Fax: 022-2558-3778
E-mail: iipsnfhs@vsnl.com, iipsnfhs@gmail.com
Website: http://www.nfhsindia.org
For related information, visit http://www.iipsindia.org or http://www.mohfw.nic.in
Delhi.indd 2 3/19/09 12:50:36 PM

CONTRIBUTORS
Kamla Gupta
Fred Arnold
Bhawna Malik
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CONTENTS

Page
KEY FINDINGS .............................................................................................................. 1
TABLES
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews .................................................... 27
Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence .................................... 28
Table 3 Housing characteristics ..................................................................................................... 30
Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land,
and wealth index ............................................................................................................... 32
Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index ....................................................................... 33
Table 6 School attendance .............................................................................................................. 33
Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................................ 34
Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five ................................................................. 35
Table 9 Childrens work.................................................................................................................. 36
Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents ................................................................... 37
Table 11 Current fertility .................................................................................................................. 38
Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics .......................................................................... 39
Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ............................................................................. 40
Table 14 Birth order .......................................................................................................................... 41
Table 15 Birth intervals ..................................................................................................................... 42
Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children ...................................................... 43
Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing ............................................................................................. 44
Table 18 Ideal number of children .................................................................................................. 45
Table 19 Indicators of sex preference ............................................................................................. 46
Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ........................................................................... .47
Table 21 Current use of contraception by background characteristics ..................................... 48
Table 22 Contraceptive use by men with last partner ................................................................. 50
Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms ....................................................... 51
Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods ..................................................................... 52
Table 25 Informed choice ................................................................................................................. 54
Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates .............................................................. 54
Table 27 Mens contraception-related perceptions and knowledge........................................... 55
Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women ..................................... 56
Table 29 Age at first marriage ......................................................................................................... 57
Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates ...................................................................................... 58
Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics ................................. 59
Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour ............................................................................................ 60
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Page
Table 33 Antenatal care .................................................................................................................... 61
Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received ....................................................... 62
Table 35 Antenatal care indicators ................................................................................................. 63
Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done ........................................................... 64
Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care ............................................................................................. 65
Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics ....................................... 66
Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators ................................................................................. 67
Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Mens report ....................................................... 68
Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................................. 69
Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever .......................................... 70
Table 43 Prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea........................................................................... 71
Table 44 Feeding practices during diarrhoea ................................................................................ 72
Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets .............................................................................................. 73
Table 46 ICDS coverage and utilization of ICDS services ........................................................... 74
Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while
breastfeeding ..................................................................................................................... 76
Table 48 Nutritional status of children .......................................................................................... 77
Table 49 Initial breastfeeding ......................................................................................................... .79
Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age .............................................................................................. 80
Table 51 Median duration of breastfeeding and infant and young
child feeding (IYCF) practices ......................................................................................... 81
Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children .................................................................................. 83
Table 53 Micronutrient intake among children............................................................................. 84
Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household ............................................................................ 86
Table 55 Womens and mens food consumption......................................................................... 87
Table 56 Nutritional status of adults .............................................................................................. 88
Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia in adults ...................................................................................... 89
Table 58 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention................................................................. 90
Table 59 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV/AIDS ............................................ 92
Table 60 Sexual behaviour, blood transfusion, and injections ................................................... 94
Table 61 Knowledge of AIDS and sexual behaviour: Youth ...................................................... 95
Table 62 Attitudes toward family life education in school ......................................................... 96
Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis ............................................................................................... 97
Table 64 Knowledge and attitude toward tuberculosis .............................................................. 99
Table 65 Health problems .............................................................................................................. 100
Table 66 Tobacco and alcohol use by women and men ............................................................ 101
Table 67 Source of health care........................................................................................................ 102
Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women
and men............................................................................................................................. 103
Table 69 Control over and magnitude of cash earnings............................................................. 104
Table 70 Decision making............................................................................................................... 105
Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics ......................................................... 106
Table 72 Womens access to money and credit .......................................................................... 107
Table 73 Gender-role attitudes....................................................................................................... 108
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Page
Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics................................................. 109
Table 75 Experience of physical or sexual violence .................................................................... 110
Table 76 Forms of spousal violence............................................................................................... 111
Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristics ......................................................... 112
Table 78 Spousal violence by husbands characteristics and empowerment
indicators........................................................................................................................... 113
Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence .................................................................. 114
Table 80 Help seeking behaviour .................................................................................................. 114
APPENDIX
Estimates of sampling errors............................................................................................................. 115
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1

1
INTRODUCTION
The 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) is the third in the NFHS series of
surveys. The first NFHS was conducted in 1992-93 and the second (NFHS-2) was conducted in
1998-99. All three NFHS surveys were conducted under the stewardship of the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India. The MOHFW designated the
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the nodal agency for the
surveys. Funding for NFHS-3 was provided by the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID), the United Kingdom Department for International Development
(DFID), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the Government of
India. Technical assistance for NFHS-3 was provided by Macro International, Maryland, USA.
Assistance for the HIV component of the survey was provided by the National AIDS Control
Organization (NACO) and the National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune.
The survey provides trend data on key indicators and includes information on several new
topics, such as HIV/AIDS-related behaviour, attitudes toward family life education for girls
and boys, use of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme, mens
involvement in maternal care, and health insurance. For the first time, NFHS-3 provides
information on men and unmarried women. In addition, NFHS-3 provides estimates of HIV
prevalence for India as a whole based on blood samples collected in every state, including
Delhi. Separate HIV prevalence estimates are also provided for Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.
In Delhi, NFHS-3 interviewed 3,349 women age 15-49 and 1,436 men age 15-54 to obtain
information on population, health, and nutrition in the state. The survey is based on a sample
of 3,324 households that is representative at the state level, within the state at the urban and
rural levels, and for the city of Delhi and its slum and non-slum populations. The household
response rate in the state as a whole was 96 percent and the individual response rates were 91
percent for eligible women and 76 percent for eligible men.
In Delhi, height and weight measurements were taken for all children under age six years and
all interviewed women and men in all the sample households. Haemoglobin levels were
measured for all interviewed women and men and for all children age 6-59 months. In a
subsample of households, all interviewed women and men were eligible to have their blood
collected for HIV testing. All biomarkers were measured only after obtaining informed
consent. The NFHS-3 fieldwork in Delhi was conducted by the Population Research Centre,
Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), Delhi, between December 2005 and April 2006.
This report presents the key findings of the NFHS-3 survey in Delhi, followed by detailed
tables and an appendix on sampling errors. More information about the definitions of
indicators included in this report is contained in Volume I of the NFHS-3 National Report, and
the questionnaires and details of the sampling procedure for NFHS-3 are contained in Volume
II of the NFHS-3 National Report (available at www.nfhsindia.org).
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2

2
HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS
Household composition
A large majority of households in Delhi (93%) are in urban areas, with the remaining 7 percent in
rural areas. On average, households in Delhi are comprised of 4.6 members. Ten percent of
households are headed by women.
The vast majority of households in Delhi have household heads who are Hindu (86%). Nine
percent of households are headed by Muslims and 3 percent of household heads are Sikhs.
Two percent of household heads belong to other religions.
Seventeen percent of household heads belong to scheduled castes, 1 percent to scheduled
tribes, and 14 percent to other backward classes (OBC). Two-thirds of Delhis households
(67%) do not belong to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.
More than one-quarter (29%) of Delhis population is under age 15; only 4 percent is age 65
and over.
Among children under 18 years of age, 5 percent have experienced the death of one or both
parents. In all, 90 percent of children under age 18 years live with both parents, 6 percent live
with one parent, and 3 percent live with neither parent.
Housing characteristics
Ninety-five percent of households in Delhi live in a pucca house. Ninety-nine percent of
households (98% of rural households and 99% of urban households) have electricity, up
slightly from 98 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Eight percent of households have no toilet
facilities, up from 6 percent at the time of NFHS-2. More than one-quarter of rural households
(28%) have no toilet facilities, compared with 6 percent of urban households.
Seventy-three percent of households in Delhi use drinking water that is piped
into their dwelling, yard, or plot. Eight percent of households do not have any
toilet facility.
Ninety-two percent of households use an improved source of drinking water (93% of urban
households and 88% of rural households), but only 73 percent have water piped into their
dwelling, yard, or plot. Eleven percent of households (10% in urban areas and 17% in rural
areas) get their drinking water from a public tap or standpipe. More than one-third of
households (36%) treat their drinking water to make it potable; 15 percent of households use a
ceramic, sand, or other water filter, 11 percent boil their water, and 2 percent strain the water
through a cloth, 10 percent of households use some other treatment.
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3

3
Wealth Index
The wealth index is constructed by
combining information on 33 house-
hold assets and housing characteristics
such as ownership of consumer items,
type of dwelling, source of water, and
availability of electricity, into a single
index. The household population is
divided into five equal groups of 20
percent each (quintiles) at the national
level from 1 (lowest, poorest) through
5 (highest, wealthiest). Since the quin-
tiles of the wealth index are defined at
the national level, the proportion of
the population of a particular state that
falls in any specific quintile will vary
across states.
Based on the wealth index, Delhi is much wealthier than the nation as a whole. More than two-
fifths of Delhis households (69% of the urban households and 41% of the rural households)
are in the highest wealth quintile. Less than five percent of the Delhis urban and rural
households are in the lowest two wealth quintiles.
EDUCATION
Current school attendance among children
Eighty percent of children age 6-17 years
attend school. Almost 9 out of 10 children
of primary-school age (6-10 years) attend
school. School attendance drops to 84
percent for children age 11-14 years and
is only 60 percent for children age 15-17
years. School attendance at age 6-17 years
is much lower in slum areas (65%) than in
non-slum areas (84%). At age 15-17 years,
only 37 percent of slum children attend
school, compared with 67 percent in non-
slum areas.
Gender disparity in education is almost
non-existent at age 6-14 years, but at age
15-17 years girls are more likely than boys to attend school. Even in slum areas, girls are much
more likely to attend school than boys at ages 15-17 years.
18
20 67 10
69
41 41 15
Wealth Index
Percentage of households in urban and rural areas
and percent distribution of households by wealth quintile
Total
100%
Urban
93%
Rural
7%
Lowest Highest
Percentage of children attending school by age
Are there gender differentials in childrens
current school attendance?
Male
89
6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years
90
85 84
57
64
Female
3
3 9
4
Note: Less than 1 percent of households belong to the lowest wealth quintile.
18
20 67 10
69
41 41 15
Wealth Index
Percentage of households in urban and rural areas
and percent distribution of households by wealth quintile
Total
100%
Urban
93%
Rural
7%
Lowest Highest
Percentage of children attending school by age
Are there gender differentials in childrens
current school attendance?
Male
89
6-10 years 11-14 years 15-17 years
90
85 84
57
64
Female
3
3 9
4
Note: Less than 1 percent of households belong to the lowest wealth quintile.
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4
Literacy and educational attainment
In NFHS-3, literate persons are those who have either completed at least standard six or
passed a simple literacy test conducted as part of the survey. According to this measure, 77
percent of women and 90 percent of men age 15-49 are literate.
Twenty-one percent of women and 10 percent of men age 15-49 have never attended school.
More than half of adults (53% of women and 56% of men) have completed 10 or more years of
education.
More than half of women and men have completed 10 or more years of
education.
Attitudes toward family life education in school
Virtually all adults agree that children should be taught moral values in school. A large
majority of adults think that children should learn about the changes in their own bodies
during puberty; but a smaller majority think that children should learn about puberty-related
changes in the bodies of the opposite sex.
Men and women differ somewhat on whether they think that children should be taught in
school about contraception. More than five-sixths of men (86-87%) believe that both girls and
boys should be taught about contraception in school, whereas 77 percent of women think that
girls should learn about contraception in school and 72 percent think that boys should learn
about contraception in school.
More than 9 in 10 men (94-95%) think that boys and girls should learn about HIV/AIDS in
school, compared with 86-87 percent of women. Among men, more than four-fifths feel that
both boys and girls should be taught about sex and sexual behaviour in school, and 90-91
percent feel that both boys and girls should be taught in school about condom use to avoid
sexually transmitted diseases. By contrast, only about three-quarters of women (74-81%) feel
that each of these topics is appropriate for children in school.
FERTILITY
Age at first marriage
The median age at first marriage is 19.7 years among women age 20-49 and 24.4 years among
men age 25-49. On average, men get married five years later than women. More than one-fifth
of women (23%) age 20-24 years got married before the legal minimum age of 18, and 19
percent of men age 25-29 years got married before the legal minimum age of 21.
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5

5
Fertility levels
At current fertility levels, a woman in Delhi
will have an average of 2.1 children in her
lifetime, which is the replacement level of
fertility. Among births in the three years
preceding the survey, 14 percent were of
birth order four or higher. Fertility has been
declining substantially over time, decreas-
ing by 0.6 children between NFHS-1 and
NFHS-2 and by 0.3 children between
NFHS-2 and NFHS-3.
The fertility rate is higher in slum areas of
Delhi (2.5 children per woman) than in
non-slum areas (2.0), and it is about three-quarters of a child higher for women from
scheduled castes and other backward classes than it is for women who do not belong to
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or other backward classes.
The largest differentials in fertility are by education. With a TFR of 3.5, women with no
education will have almost two children more than women with 10 or more years of schooling
(a TFR of 1.7).
Fertility in Delhi is
at the replacement
level (2.1 children
per woman).
However, a woman
in Delhi will still
have 0.3 children
more, on average,
than a woman in
Andhra Pradesh,
Goa, or Tamil
Nadu.
Fertility Trends
Total fertility rate
(children per woman)
Total Fertility Rate by State
Children per woman
NFHS-1 NFHS-2 NFHS-3
3.0
2.4
2.1
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Jharkhand
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Manipur
Haryana
INDIA
Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand
Gujarat
Assam
Jammu & Kashmir
Orissa
West Bengal
Tripura
Delhi
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Sikkim
Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Andhra Pradesh
Fertility Trends
Total fertility rate
(children per woman)
Total Fertility Rate by State
Children per woman
3.0
2.4
2.1
4.0
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Jharkhand
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Manipur
Haryana
INDIA
Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand
Gujarat
Assam
Jammu & Kashmir
Orissa
West Bengal
Tripura
Delhi
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Sikkim
Punjab
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Andhra Pradesh
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6

6
Teenage pregnancy
Among young women age 15-19 in Delhi, 5 percent have already begun childbearing, much
lower than the national average of 16 percent. One in four women with no education are
already either mothers or pregnant with their first child, compared with only 2 percent of
women with at least 10 years of education.
Birth intervals
The median interval between births in Delhi is 33 months. Fifty-four percent of non-first-order
births occur within three years of a previous birth, including 13 percent of births that take
place within 18 months of the previous birth and 26 percent that take place within 24 months.
Research shows that waiting at least three years between births reduces the risk of infant
mortality.
Fertility preferences
Seventy-seven percent of currently married women and 71 percent of currently married men
want no more children, are already sterilized, or have a spouse who is sterilized. Among those
who do want another child, more than half would like to wait at least two years for their next
child. Eighty-four percent of women and 86 percent of men consider the ideal family size to be
two children or less.
In Delhi, there is evidence of some preference for sons. Twelve percent of women and men
want more sons than daughters, but only 2 percent of women and men want more daughters
than sons. However, most men and women would like to have at least one son and at least one
daughter.
2.9
1.7
Total fertility rate (children per woman)
3.5
2.2
1.7
No education 5-9 years
complete
10 or more
years
complete
Fourth Highest
Education
Wealth Index
How does fertility vary with education and household wealth?
Note: Categories with fewer than 125 unweighted woman years of exposure are not shown.
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7

7
The desire for more children is strongly
affected by womens number of sons. For
example, among women with two child-
ren, 95 percent with at least one son want
no more children, compared with 71
percent of women with two daughters.
Notably, however, the proportion of
currently married women with two
children who want no more children is
higher in NFHS-3 (92%) than it was in
NFHS-2 (84%) and NFHS-1 (78%), irres-
pective of womens number of sons.
In Delhi, unplanned pregnancies are
relatively common. If all women were to
have only the number of children they
want, the total fertility rate would be 1.6
instead of 2.1.
FAMILY PLANNING
Knowledge of family planning methods
Knowledge of contraception is almost universal
in Delhi. Female sterilization is the most widely
known method, known by virtually all currently
married women and men. Knowledge of
modern temporary contraceptive methods
among adults is also very high in Delhi. The
government family planning programme
promotes three temporary methods: the pill, the
IUD, and condoms. Ninety-five percent of
women and 83 percent of men know about all
three of these methods. Almost all men know
about pills and condoms, but only 83 percent
have heard about IUDs.
Knowledge of female sterilization was high in
Delhi even at the time of NFHS-1, but knowledge of temporary contraceptive methods has
increased since NFHS-1. Among currently married women, 99 percent now know about the
pill, for example, compared with 94 percent in NFHS-1.
Contraceptive use
The contraceptive prevalence rate among currently married women age 15-49 is 67 percent, up
from 64 percent at the time of NFHS-2. Female sterilization accounts for 34 percent of all
contraceptive use, less than its share at the time of NFHS-2 (41%). Condom use, at 23 percent,
2 boys and no girls
Current family size
2 girls and no boys 1 boy and 1 girl
87
95
71
53
44
86
89
90
95
How does son preference affect womens desire
for children?
Percentage of currently married women with
two children who want no more children
Pill IUD Condom Female
sterilization
94
97 98 99 100
94
97 98
93
95
99 99
How many women know about
family planning?
Percentage of currently married women
2 boys and no girls
Current family size
2 girls and no boys 1 boy and 1 girl
87
95
71
53
44
86
89
90
95
How does son preference affect womens desire
for children?
Percentage of currently married women with
two children who want no more children
Pill IUD Condom Female
sterilization
94
97 98 99 100
94
97 98
93
95
99 99
How many women know about
family planning?
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8

8
is higher in Delhi than in any other state.
Other temporary contraceptive methods
(the pill, IUD, rhythm, and withdrawal)
are used by 4-6 percent of women. In
general, better-educated women and
wealthier women are more likely to use
spacing methods than less-educated
women and poorer women. Overall
contraceptive use increases sharply with
age, peaking at 82 percent at ages 30-39
years and then decreasing to 67 percent
for women age 40-49 years. Muslim
women are less likely to use contra-
ceptives (52%) than women from other
religions (68% among Hindus and 73 among Sikhs). Women from the lower wealth quintiles,
women in slums, and scheduled caste women are also less likely to use family planning
methods than most other women.
Contraceptive use at last sex as reported by currently married men is 7 percentage points
lower than womens report of current contraceptive use. Sixty percent of currently married
men report using contraception the last time they had sex. Men are slightly more likely than
women to report current use of condoms, however.
With two-thirds
of currently
married women
using
contraception,
Delhi has the
sixth highest
contraceptive
prevalence rate in
the country.
Any modern method
60
64
55
56
57
67
Any method
How many women use family planning?
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by State
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Bihar
Jharkhand
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Goa
Manipur
Orissa
Jammu & Kashmir
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
INDIA
Assam
Sikkim
Uttarakhand
Mizoram
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
Haryana
Karnataka
Tripura
Gujarat
Delhi
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
24
30
34
36
43
44
47
48
49
51
53
53
56
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
63
64
66
67
67
67
68
69
71
73
Any modern method
60
64
55
56
57
67
Any method
How many women use family planning?
Contraceptive Prevalence Rate by State
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Bihar
Jharkhand
Arunachal Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Goa
Manipur
Orissa
Jammu & Kashmir
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
INDIA
Assam
Sikkim
Uttarakhand
Mizoram
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
Haryana
Karnataka
Tripura
Gujarat
Delhi
Maharashtra
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
24
30
34
36
43
44
47
48
49
51
53
53
56
56
57
58
59
60
61
63
63
64
66
67
67
67
68
69
71
73
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9

9
Consistent with son preference, women in Delhi are more likely to use contraception if they
already have a son. For example, among women with two children, 80 percent of women with
two sons and no daughters use a method of family planning, compared with 67 percent of
women with two daughters and no sons (not all data shown in tables).
Eighty percent of sterilized women had the
operation in a government facility, usually
in a government hospital or a municipal
hospital, whereas more than half of users of
IUDs and pills got their method in the
private medical sector.
According to womens reports, among
users for whom the brand is known, most
pill users (71%), but only 37 percent of
condom users, use social marketing brands.
According to mens reports, 39 percent of
condom users for whom the brand is
known, use social marketing brands.
The one-year discontinuation rate for
modern spacing methods is much lower in
Delhi than in any other state except
Haryana and Meghalaya. In Delhi, 21 percent of users of any modern spacing method
discontinue use within a year of method adoption, compared with 42 percent in India as a
whole. Discontinuation of the pill is particularly high. Thirty percent of the users of pills
discontinue use within the first year after they adopted the method; discontinuation is also
quite high for condoms (23%). Seven percent of IUD users discontinue use within one year.
Informed choice
Women who know about all available contraceptive methods and their side effects can make
better choices about what method they want to use. Almost two-thirds of users of female
modern contraceptive methods (63%) were ever informed about the side effects of their
method, and about half (53%) were told what to do if side effects occurred. Fifty-four percent
were told about other contraceptive methods they could use.
Mens attitudes
Almost all men in Delhi reject the idea that contraception is womens business and a man
should not have to worry about it (93%) and reject the idea that women using contraception
may become promiscuous (95%). However, 44 percent of men incorrectly believe that women
who are breastfeeding cannot become pregnant. Three-quarters of men know that a condom, if
used correctly, protects against pregnancy most of the time.
What contraceptive methods do women use?
Currently married women
Male
sterilization
0.8%
sterilization
Female
23%
Pill 5%
IUD 5%
Condom
23%
Rhythm 6%
Withdrawal
4%
Not using
any method
33%
Delhi.indd 9 3/19/09 12:50:43 PM
10

10
Unmet need
Unmet need for family planning is defined as the percentage of currently married women who
either want to space their next birth or stop childbearing entirely but are not using
contraception. According to this definition, 8 percent of currently married women have an
unmet need for family planning (3% for spacing and 5% for limiting), down from 13 percent in
NFHS-2 and 15 percent in NFHS-1. Currently, 90 percent of the demand for family planning is
being satisfied, having risen from 80 percent in NFHS-1 and 83 percent in NFHS-2.
INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
Infant mortality in Delhi is much lower than in
the country as a whole and in most other states.
The infant mortality rate is currently estimated
at 40 deaths before the age of one year per 1,000
live births, down from the NFHS-2 estimate of
47 and the NFHS-1 estimate of 65. The under-
five mortality rate is 47 deaths per 1,000 live
births. These rates imply that 1 in 25 children
still die within the first year of life, and 1 in 21
die before reaching age five.
In Delhi, the infant mortality rate for boys is
slightly higher than the rate for girls. Boys
also have a slightly higher under-five mor-
tality rate than girls, despite the fact that the
child mortality rate, which measures the
probability of dying between the first and
fifth birthdays, is marginally higher for girls
than for boys.
Children born to mothers under the age of 20
years are much more likely to die in infancy
than children born to mothers in the prime
childbearing ages. Infant mortality is 46 per
1,000 for teenage mothers, compared with 37
for mothers age 20-29 and 30-39.
Having children too close together is es-
pecially risky. The risk of death in the first year of life is more than three times as high for
children born less than two years after a previous birth than for children whose mothers
waited four or more years between births.
Trends in Infant Mortality
Deaths per 1,000 live births
65
47
40
High-risk births have higher mortality rates
Deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births
40
19
32
37
56
37
46
39
60
2-3 years
4 years or more
<2 years
Previous birth interval
4 or more
2-3
1
Birth order
30-39
20-29
<20
Mother's age at birth
Trends in Infant Mortality
65
47
40
High-risk births have higher mortality rates
Deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births
40
19
32
37
56
37
46
39
60
2-3 years
4 years or more
<2 years
4 or more
2-3
1
Birth order
30-39
20-29
<20
Delhi.indd 10 3/19/09 12:50:44 PM
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11
The infant mortality rate for children whose mothers have 10 or more years of education is
only 22 per 1,000 live births. The infant mortality rate is much higher in slum areas (54) than in
non-slum areas (36).
PERINATAL MORTALITY
Perinatal mortality, which includes stillbirths and very early infant deaths (in the first week of
life), is estimated at 35 deaths per 1,000 pregnancies that lasted 7 months or more. Perinatal
mortality is 20 percent higher in urban areas than in rural areas of Delhi. Mothers with no
education (43 per 1,000) are more likely to lose their children in late pregnancy and during the
first few days of life than mothers who have 12 or more years of education (30 per 1,000). Birth
intervals have a very strong effect on perinatal mortality. For pregnancies that take place less
than 15 months after a previous birth, the perinatal mortality rate is 68 per 1,000, compared
with only 14-18 per 1,000 when the birth interval is at least 27 months. (Data for perinatal
mortality are not shown in the tables).
MATERNAL HEALTH
Antenatal care
Among women who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey, 87 percent received
antenatal care from a health professional (79% from a doctor and 8% from other health
personnel) for their last birth. Only 10 percent of women did not receive any antenatal care.
The infant
mortality rate in
Delhi is lower
than the national
average, but
remains higher
than infant
mortality in nine
other states.
Infant Mortality Rate by State
Uttar Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Madhya Pradesh
Jharkhand
Assam
Rajasthan
Orissa
Bihar
Arunachal Pradesh
INDIA
Andhra Pradesh
Tripura
Gujarat
West Bengal
Jammu & Kashmir
Meghalaya
Karnataka
Uttarakhand
Punjab
Haryana
Delhi
Nagaland
Maharashtra
Himachal Pradesh
Mizoram
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Manipur
Kerala
Goa
73
71
70
69
66
65
65
62
61
57
54
52
50
48
45
45
43
42
42
42
40
38
38
36
34
34
30
30
15
15
Delhi.indd 11 3/19/09 12:50:45 PM
12

12
Ninety percent of women in non-slum areas received antenatal care from a health professional
for their last birth, compared with 78 percent of women in slum areas. More than 80 percent of
women with 10 or more years of education, women who are having their first birth, and
women in the higher wealth quintile received antenatal care. Women belonging to other
backward classes were less likely than women belonging to any other caste/tribe category to
have received antenatal care.
Almost two-thirds (64%) of women
received antenatal care during the first
trimester of pregnancy, as is recom-
mended. Another 19 percent had their first
antenatal care visit during the fourth or
fifth month of pregnancy (data not shown
in tables). Three-quarters of women had
three or more antenatal care visits. Women
in non-slum areas were more likely than
women in slum areas to have their first
ANC visit during their first trimester.
The proportion of women who received
three or more antenatal care visits and the
proportion who had their first antenatal
care visit in the first trimester of pregnancy
for their last births have increased substantially in the seven years since NFHS-2.
The coverage of three
or more antenatal care
visits is greater in
Delhi than in most
other states;
nonetheless, even in
Delhi, one in four
pregnant women did
not receive at least
three antenatal care
visits for their last
birth.
Three or More Antenatal Care Visits by State
Percentage of last births in the past five years
17
27
33
36
36
39
41
41
45
52
54
54
59
59
60
62
62
63
68
69
70
74
75
75
75
80
85
94
95
96
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Nagaland
Arunachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Assam
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Uttarakhand
INDIA
Meghalaya
Chhattisgarh
Haryana
Mizoram
Tripura
Orissa
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Manipur
Sikkim
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Delhi
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
Goa
Tamil Nadu
Are mothers getting timely, appropriate
antenatal care?
Percentage of last births in the past three years
Three or more visits Visit during
first trimester
72
74
69
38
62
50
Three or More Antenatal Care Visits by State
Percentage of last births in the past five years
17
27
33
36
36
39
41
41
45
52
54
54
59
59
60
62
62
63
68
69
70
74
75
75
75
80
85
94
95
96
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Nagaland
Arunachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Assam
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Uttarakhand
INDIA
Meghalaya
Chhattisgarh
Haryana
Mizoram
Tripura
Orissa
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
Gujarat
Manipur
Sikkim
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Delhi
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
Goa
Tamil Nadu
Are mothers getting timely, appropriate
antenatal care?
Percentage of last births in the past three years
Three or more visits Visit during
first trimester
72
74
69
38
62
50
Delhi.indd 12 3/19/09 12:50:46 PM
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13
For 78 percent of their last births, mothers received iron and folic acid supplements (IFA), but
for only 40 percent of the births did mothers consume IFA for the recommended 90 days or
more. Ninety percent of mothers received two or more doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine. Only 6
percent took a deworming drug during pregnancy.
In Delhi, more than four-fifths of women who received antenatal care received most of the
services needed to monitor their pregnancy. Eighty-eight percent had their weight taken, 86
percent had their blood pressure measured, 85 percent had their abdomen examined, and 84-
86 percent had blood and urine samples taken.
An ultrasound test was performed during more than half of pregnancies (51%) in the five years
preceding the survey, more than twice as high as the national average (24%). Urban and rural
women are equally likely to have had an ultrasound test for their most recent pregnancy, but
women in slum areas (32%) are much less likely than women in non-slum areas (57%) to have
had an ultrasound test. Even 26 percent of women with no education and more than one-third of
scheduled-caste women (36%) had an ultrasound test. Notably, 8 percent of women who did not
have any antenatal care for their most recent pregnancy had an ultrasound test. Almost three-
quarters of women with 10 or more years of education and 68 percent of women in the highest
wealth quintile had an ultrasound test during their pregnancies. Pregnant women with no living
sons are much more likely to have an ultrasound test than women with one or more sons. For
example, among women with two children, 54 percent with two daughters and no sons had an
ultrasound test, compared with 31 percent with one son or two sons.
Delivery care
Almost 6 out of 10 births (59%) in Delhi take place
in a health facility and 41 percent take place at
home. The percentage of institutional births in the
three years preceding the survey increased from 45
percent in NFHS-1 and 59 percent in NFHS-2 to 61
percent in NFHS-3. Institutional births are more
common among first time mothers, urban women,
women in non-slum areas, Sikh women, women in
the highest wealth quintile, women with 10 or more
years of education, women who received four or
more antenatal care visits, and women not
belonging to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, or
other backward classes.
For 96 percent of home births, a clean blade was used to cut the cord, as is recommended, but
only 59 percent of home births followed the recommendation that the baby be immediately
wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed first.
Are babies being delivered safely?
Percentage of births in the past three years
In a medical facility Assisted by a health
professional
45
59
61
65
66
54
Delhi.indd 13 3/19/09 12:50:47 PM
14

14
Sixty-four percent of births during the past five years took place with assistance from health
personnel, and 32 percent were delivered by a traditional birth attendant. The remaining 4
percent were delivered by a relative or other untrained person. Notably, only 13 percent of
home births were assisted by health personnel. A disposable delivery kit (DDK) was used for
40 percent of home births.
Postnatal care
Early postnatal care for a mother helps safeguard her health and can reduce maternal
mortality. In Delhi, 61 percent of mothers had a postnatal check-up after their last birth and 58
percent had a check-up within two days of the birth, as is recommended. Postnatal care is most
common following births in a medical facility. Nonetheless, even in medical facilities, about
one-fifth of births (19%) were not followed by a postnatal check-up of the mother. Only 27
percent of home births were followed by a postnatal check-up.
Male involvement in maternal care
Eighty percent of men with a child under three years of age said that the childs mother
received antenatal care. Almost two-thirds (64%) of men with a child under age three years
said they were present during at least one antenatal check-up received by the childs mother.
Two-fifths were told by a health provider or health worker what to do if the mother had a
pregnancy complication, and 27-31 percent were told about specific signs of pregnancy
complication.
About half of fathers with a child less than three years of age were provided with information
related to maternal care. Fifty-two percent were told about the importance of proper nutrition
for the mother during pregnancy and 48 percent were told about the importance of delivering
In Delhi, the
percentage of births
delivered in a health
facility is much
higher than the
national average,
but is lower than
seven other states.
More than one in
four births in Delhi
still take place at
home.
Institutional Delivery by State
Percentage of births in the past five years
Nagaland
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand
Bihar
Uttar Pradesh
Assam
Madhya Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Meghalaya
Rajasthan
Uttarakhand
Orissa
Haryana
INDIA
West Bengal
Himachal Pradesh
Manipur
Tripura
Sikkim
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Gujarat
Delhi
Mizoram
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Kerala
12
14
18
20
21
22
26
29
29
30
33
36
36
39
42
43
46
47
47
50
51
53
59
60
64
65
65
88
92
99
Delhi.indd 14 3/19/09 12:50:47 PM
15

15
the baby in a health facility. Among fathers whose child was not delivered in a health facility,
39 percent each were told about the importance of using a new or unused blade to cut the
umbilical cord and were told about the importance of breastfeeding the baby immediately
after birth, and 38 percent each were told about the importance of cleanliness at the time of
delivery and keeping the baby warm immediately after birth.
CHILD HEALTH
Vaccination of children
Only 63 percent of children age 12-23 months in Delhi are fully vaccinated against six major
childhood illnesses: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles. However,
most children are at least partially vaccinated; only 9 percent have received no vaccinations
at all.
Eighty-seven percent of children have received a BCG vaccination and 72 and 79 percent,
respectively, have received at least the recommended three doses of the DPT and polio
vaccines. Seventy-eight percent have been vaccinated against measles.
The DPT and polio vaccines are given
in a series. Many children receive the
first dose but do not finish the series.
Between the first and third doses, the
dropout rate for polio is 11 percent and
the dropout rate for DPT is 14 percent.
In spite of the Pulse Polio Campaign
and the attempts to eradicate polio in
India, one-fifth of children (21%) in
Delhi still have not received three
doses of polio vaccine.
While there was an increase in full vac-
cination coverage in India as a whole
between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3, Delhi has experienced a decline in full vaccination coverage,
from 70 percent of children age 12-23 months fully vaccinated in NFHS-2 to 63 percent in
NFHS-3. The present level is higher than that in NFHS-1 (58%). The decline in full vaccination
coverage between NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 was accompanied by declines of 2-8 percentage points
in the coverage of BCG and three doses of the DPT and polio vaccines and no improvement in
the coverage of measles vaccination during the same period.
Less than two-thirds of children age 12-23 months have been fully vaccinated
against six major childhood illnesses.
Trends in Vaccination Coverage
Percentage of children 12-23 months receiving vaccinations
All BCG Polio 3 DPT 3 Measles
70
58
63
90
70
78 78
72
80
72
79
81
75
87
92
Delhi.indd 15 3/19/09 12:50:48 PM
16

16
Children of more educated mothers and children belonging to wealthier households are more
likely than other children to receive all vaccinations. Scheduled caste children are more likely
to be fully vaccinated than children from other caste groups. Boys and girls are equally likely
to be fully vaccinated (63% each). Other groups with higher than average full vaccination
coverage are children of low birth orders (particularly first-order births), children in non-slum
areas, and Hindu children.
Childhood illnesses
In the two weeks before the survey, 6 percent of children under age five years had symptoms
of an acute respiratory infection (cough and short, rapid breathing that was chest related and
not due to a blocked or runny nose). Of these children, 89 percent were taken to a health
facility or health provider and 23 percent received antibiotic drugs.
Twelve percent of children under age five were reported to have had fever in the two weeks
preceding the survey; 93 percent of these children were taken to a health facility or provider
for treatment, and 30 percent received antimalarial drugs.
Overall, 8 percent of children had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey. Among
these children, 75 percent were taken to a health facility. Less than one-half (43%) were treated
with some kind of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or increased fluids, including 30 percent of
children who were treated with a solution prepared from oral rehydration salt (ORS) packets
and 19 percent who were given gruel. ORS use in treating diarrhoea among children remains
low, even though 95 percent of mothers of young children have heard of ORS.
Full immunization
coverage in Delhi is
much higher than in
the nation as a
whole, but is lower
than in eight other
states, and is also
lower than it was
in NFHS-2.
Full Immunization Coverage by State
Percentage of children 12-23 months
Nagaland
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Meghalaya
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh
INDIA
Gujarat
Andhra Pradesh
Mizoram
Manipur
Chhattisgarh
Tripura
Orissa
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Uttarakhand
Punjab
Delhi
West Bengal
Haryana
Jammu & Kashmir
Sikkim
Himachal Pradesh
Kerala
Goa
Tamil Nadu
21
23
27
28
31
33
33
34
40
44
45
46
47
47
49
50
52
55
59
60
60
63
64
65
67
70
74
75
79
81
Delhi.indd 16 3/19/09 12:50:49 PM
17

17
More than one-quarter of children (26%) with diarrhoea did not receive any type of treatment
at all. Thirty-one percent received antibiotics, which are not normally recommended for
treating childhood diarrhoea.
Children should receive more fluids than usual during diarrhoeal illness, but only 9 percent of
children with diarrhoea received more liquids than normal. Sixty-eight percent of children
with diarrhoea received less to drink than normal or did not receive anything to drink, which
can increase the risk of dehydration.
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
The ICDS programme provides nutrition and health services for children under age six years
and pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as preschool activities for children age 3-5
years. These services are provided through community-based anganwadi centres.
Among the 46 percent of children under six
years in Delhi who are in areas covered by
an anganwadi centre, only 12 percent
receive services of any kind from a centre.
The most common services that children
age 0-71 months in areas covered by an
anganwadi centre receive are supple-
mentary food (12%), followed by immuni-
zations (5%) and health check-ups (3%).
Eight percent of children age 3-5 years
receive early childhood care or preschool
services and 4 percent of children under
age 5 years receive growth monitoring ser-
vices. Children ages 24-35 months are more
likely to receive services from an anganwadi
centre than younger and older children. Children of women from scheduled castes and other
backward classes are more likely to use services from an anganwadi centre than children of
women from other caste groups.
Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre, only 6 percent
had mothers who received any service during pregnancy, and the same percentage of children
had mothers who received any service when breastfeeding.
BREASTFEEDING, NUTRITION, AND ANAEMIA
Infant feeding
Although breastfeeding is nearly universal in Delhi, only 35 percent of children who are less
than six months of age are exclusively breastfed, as the World Health Organization (WHO)
recommends. Only 68 percent are put to the breast within the first day of life, including 21
percent who started breastfeeding in the first hour of life, which means that many infants are
12 12
5
4
3
8
Any
service
Immuni-
zations
Pre-
school
Supple-
mentary
food
Growth
moni-
toring
Health
check-up
How many children receive anganwadi centre
services?
Percentage of age-eligible children in areas covered
by an anganwadi centre receiving services
Delhi.indd 17 3/19/09 12:50:49 PM
18

18
deprived of the highly nutritious first milk (colostrum) and the antibodies it contains. Further,
children are breastfed for an average of 21 months, which is shorter than the minimum of 24
months recommended by WHO for most children.
It is recommended that nothing be given to children other than breast milk in the first three
days when the milk has not begun to flow regularly. However, about half of children (46%) are
given something other than breast milk during that period.
WHO offers three recommendations for infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices for
children 6-23 months old: continued breastfeeding or feeding with appropriate calcium-rich
foods if not breastfed; feeding solid or semi-solid food for a minimum number of times per
day according to age and breastfeeding status; and including foods from a minimum number
of food groups per day according to breastfeeding status. Only 55 percent of children age 6-23
months are fed the recommended minimum times per day and 48 percent are fed from the
appropriate number of food groups. Only 34 percent are fed according to all three
recommended practices.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause eye damage and a higher risk of dying from measles,
diarrhoea, or malaria. The Government of India recommends that children under three years
receive vitamin A supplements every six months, starting at age 9 months. However, only 20
percent of last-born children age 12-35 months were given a vitamin A supplement in the past
six months, and only 49 percent of children age 6-35 months ate vitamin A-rich foods during
the day or night before the interview.
Eating foods rich in iron and taking iron supplements can prevent anaemia. Only 16 percent of
womens youngest children age 6-35 months ate iron-rich foods during the day or night before
the interview, and only 9 percent of children age 6-59 months were given iron supplements in
the week before the interview.
Childrens nutritional status
Forty-two percent of children under age five
are stunted, or too short for their age, which
indicates that they have been undernourished
for some time. Fifteen percent are wasted, or
too thin for their height, which may result
from inadequate recent food intake or a recent
illness. Twenty-six percent are underweight,
which takes into account both chronic and
acute undernutrition.
Even during the first six months of life, when
most babies are breastfed, 11 percent of
children are stunted, 35 percent are wasted,
and 23 percent are underweight. Children in
43 43
16
17
30
25
Stunted
(low height
for age)
Wasted
(low weight
for height)
Underweight
(low weight
for age)
NFHS-3 NFHS-2
Note: Nutritional status estimates are based on the 2006
WHO International Reference Population
Trends in Childrens Nutritional Status
Percentage of children under three years
Delhi.indd 18 3/19/09 12:50:50 PM
19

19
slum areas are much more likely to be stunted and underweight than children in non-slum
areas. Children in slum areas have a very high prevalence of severe stunting (31%). Even in the
wealthiest households, one-third of children are stunted, 17 percent are wasted, and 20 percent
are underweight. Girls are slightly less likely to be undernourished than boys.
Childrens nutritional status in Delhi has improved slightly since NFHS-2 by one measure (the
prevalence of underweight), but not by all measures. Children under age three years (the age
group for which nutritional status data are available in NFHS-2) are less likely to be too thin
for their age, which means that acute undernutrition among children is less widespread today
than it was seven years ago. However, children are equally likely to be too short for their age
as they were at the time of NFHS-2, and they are slightly more likely to be too thin for their
height.
Adults nutritional status
Adults age 15-49 years in Delhi suffer from a dual burden of malnutrition; 15 percent of
women and 16 percent of men are too thin, and 26 percent of women and 17 percent of men
are overweight or obese. Fifty-nine percent of women and 68 percent of men are at a healthy
weight for their height.
Undernutrition is especially prevalent
among the young (particularly those age
15-19), those in the lower wealth quintiles,
and those in slum areas. Overweight and
obesity are most common in older adults,
among those with 10 or more years of
education, and among those in the highest
wealth quintile. Almost half of women
(49%) and one-third of men in their forties
are overweight or obese. Because popula-
tion groups that are less likely to be too
thin are the same groups that are more
likely to be overweight or obese, the per-
centage suffering from either of these two
nutritional problems tends to be fairly
constant across most of the groups.
Using iodized salt prevents iodine deficiency, which can lead to miscarriage, goitre, and
mental retardation. Eighty-six percent of households in Delhi were using sufficiently
iodized salt at the time of the survey. This is slightly less than the percentage measured in
NFHS-2. However, a nationwide ban on non-iodized salt took effect just as the NFHS-3
fieldwork was being completed, so the effects of the new law could not be determined by
the survey.
Normal weight
None <5
years
5-9
years
10+
years
Slum Non-
slum
Total
Education Residence
Thin Overweight/obese
How many women are at a healthy weight
for their height?
Percent distribution of women
16
24
74
5
21
31
58
11
58
21 21
13 15
59
26
58
29
59
20
60
22
Delhi.indd 19 3/19/09 12:50:50 PM
20

20
Anaemia
Anaemia is a major health problem in Delhi, especially among women and children. Anaemia
can result in maternal mortality, weakness, diminished physical and mental capacity,
increased morbidity from infectious diseases, perinatal mortality, premature delivery, low
birth weight, and (in children) impaired cognitive performance, motor development, and
scholastic achievement. The majority of children age 6-59 months (57%) are anaemic, including
26 percent who are mildly anaemic, 30 percent who are moderately anaemic, and 1 percent
who suffer from severe anaemia. Girls are slightly more likely than boys to have anaemia.
Children of mothers who are anaemic are
more likely to have anaemia themselves.
Although anaemia levels vary somewhat
according to background characteristics,
anaemia among children is widespread in
every group. More than half of children in
almost every group are anaemic. Even in
the highest wealth quintile, half of children
are anaemic.
More than 4 out of 10 women (44%) in
Delhi are anaemic, including 35 percent
with mild anaemia and 9 percent with
moderate anaemia. Thirty percent of pregnant women and 52 percent of women who are
breastfeeding are anaemic. At least 3 in 10 women are anaemic in almost every population
group.
The prevalence of anaemia among children age 6-35 months has decreased by 6 percentage
points in the seven years since NFHS-2, and the prevalence of anaemia among ever-married
women has increased by 3 percentage points over the same period.
Eighteen percent of men are anaemic, including 11 percent who are mildly anaemic and 7
percent who are moderately anaemic. Men with no education, Muslim men, and men from the
lower wealth quintiles are more likely to be anaemic than other men.
HIV/AIDS
Awareness of AIDS
Ninety percent of women in Delhi have heard of AIDS. Knowledge of AIDS is higher in non-
slum areas (92%) than in slum areas (81%). Knowledge of AIDS is much lower than average
for women with no education (65%) and women in the lower wealth quintiles. More women
have heard of AIDS now than in the late 1990s. Seventy-nine percent of ever-married women
knew about AIDS at the time of NFHS-2, compared with 88 percent of ever-married women in
NFHS-3. Men are much more likely than women to know about AIDS. In Delhi, 98 percent of
men have heard of AIDS.
Severe anaemia
Anaemia among women, men, and children
21%
Women
(44% anaemic)
Men
(18% anaemic)
Children 6-59 months
(57% anaemic)
Mild anaemia Moderate anaemia
35%
9%
11%
26%
30%
7%
0.2%
0.4%
0.7%
Delhi.indd 20 3/19/09 12:50:51 PM
21

21
Knowledge of prevention and transmission
Men are much more likely than women to
know how HIV is transmitted and how it
can be prevented. For example, only 76
percent of women know that consistent
condom use can help prevent HIV/AIDS,
compared with 91 percent of men; and 81
percent of women know that having just
one uninfected faithful partner can reduce
the chance of getting HIV/AIDS, compared
with 94 percent of men.
Only 48 percent of women and 62 percent
of men have comprehensive knowledge
of HIV/AIDS. This means that they know
that a healthy-looking person can have
HIV/AIDS, that HIV/AIDS cannot be transmitted through mosquito bites or by sharing food,
and that condom use and having only one faithful, uninfected partner can help prevent
HIV/AIDS.
HIV-related stigma
Among adults who have heard of AIDS, 87 percent of women and 89 percent of men would be
willing to take care of a family member with HIV/AIDS in their home, and the same
proportions of women and men say that a female teacher who has HIV/AIDS but is not sick
should be allowed to continue teaching. Fewer women (83%) than men (90%) say that they
would be comfortable buying fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper with HIV/AIDS. More than 6
in 10 women and men say that if a family member got infected with HIV/AIDS, they would
not want to keep it a secret. Overall, however, only about half of women and men express all
four of these accepting attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS.
HIV testing prior to NFHS-3, blood transfusions, and safe injections
In Delhi, only 6 percent of women and 4 percent of men age 15-49 had ever been tested for
HIV prior to NFHS-3 survey. A higher proportion of women (6%) than men (2%) have ever
had a blood transfusion. Women are also more likely than men to have received an injection
from a health worker in the past year (25% of women compared with 20% of men). For almost
all women and men who received an injection from a health worker in the past 12 months
(98%), the last injection was safe, i.e., the syringe and needle were taken from a newly opened
package or the needle used had been sterilized.
HIV prevalence
In Delhi, blood was collected for HIV testing from eligible women and men in a subsample of
households. The results of the HIV testing of blood samples collected in Delhi contributed to
the national HIV prevalence estimate; however, no separate estimate of HIV prevalence is
available for Delhi.
76
91
81
94
48
62
Use condoms Have one
uninfected
faithful partner
Have comprehensive
knowledge
Men Women
Do people know how to prevent HIV/AIDS?
Percentage of women and men age 15-49
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22
Nationally, NFHS-3 found that 0.28 percent of adults age 15-49 are infected with HIV,
including 0.35 percent in urban areas and 0.25 percent in rural areas. If the six states
considered by the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) as having high HIV
prevalence are excluded, the HIV prevalence estimate for the remaining 23 states combined,
including Delhi, is only 0.12 percent overall, 0.08 among women age 15-49, and 0.16 among
men age 15-49 (data not shown in tables).
SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
NFHS-3 included questions on respondents sexual behaviour. Respondents were asked about
their age at first sex, their current and previous sexual partners, and condom use. In addition,
men were asked whether they had paid for sex in the past year. These questions are sensitive
and subject to reporting bias, so the results should be interpreted with caution.
Age at first sexual intercourse
Half of the women age 25-49 in Delhi have had sexual intercourse by the time they are 19 years
of age, while half of the men in that age group have had sexual intercourse by the time they
are 24 years of age. Among youth 15-24 years of age, women are much more likely than men to
have ever had sex. The earlier age at sexual intercourse for women than men is a consequence
of the fact that first sexual intercourse largely occurs within marriage and women marry at
younger ages than men.
Higher-risk sex and multiple sex partners
Higher-risk sex is sexual intercourse with someone who is neither a spouse nor a cohabiting
partner. Among those who had sex in the past year, only 0.1 percent of women and 8 percent
of men reported having had higher-risk sex during the year. Two percent of male respondents
said they had multiple sex partners in the past year, but a negligible percentage of female
respondents reported having multiple partners.
Use of condoms during higher-risk sex
More than three out of five men (63%) who had higher-risk sex reported using a condom the
last time they had higher-risk sex.
Paid sex
One percent of men said they had paid for sex in the past year.
ADULT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
Tuberculosis
In Delhi, 231 persons per 100,000 are estimated to have medically treated tuberculosis based on
reports from household respondents. The prevalence of tuberculosis is higher in slum areas
(384) than in non-slum areas (197).
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23

23
Almost all respondents have heard of tuberculosis (98% of women and 99% of men). Among
people who have heard of tuberculosis, more than three-quarters say that it is spread through
the air by coughing or sneezing (76% of women and 79% of men). Seventy-eight percent of
women and 69 percent of men have misconceptions about how tuberculosis is spread.
However, almost all women and men know that tuberculosis can be cured (96% of women and
97% of men), and only 15 percent of women and 8 percent of men say that if a family member
had tuberculosis, they would want to keep it a secret from the neighbours.
Diabetes, asthma, and goitre
According to self reports, 2 percent of women and 1 percent of men age 15-49 suffer from
diabetes. Diabetes is particularly prevalent in high wealth quintiles and at older ages. The
prevalence of diabetes in the age group 35-49 is 4 percent among women and 3 percent among
men. Less than 1 percent of adults suffer from asthma (547 per 100,000 women and 736 per
100,000 men). The prevalence of goitre or other thyroid disorders is much higher for women
(1,481 per 100,000) than for men (133 per 100,000).
Tobacco and alcohol use
Forty percent of men and 3 percent of women use some form of tobacco. Men who use tobacco
are most likely to smoke cigarettes or bidis, but a substantial proportion chew tobacco in the
form of paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco.
Women and men are more likely to use tobacco than to drink alcohol. One-third of men, but
only 0.4 percent of women, drink alcohol. Twenty-two percent of men who drink consume
alcohol once a week or more frequently.
Source of health care
For the majority of households (71%), the private medical sector is the main source of health
care. Even in slum areas, more than two-thirds of households use the private medical sector.
Among households that do not use government health facilities, the main reasons given for
not doing so are long waiting times (57%), lack of a nearby facility (37%), and poor quality of
care (36%) (data not shown in tables).
Health insurance
Despite the emergence of a number of health insurance programmes and health schemes, only
14 percent of households in Delhi report that they have any kind of health insurance that
covers at least one member of the household. Three types of programmes dominate: a variety
of private commercial health insurance schemes, the Central Government Health Scheme
(CGHS), and the Employee State Insurance Scheme (ESIS). Households in non-slum areas
(16%) are almost three times as likely as households in slum areas (6%) to have health
insurance.
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24

24
WOMENS EMPOWERMENT
Employment and earnings
Only one-fifth of currently married women (21%) age 15-49 were employed in the last year,
compared with almost 100 percent of currently married men in the same age group. Overall,
91 percent of currently married employed women earn cash for their work, compared with 98
percent of currently married employed men. Five percent of employed women receive no
payment for their work. Among currently married women who work and are paid in cash, 93
percent decide how their earnings will be used, either alone or together with their husbands.
Twenty-nine percent of women who work for cash earn more than or about the same as their
husbands.
Decision making
Married women were asked who makes decisions about their own health care, making large
household purchases, making purchases for daily household needs, and visiting their own
family or relatives. About 7 out of 10 currently married women (67-76%) participate in making
each of these decisions. However, only 52 percent participate in making all four of these
decisions and 10 percent do not participate in making any of the four decisions. Older women,
women in nuclear households, and women who are employed for cash are more likely than
other women to participate in these household decisions.
Other indicators of womens empowerment
Forty-three percent of women have some money that they can decide how to use. The
proportion of women with money which they control is highest among women who are
widowed, divorced, separated, or deserted, and women working for cash. Women in the
highest wealth quintile, women with at least 10 years of education, Sikh women, and women
belonging to other religions are also more likely than other women to have money that they
control.
Thirty percent of women (twice the national average) have a bank or savings account that they
themselves use. Womens knowledge and use of microcredit programmes is limited. More
than one-quarter of women (29%) have heard of any microcredit programme in the area, but
only 1 percent have ever used one.
Four-fifths of women (81%) are allowed to go by themselves to the market and 72 percent are
allowed to go by themselves to a health facility, but only 37 percent have freedom to travel
alone outside their own community (data not shown in tables). Only 37 percent of women are
allowed to go alone to all three of these places. Muslim women, women in slums, scheduled-
caste women, younger women, never married women, and women with no children have
much lower freedom of movement than other women.
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25

25
Gender-role attitudes
Almost one-third of women in Delhi (32%) believe that it is justifiable for a husband to beat his
wife under specific circumstances. Women are most likely to say that wife-beating is justified if
a woman shows disrespect for her in-laws (25%) or if she neglects the house or children or
argues with him (14% each). Men are only slightly less likely than women to agree; 28 percent
of men say wife-beating is justified in specific circumstances, including 25 percent who agree
that disrespect for in-laws is justification for wife-beating. Even among women and men who
have completed at least 10 years of schooling, 18-20 percent agree that a husband is justified in
beating his wife for one or more specified reasons.
More than three-quarters of women (77%) and 90 percent of men believe that a woman is
justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all three of the following reasons: if she
knows he has a sexually transmitted disease, if she knows he has intercourse with other
women, or if she is tired or not in the mood.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Among women age 15-49, 16 percent have ever experienced physical violence and 2 percent
have ever experienced sexual violence. In all, 17 percent of women age 15-49 have experienced
physical or sexual violence, including 19 percent of ever-married women.
Spousal violence
Sixteen percent of ever-married women report having been slapped by their husband and 3-6
percent report being punched with their husbands fist or with something that could hurt
them; having their arms twisted or hair pulled; being pushed, shaken, or having something
thrown at them; and being kicked, dragged, or beaten up. One percent report that their
husband tried to choke or burn them on purpose. Two percent report that their husband
physically forced them to have sex. Overall, 16 percent of ever-married women have
experienced spousal physical or sexual violence from their current husband or, if currently not
married, their most recent husband. Five percent report spousal emotional violence. Only 1
percent of ever-married women have ever initiated violence against their husband.
Although the prevalence of spousal violence is lower among the more educated, seven percent
of women who have at least 10 years of education have experienced spousal violence. Women
whose mothers were beaten by their fathers are much more likely to be in abusive marriages
themselves. Almost half of women whose mothers experienced spousal violence have
themselves experienced spousal physical or sexual violence, compared with 11 percent of
women whose mothers did not experience spousal violence. Women whose husbands
consume alcohol and get drunk often are much more likely to experience spousal violence
than women whose husbands do not consume any alcohol or drink but do not get drunk often.
Sixty-four percent of women whose husbands get drunk often have experienced spousal
violence. However, even among women whose husbands do not drink alcohol at all, 10
percent have experienced physical or sexual spousal violence.
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26

26
More than one-quarter of women (27%) who have experienced spousal physical or sexual
violence have suffered injuries as a result of the violence. For more than three-quarters of
women who have ever experienced spousal violence, the violence first occurred within the
first five years of their marriage (data not shown in tables).
Help seeking
Only 18 percent of women who have ever experienced violence have sought help to end the
violence. Almost three-quarters of women (72%) have neither sought help nor told anyone
about the violence. Abused women most often seek help from their own families or their
husbands families. Very few women seek help from institutional sources, such as the police,
religious leaders, lawyers, or social service organizations.
In Delhi one in six
ever-married women
have experienced
spousal physical or
sexual violence,
compared with more
than one in three
women at the
national level.
Spousal Physical or Sexual Violence by State
Percentage of ever-married women
59
46
46
44
44
42
42
40
40
39
38
37
37
35
31
30
28
28
27
25
22
20
17
16
16
16
15
13
13
6
Bihar
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Tripura
Manipur
Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Assam
Arunachal Pradesh
Orissa
INDIA
Jharkhand
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra
Chhattisgarh
Uttarakhand
Gujarat
Haryana
Punjab
Mizoram
Karnataka
Goa
Kerala
Sikkim
Delhi
Nagaland
Meghalaya
Jammu & Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Delhi.indd 26 3/19/09 12:50:54 PM
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27
Table 1 Results of the household and individual interviews
Number of households, number of interviews with women and men, and response rates, according to
residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Residence
Urban
Result Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

Household interviews
Households selected 1,316 2,172 3,488 229 3,717
Households occupied 1,231 2,007 3,238 220 3,458
Households interviewed 1,196 1,914 3,110 214 3,324

Household response rate
1
97.2 95.4 96.0 97.3 96.1

Interviews with women age 15-49
Number of eligible women 1,220 2,202 3,422 256 3,678
Number of eligible women interviewed 1,118 1,988 3,106 243 3,349

Eligible women response rate
2
91.6 90.3 90.8 94.9 91.1

Interviews with men age 15-54
Number of eligible men 701 1,056 1,757 134 1,891
Number of eligible men interviewed 533 804 1,337 99 1,436

Eligible men response rate
2
76.0 76.1 76.1 73.9 75.9
Note: Eligible women and men are women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who stayed in the household the
night before the interview (including both usual residents and visitors). This table is based on the unweighted
sample.
1
Households interviewed/households occupied.
2
Respondents interviewed/eligible respondents.
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28
Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residence
Percent distribution of the de facto household population by age and education, according to residence and sex, Delhi City, 2005-06
Urban
Slum Non-slum Total Background
characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age
0-4 9.0 11.3 10.0 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.5 9.1 8.8
5-9 10.8 12.3 11.4 8.5 8.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.2
10-14 10.9 13.0 11.8 9.8 9.6 9.7 10.0 10.3 10.1
15-19 12.8 10.3 11.7 11.2 9.0 10.2 11.5 9.2 10.5
20-24 12.2 10.7 11.5 11.4 10.5 11.0 11.6 10.5 11.1
25-29 10.9 9.6 10.3 10.1 9.3 9.7 10.2 9.4 9.8
30-34 7.5 7.1 7.3 7.9 8.4 8.1 7.8 8.2 7.9
35-39 7.3 6.3 6.9 7.2 8.3 7.7 7.2 7.9 7.6
40-44 5.7 5.3 5.5 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3
45-49 4.6 3.6 4.2 5.5 5.0 5.3 5.3 4.8 5.1
50-54 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.6 4.3 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.7
55-59 2.3 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.0
60-64 1.2 2.0 1.6 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.5
65-69 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.7
70-74 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.3
75-79 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
80+ 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 1,568 1,209 2,777 5,970 4,962 10,932 7,538 6,171 13,709

Sex ratio, all ages
1
na na 771 na na 831 na na 819
Sex ratio, age 0-6 years
1
na na 915 na na 850 na na 865

Education
2

No education 22.4 40.9 30.3 7.6 17.5 12.1 10.6 22.0 15.7
<5 years complete 15.6 16.4 15.9 11.5 10.8 11.2 12.3 11.9 12.1
5-9 years complete 39.9 26.7 34.3 26.3 24.1 25.3 29.1 24.6 27.1
10-11 years complete 11.4 7.1 9.5 16.0 13.2 14.7 15.1 12.0 13.7
12 or more years complete 10.5 8.4 9.6 38.4 34.2 36.5 32.7 29.3 31.2
Missing 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1,388 1,042 2,431 5,369 4,439 9,809 6,758 5,482 12,239

Median number of years of
schooling completed 5.1 1.9 4.4 9.3 8.3 9.1 8.6 7.2 7.9
Continued
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29

29
Table 2 Household population by age, education, sex, and residenceContinued
Background Rural Total
characteristic Male Female Total Male Female Total

Age
0-4 10.0 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.1 8.9
5-9 12.4 12.0 12.2 9.3 9.7 9.5
10-14 11.8 13.7 12.6 10.2 10.5 10.3
15-19 13.6 11.6 12.7 11.7 9.4 10.7
20-24 11.6 8.2 10.1 11.6 10.3 11.0
25-29 7.4 9.1 8.1 10.0 9.3 9.7
30-34 6.9 6.1 6.6 7.7 8.0 7.8
35-39 5.5 9.1 7.0 7.1 8.0 7.5
40-44 6.3 5.3 5.9 6.3 6.2 6.2
45-49 4.5 4.6 4.6 5.2 4.8 5.0
50-54 2.6 2.5 2.6 3.3 3.9 3.6
55-59 2.6 1.9 2.3 2.9 3.1 3.0
60-64 1.6 3.4 2.4 2.2 2.8 2.5
65-69 1.6 0.6 1.2 1.5 1.9 1.7
70-74 0.5 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.3
75-79 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7
80+ 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 687 527 1,214 8,225 6,698 14,923

Sex ratio, all ages
1
na na 767 na na 814
Sex ratio, age 0-6 years
1
na na 704 na na 848

Education
2

No education 12.6 28.8 19.7 10.8 22.5 16.0
<5 years complete 13.3 15.8 14.4 12.4 12.2 12.3
5-9 years complete 34.2 31.6 33.1 29.5 25.1 27.6
10-11 years complete 21.4 12.7 17.6 15.6 12.1 14.0
12 or more years complete 18.5 9.9 14.7 31.5 27.7 29.8
Missing 0.0 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 600 470 1,070 7,358 5,952 13,310

Median number of years of
schooling completed 7.4 4.6 6.4 8.5 7.0 7.8
na = Not applicable
1
Females per 1,000 males.
2
Population age 6 and above.
Delhi.indd 29 3/19/09 12:50:55 PM
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30
Table 3 Housing characteristics
Percent distribution of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population by household and housing
characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Urban
Household and housing characteristic Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total
De jure
population

Household headship
Male 90.1 90.4 90.3 93.5 90.5 91.2
Female 9.9 9.6 9.7 6.5 9.5 8.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Mean household size 4.6 4.5 4.5 5.2 4.6 na

Household structure
1

Nuclear 64.6 61.4 62.0 62.1 62.1 51.7
Non-nuclear 35.4 38.6 38.0 37.9 37.9 48.3

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Religion of household head
Hindu 83.3 85.7 85.2 94.4 85.9 85.1
Muslim 15.8 7.2 8.9 4.7 8.6 9.8
Sikh 0.1 4.4 3.6 0.0 3.3 3.4
Other 0.8 2.7 2.3 0.9 2.2 1.7
Missing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Caste/tribe of household head
Scheduled caste 36.4 11.7 16.7 24.8 17.3 18.0
Scheduled tribe 1.7 1.1 1.3 0.5 1.2 1.2
Other backward class 19.2 11.9 13.4 26.6 14.3 14.7
Other 42.7 75.2 68.6 48.1 67.2 66.1
Missing 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Electricity
Yes 98.2 99.7 99.4 98.1 99.3 99.3
No 1.8 0.3 0.6 1.9 0.7 0.7

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source of drinking water
Improved source 94.1 92.2 92.6 88.3 92.3 92.1
Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 49.4 81.5 74.9 48.6 73.1 73.2
Public tap/standpipe 35.0 4.0 10.3 16.8 10.8 10.6
Tube well or borehole 9.4 4.3 5.3 22.9 6.6 6.8
Other improved 0.3 2.5 2.0 0.0 1.9 1.5
Non-improved source 5.9 7.7 7.4 11.7 7.7 7.9
Other source 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)
Water on premises 55.5 87.0 80.6 59.3 79.1 78.8
Less than 30 minutes 23.0 4.7 8.4 10.3 8.6 8.2
Thirty minutes or longer 21.3 8.2 10.9 29.9 12.2 12.9
Don't know/missing 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Water treatment prior to drinking
2

Boil 7.1 12.4 11.3 6.1 10.9 11.2
Strain through cloth 0.8 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.4
Use ceramic, sand, or other water filter 4.4 19.0 16.0 1.9 15.0 15.3
Other treatment 4.3 12.3 10.7 3.7 10.2 10.6
No treatment 83.9 56.4 62.0 86.9 63.8 63.3
Don't know/missing 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Continued
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31
Table 3 Housing characteristicsContinued
Urban
Household and housing characteristic Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total
De jure
population

Sanitation facility
Improved, not shared 23.9 74.1 63.9 45.3 62.6 64.7
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 23.9 74.1 63.9 44.9 62.6 64.7
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0

Not improved 75.4 25.7 35.8 54.7 37.2 35.0
Any facility shared with other households 23.2 20.2 20.8 19.6 20.7 18.7
Flush/pour flush not to sewer system, septic tank, or pit latrine 31.5 2.2 8.2 6.5 8.1 8.0
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1
Other unimproved facility 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.7 1.0
No facility/open space/field 19.1 2.6 6.0 28.0 7.5 7.3

Other 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Missing 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Type of house
3

Kachha 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.8
Semi-pucca 12.0 1.3 3.5 11.2 4.0 4.1
Pucca 86.3 97.6 95.3 88.8 94.9 94.9
Missing 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Cooking fuel
Electricity 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.5
LPG/natural gas 46.5 88.6 80.0 55.6 78.3 79.3
Biogas 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Kerosene 29.9 4.6 9.8 6.5 9.6 8.2
Coal/lignite 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Charcoal 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1
Wood 17.6 3.2 6.2 17.3 7.0 7.6
Straw/shrubs/grass 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
Agricultural crop waste 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
Dung cakes 1.8 0.8 1.0 15.9 2.1 2.5
Other 1.8 1.4 1.5 2.3 1.5 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Place for cooking
In the house, separate room 25.8 72.5 63.0 40.7 61.4 64.2
In the house, no separate room 60.7 22.0 29.9 44.9 31.0 28.4
In a separate building 1.4 2.0 1.9 4.2 2.0 2.2
Outdoors 10.0 2.0 3.7 8.4 4.0 4.5
Other 1.6 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.4
Missing 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 628 2,459 3,087 237 3,324 15,157

Type of fire/stove among households using solid fuels
4

Open fire/chullah under a chimney 5.5 2.4 4.1 6.8 4.8 4.8
Stove without chimney 0.4 2.4 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.8
Open fire/chullah not under a chimney 94.1 91.5 92.9 93.2 93.0 93.8
Missing 0.0 3.7 1.7 0.0 1.2 0.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number using solid fuel 124 105 230 81 311 1,570
na = Not applicable
1
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,
adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
2
Total percentages may add to more than 100.0 because multiple answers are allowed.
3
Houses made from mud, thatch, or other low-quality materials are called kachha houses, houses that use partly low-quality and partly high-
quality materials are called semi-pucca houses, and houses made with high quality materials throughout, including the floor, roof, and exterior
walls, are called pucca houses.
4
Includes coal/lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung cakes.
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Table 4 Household possessions, ownership of agricultural land, and wealth index
Percentage of urban, rural, and total households and de jure population possessing various household goods, means of transport,
agricultural land, a house, and farm animals and having a bank account, health insurance, a BPL card, and a mosquito net, and
percent distribution by the wealth index, Delhi, 2005-06
Residence
Urban
Household possessions Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total
De jure
population

Household goods
Mattress 70.2 92.4 87.9 81.3 87.4 88.9
Pressure cooker 69.8 92.7 88.0 79.9 87.5 90.4
Chair 43.5 82.9 74.8 65.0 74.1 77.2
Cot or bed 77.6 91.0 88.3 87.4 88.2 90.4
Table 42.6 82.6 74.5 65.0 73.8 76.6
Electric fan 86.4 95.2 93.4 92.1 93.3 94.5
Radio or transistor 37.0 57.6 53.4 49.1 53.1 53.2
Television (black and white) 21.9 16.8 17.9 29.4 18.7 19.7
Television (colour) 49.4 77.9 72.1 48.6 70.4 73.9
Any television 68.0 87.7 83.7 74.3 83.0 87.1
Sewing machine 32.4 63.2 56.9 52.8 56.6 62.4
Mobile telephone 30.4 66.7 59.3 30.4 57.2 59.3
Any other type of telephone 12.8 45.5 38.8 19.2 37.4 40.5
Computer 3.8 19.6 16.4 6.5 15.7 16.4
Refrigerator 30.9 69.5 61.7 45.8 60.6 64.7
Watch or clock 84.9 93.8 92.0 92.1 92.0 93.8
Water pump 6.5 16.1 14.2 8.9 13.8 15.1
Thresher 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.9 0.3 0.4
Tractor 0.2 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.3 0.5
None of the above 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3

Means of transport
Bicycle 24.2 37.4 34.7 47.7 35.6 39.7
Motorcycle or scooter 12.5 42.0 36.0 21.0 34.9 39.3
Animal-drawn cart 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Car 2.7 18.7 15.4 4.7 14.6 16.0
None of the above 67.2 34.4 41.1 43.9 41.3 36.4

Agricultural land
No agricultural land 73.8 81.0 79.6 57.0 78.0 78.8
Irrigated land only 24.8 17.2 18.8 41.6 20.4 19.6
Non-irrigated land only 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6
Both irrigated and non-irrigated land 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5
Missing 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage owning a house 86.3 87.3 87.1 85.0 86.9 86.8

Percentage owning farm animals
1
19.1 11.8 13.3 34.1 14.8 14.5

Percentage having a bank account/post office account
2
43.8 71.5 65.9 55.6 65.2 66.0

Percentage covered by a health scheme/health insurance
2
5.6 16.1 14.0 13.1 13.9 14.6

Percentage owning a BPL card 5.4 1.4 2.2 5.6 2.4 2.5

Percentage with a mosquito net that can be used for sleeping 7.0 11.9 10.9 21.0 11.6 12.1

Wealth index
Lowest 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2
Second 8.8 1.4 2.9 4.2 3.0 2.7
Middle 31.9 3.6 9.4 14.5 9.7 8.6
Fourth 30.9 15.0 18.3 40.7 19.9 18.9
Highest 27.8 79.9 69.3 40.7 67.2 69.6

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number 628 2,459 3,087 237 3,324 15,157
BPL = Below poverty line
1
Cows, bulls, buffaloes, camels, horses, donkeys, mules, goats, sheep, chickens, or ducks.
2
Any usual household member.
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Table 5 Religion and caste/tribe by wealth index
Percent distribution of the de jure population by wealth index, according to religion and caste/tribe, Delhi, 2005-06
Wealth index
Religion/caste/tribe Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total
De jure
population

Hindu 0.2 2.6 8.7 18.6 69.9 100.0 12,902
Muslim 0.2 4.3 12.3 30.9 52.2 100.0 1,490
Sikh 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 99.5 100.0 509
Other 0.0 0.8 0.6 5.6 93.0 100.0 250

Scheduled caste 0.8 5.4 16.2 30.6 47.1 100.0 2,729
Scheduled tribe 0.0 16.7 18.9 35.4 29.0 100.0 186
Other backward class 0.2 3.9 14.1 28.3 53.4 100.0 2,225
Other 0.0 1.4 5.2 13.4 80.0 100.0 10,016

Total 0.2 2.7 8.6 18.9 69.6 100.0 15,157
Note: Total includes de jure population with missing information on religion and caste/tribe of household head, who are not shown
separately.
Table 6 School attendance
Percentage of de facto household population age 6-17 years attending school in the 2005-06 school year by sex, residence, and age, Delhi, 2005-06
Male Female Total
Urban Urban Urban
Age Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

6-10 years 81.0 91.5 88.9 85.5 88.6 79.0 92.8 89.4 89.8 89.5 80.0 92.1 89.1 87.6 89.0
11-14 years 70.1 88.4 84.5 86.2 84.6 67.4 89.3 83.9 85.2 84.0 68.8 88.8 84.2 85.7 84.4
15-17 years 32.6 64.1 56.9 57.1 56.9 44.1 70.9 65.3 54.5 64.3 36.8 66.8 60.2 56.2 59.8

6-14 years 76.1 90.0 86.8 85.8 86.7 73.7 91.2 86.9 87.6 87.0 75.0 90.5 86.8 86.7 86.8
6-17 years 63.3 82.4 78.0 77.0 77.9 67.5 86.2 81.8 80.1 81.6 65.2 84.0 79.7 78.4 79.5
Note: In this table, childrens age refers to their age at the start of the 2005-06 school year (assumed here to be April 2005).
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Table 7 Children's living arrangements and orphanhood
Percent distribution of de jure children under age 18 years by their living arrangements, and percentage of children with one or both
parents dead, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Background
characteristic
Living with
both parents
Living with
mother but
not with
father
Living with
father but
not with
mother
Not living
with either
parent
Missing
information
on father/
mother Total
Percentage
with one or
both parents
dead
Number of
children

Age
<5 years 96.4 1.9 0.2 1.4 0.0 100.0 0.7 1,334
5-9 years 93.2 3.1 2.1 1.6 0.0 100.0 4.4 1,443
10-14 years 87.0 6.1 2.0 4.5 0.4 100.0 6.4 1,560
15-17 years 80.4 7.8 3.0 7.6 1.2 100.0 9.1 900

Residence
Urban 90.4 4.2 1.6 3.4 0.4 100.0 4.5 4,723
Slum 88.3 5.2 2.6 3.5 0.4 100.0 6.5 1,132
Non-slum 91.0 3.9 1.3 3.4 0.4 100.0 3.9 3,591
Rural 86.4 6.9 3.2 3.5 0.0 100.0 7.6 514

Sex
Male 89.2 4.5 2.2 3.7 0.4 100.0 4.9 2,872
Female 90.9 4.6 1.1 3.1 0.3 100.0 4.8 2,365

Total age <15 years 92.0 3.8 1.5 2.6 0.2 100.0 4.0 4,337

Total age <18 years 90.0 4.5 1.7 3.4 0.3 100.0 4.8 5,237
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Table 8 Birth registration of children under age five
Percentage of de jure children under age five years whose birth was registered with the civil
authorities, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage of children
whose birth was registered
Background characteristic
Registered,
has a birth
certificate
Registered, does
not have a birth
certificate
Total
registered
De jure
children

Age
<2 years 54.7 7.4 62.1 503
2-4 years 55.3 7.3 62.6 831

Sex
Male 56.1 7.3 63.4 722
Female 53.9 7.4 61.3 612

Residence
Urban 55.3 6.6 61.9 1,214
Slum 36.6 4.6 41.2 288
Non-slum 61.2 7.2 68.4 926
Rural 52.8 14.8 67.6 120

Wealth index
Lowest * * * 3
Second 20.7 0.9 21.7 56
Middle 22.6 4.6 27.2 167
Fourth 40.2 6.3 46.4 295
Highest 69.7 8.7 78.5 814

Total 55.1 7.3 62.4 1,334
* Percentage not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
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Table 9 Children's work
Percentage of de jure children age 5-14 years who were engaged in different activities in the
seven days preceding the interview by type of work, according to background characteristics,
Delhi, 2005-06
Work for someone who
is not a member of the
household
1
Background
characteristic
Paid
work
Unpaid
work
Household
chores for 28
or more
hours per
week
Other family
work
2
Total
working
3
Number of
children

Age
5-7 years 0.9 10.3 0.6 0.7 12.0 877
8-11 years 1.7 14.4 0.8 1.7 18.2 1,133
12-14 years 2.4 1.4 3.1 1.5 7.3 994

Sex
Male 2.2 9.8 0.8 1.7 13.9 1,621
Female 1.2 7.8 2.3 1.0 11.5 1,382

Residence
Urban 1.8 8.8 1.5 1.1 12.6 2,697
Slum 2.3 9.0 2.1 1.1 13.8 674
Non-slum 1.6 8.7 1.3 1.1 12.2 2,023
Rural 1.1 9.8 1.1 3.3 14.5 306

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * 5
Second 4.1 9.9 2.5 1.3 15.9 83
Middle 1.8 6.6 2.6 3.0 13.2 326
Fourth 3.3 11.3 1.0 3.3 18.0 723
Highest 1.0 8.3 1.4 0.3 10.5 1,865

Total 1.7 8.9 1.5 1.3 12.8 3,003
1
Any work in the 7 days preceding the survey, paid or unpaid, for someone who is not a
member of the household by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age
12-14 years.
2
Includes any work in the 7 days preceding the survey, such as work on the farm, in a business,
or selling goods in the street by children age 5-11 years and for 14 or more hours by children age
12-14 years.
3
Includes children age 5-11 years who in the 7 days preceding the survey, worked for someone
who is not a member of the household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or
more hours, or engaged in any other family work and children age 12-14 years who in the 7 days
preceding the survey, worked for 14 or more hours for someone who is not a member of the
household, with or without pay, did household chores for 28 or more hours, or engaged in any
other family work for 14 or more hours.
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Table 10 Background characteristics of respondents
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by selected background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Weighted percent Number of women Number of men
Background characteristic Women Men Weighted Unweighted Weighted Unweighted

Age
15-19 17.3 20.7 579 597 285 292
20-24 18.4 20.1 615 627 276 282
25-29 16.2 18.0 544 556 247 245
30-34 14.4 12.3 481 472 169 167
35-39 14.4 11.2 481 467 154 148
40-44 10.9 9.2 367 360 126 123
45-49 8.4 8.4 282 270 116 117

Residence
Urban 92.4 92.2 3,096 3,106 1,266 1,282
Slum 17.1 19.7 572 1,118 271 512
Non-slum 75.4 72.5 2,524 1,988 996 770
Rural 7.6 7.8 253 243 106 92

Education
No education 21.4 9.6 717 873 132 157
<5 years complete 1.8 2.4 59 66 32 37
5-9 years complete 23.6 31.7 791 834 435 487
10-11 years complete 16.0 18.3 538 506 251 240
12 or more years complete 37.2 38.0 1,244 1,069 522 453
Missing 0.0 0.0 1 1 0 0

Literacy
Literate
1
77.3 90.2 2,588 2,429 1,238 1,217
Not literate 22.5 9.4 755 912 129 152
Not measured 0.1 0.4 3 5 5 5
Missing 0.1 0.0 3 3 0 0

Media exposure
Reads a newspaper/magazine at least once a week 47.0 64.8 1,574 1,417 890 827
Watches television at least once a week 89.5 87.8 2,996 2,949 1,205 1,180
Listens to the radio at least once a week 47.8 65.4 1,599 1,547 898 886
Visits the cinema/theatre at least once a month 13.8 13.5 461 402 185 172
Not regularly exposed to any media 7.6 4.8 253 294 66 83

Marital status
Never married 26.9 45.7 900 890 628 616
Currently married 70.2 53.2 2,351 2,352 730 740
Married, gauna not performed 0.0 0.3 1 2 4 7
Widowed 2.3 0.5 78 86 6 7
Divorced/separated/deserted 0.6 0.3 19 19 4 4

Religion
Hindu 84.9 84.8 2,845 2,823 1,164 1,160
Muslim 9.3 9.2 310 365 127 149
Sikh 3.8 4.0 126 99 56 43
Other 1.9 1.8 65 58 25 21
Missing 0.1 0.1 4 4 1 1

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 17.3 19.8 580 730 272 324
Scheduled tribe 1.5 0.8 49 52 12 16
Other backward class 12.8 14.4 430 454 198 217
Other 68.4 64.4 2,290 2,113 885 811
Missing 0.0 0.5 0 0 7 6

Employment (past 12 months)
Employed at any time 22.8 80.5 762 779 1,105 1,125
In agricultural occupation 0.4 1.1 12 12 15 14
In non-agricultural occupation 22.4 79.4 750 767 1,090 1,111
Not employed 77.1 19.2 2,583 2,567 264 245
Missing 0.1 0.3 4 3 4 4

Wealth index
Lowest 0.1 0.2 3 5 3 5
Second 1.9 2.9 64 87 40 52
Middle 6.3 8.4 212 334 115 169
Fourth 16.9 20.2 565 667 278 314
Highest 74.8 68.3 2,505 2,256 938 834

Total age 15-49 100.0 100.0 3,349 3,349 1,373 1,374
Age 50-54 na 4.4 na na 63 62
Total age 15-54 na 100.0 na na 1,436 1,436

na = Not applicable
1
Refers to women/men who can read a whole sentence or part of a sentence and women/men who completed standard 6 or higher (who are assumed to be
literate).

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Table 11 Current fertility
Age-specific and total fertility rates and crude birth rates from NFHS-3 by residence, Delhi, 2005-06,
and totals for NFHS-2 and NFHS-1
NFHS-3
Urban NFHS-2 NFHS-1
Age Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total Total Total
15-19 0.074 0.031 0.041 (0.038) 0.040 0.036 0.066
20-24 0.176 0.154 0.158 (0.249) 0.165 0.191 0.224
25-29 0.165 0.138 0.143 * 0.141 0.174 0.184
30-34 0.063 0.064 0.063 * 0.065 0.059 0.086
35-39 0.018 0.011 0.012 * 0.014 0.017 0.040
40-44 0.003 0.002 0.002 * 0.002 0.003 0.005
45-49 * 0.000 0.000 * 0.000 0.000 0.000

TFR 15-44 2.50 2.00 2.10 * 2.13 2.40 3.02
TFR 15-49 2.50 2.00 2.10 * 2.13 2.40 3.02
CBR 21.0 17.3 18.0
*
18.1 21.3 26.7
Note: Rates are for the period 1-36 months preceding the survey (approximately 1990-92 for NFHS-1,
1996-98 for NFHS-2, and 2003-05 for NFHS-3). Age-specific fertility rates are expressed per woman.
Rates for the age group 45-49 might be slightly biased due to truncation.
TFR = Total fertility rate, expressed per woman
CBR = Crude birth rate, expressed per 1,000 population
( ) Based on 125-249 unweighted women-years of exposure.
* Not shown; based on fewer than 125 unweighted women-years of exposure.
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Table 12 Fertility by background characteristics
Total fertility rates for the three years preceding the survey, percentage of women age
15-49 currently pregnant, mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49,
and total wanted fertility rates, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Total
fertility rate
Percentage
currently
pregnant
Mean number of
children ever
born to women
age 40-49 years
Total
wanted
fertility rate

Residence
Urban 2.10 4.0 3.2 1.60
Slum 2.50 5.6 4.3 1.70
Non-slum 2.00 3.7 3.0 1.57
Rural * 4.1 (4.2) *

Education
No education 3.48 5.3 4.5 2.41
<5 years complete * 6.5 * *
5-9 years complete 2.20 4.5 3.5 1.50
10 or more years complete 1.69 3.2 2.4 1.43

Religion
Hindu 2.11 4.0 3.2 1.59
Muslim * 6.2 4.7 *
Sikh * 2.0 * *
Other * 0.0 * *

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 2.65 4.9 4.2 1.77
Scheduled tribe * 0.0 * *
Other backward class (2.57) 6.5 4.1 (1.75)
Other 1.89 3.4 3.0 1.50

Wealth index
Lowest * * * *
Second * 11.6 * *
Middle * 8.5 (5.0) *
Fourth 2.86 4.2 4.5 1.80
Highest 1.72 3.4 3.0 1.41

Total 2.13 4.0 3.3 1.59
Note: Total includes cases with missing information on education and religion, which
are not shown separately.
( ) Based on 125-249 unweighted women-years of exposure for the fertility rates and
25-49 unweighted cases for the mean number of children ever born.
* Not shown; based on fewer than 125 unweighted women-years of exposure for
fertility rates and fewer than 25 unweighted cases for the percentage currently
pregnant and for the mean number of children ever born.
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Table 13 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood
Percentage of women age 15-19 who have had a live birth or who are pregnant with their first
child, and percentage who have begun childbearing, by background characteristics, Delhi,
2005-06
Percentage who:
Have had a
live birth
Are pregnant
with first
child
Percentage
who have
begun
childbearing
Number of
women
Age
15 0.0 0.0 0.0 106
16 0.5 0.5 1.0 104
17 1.9 0.0 1.9 121
18 5.1 1.6 6.6 146
19 11.5 4.3 15.8 102

Residence
Urban 3.8 1.2 4.9 525
Slum 8.6 3.2 11.8 112
Non-slum 2.5 0.6 3.1 413
Rural 3.8 1.9 5.8 54

Education
No education 22.4 2.2 24.6 47
<5 years complete * * * 18
5-9 years complete 2.3 0.7 2.9 226
10 or more years complete 1.1 0.9 1.9 289

Marital status
Never married 0.0 0.0 0.0 530
Currently married 44.3 14.4 58.7 50

Religion
Hindu 4.4 1.0 5.4 480
Muslim 1.5 1.5 3.0 69
Sikh * * * 25
Other * * * 5

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 5.4 0.5 5.8 113
Scheduled tribe * * * 10
Other backward class 3.4 1.3 4.7 98
Other 3.1 1.5 4.6 358

Wealth index
Lowest * * * 1
Second * * * 8
Middle 15.9 5.1 21.0 40
Fourth 2.6 1.2 3.9 126
Highest 1.7 0.9 2.6 404

Total 3.8 1.2 5.0 579

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Table 14 Birth order
Percent distribution of births during the three years preceding the survey by birth order, according to background
characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and percent distribution of births to ever-married women by birth order, NFHS-3,
NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Birth order
Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total
Number of
births

Mother's current age
15-19 (86.9) (8.7) (4.4) (0.0) 100.0 23
20-29 41.3 31.1 19.0 8.5 100.0 522
30-39 6.5 35.3 22.5 35.8 100.0 145
40-49 * * * * 100.0 7

Residence
Urban 35.7 32.1 19.0 13.1 100.0 638
Slum 24.6 27.7 24.6 23.2 100.0 148
Non-slum 39.1 33.4 17.4 10.1 100.0 490
Rural 31.6 24.6 19.3 24.6 100.0 59

Mother's education
No education 22.9 19.6 24.4 33.1 100.0 214
<5 years complete * * * * 100.0 18
5-9 years complete 32.0 32.8 27.9 7.2 100.0 166
10 or more years complete 45.7 39.2 10.8 4.3 100.0 299

Religion
Hindu 36.3 32.6 18.4 12.6 100.0 586
Muslim 26.8 22.6 22.0 28.6 100.0 85
Sikh * * * * 100.0 23
Other * * * * 100.0 3

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 33.1 24.6 24.4 17.8 100.0 158
Scheduled tribe * * * * 100.0 13
Other backward class 25.2 36.6 20.3 17.9 100.0 109
Other 39.4 32.8 16.4 11.4 100.0 417

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * 100.0 2
Second (29.9) (20.2) (15.4) (34.6) 100.0 32
Middle 21.2 25.2 28.6 25.1 100.0 88
Fourth 23.9 28.2 25.0 22.9 100.0 174
Highest 43.8 35.3 14.8 6.2 100.0 402

Total 35.4 31.4 19.1 14.1 100.0 697

Births to ever-married women
NFHS-3 35.4 31.4 19.1 14.1 100.0 697
NFHS-2 31.5 29.1 17.8 21.6 100.0 822
NFHS-1 28.1 27.5 17.6 26.8 100.0 1,420
Note: Total includes births with missing information on religion, which are not shown separately.
( ) Based on 25-49 unweighted cases.
Delhi.indd 41 3/19/09 12:51:02 PM
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Table 15 Birth intervals
Percent distribution of births during the five years preceding the survey by interval since the preceding birth, and median number of
months since the preceding birth, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Months since preceding birth
Background characteristic 7-17 18-23 24-35 36-47 48-59 60+ Total
Number of
non-first
order births
Median number of
months since
preceding birth

Mother's current age
15-19 * * * * * * 100.0 4 *
20-29 18.6 14.7 30.1 17.2 12.3 7.0 100.0 454 29.1
30-39 5.0 10.0 25.2 17.0 14.9 27.9 100.0 287 41.9
40-49 * * * * * * 100.0 12 *

Residence
Urban 12.8 12.7 27.3 17.0 13.7 16.5 100.0 680 34.6
Slum 17.1 16.8 25.7 17.6 10.3 12.5 100.0 189 30.4
Non-slum 11.1 11.1 27.9 16.8 15.0 18.1 100.0 491 35.9
Rural 17.8 15.1 35.6 15.1 8.2 8.2 100.0 76 27.8

Mother's education
No education 13.8 15.7 28.1 20.8 9.8 11.8 100.0 293 30.9
<5 years complete * * * * * * 100.0 19 *
5-9 years complete 15.4 14.8 26.6 10.4 19.4 13.5 100.0 180 32.3
10 or more years complete 10.1 9.4 28.3 17.1 12.9 22.2 100.0 264 38.1

Religion
Hindu 13.4 12.9 28.4 16.8 12.5 16.0 100.0 625 33.0
Muslim 13.3 16.0 28.7 16.5 13.8 11.6 100.0 105 32.3
Sikh * * * * * * 100.0 20 *
Other * * * * * * 100.0 5 *

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 18.4 16.0 26.3 16.7 10.5 12.1 100.0 178 30.2
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * 100.0 18 *
Other backward class 11.0 16.4 34.0 13.0 12.4 13.2 100.0 128 29.1
Other 11.4 11.2 27.6 18.0 14.1 17.7 100.0 433 35.9

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * 100.0 1 *
Second 18.3 20.1 24.4 23.1 4.9 9.1 100.0 42 26.9
Middle 15.0 16.5 28.8 19.7 8.8 11.1 100.0 119 32.1
Fourth 13.4 14.7 31.8 16.3 12.6 11.3 100.0 210 29.5
Highest 12.2 10.1 26.3 15.6 15.7 20.1 100.0 384 36.7

Birth order
2-3 13.3 12.5 27.1 16.4 13.6 17.1 100.0 582 34.6
4-6 13.6 14.4 30.7 18.6 11.3 11.3 100.0 151 29.6
7+ (11.0) (14.3) (37.3) (15.3) (13.3) (8.8) 100.0 23 (32.4)

Sex of preceding birth
Male 11.2 13.9 27.2 18.1 14.7 14.8 100.0 382 34.6
Female 15.4 11.9 29.1 15.5 11.5 16.6 100.0 374 32.5

Survival of preceding birth
Living 12.3 12.9 28.5 16.9 13.0 16.2 100.0 718 33.9
Dead (30.9) (12.7) (21.5) (14.7) (14.8) (5.4) 100.0 38 (25.1)

Total 13.3 12.9 28.1 16.8 13.1 15.7 100.0 756 33.4
Note: First-order births are excluded from the table. The interval for multiple births is the number of months since the preceding
pregnancy that ended in a live birth. Total includes births with missing information on religion, which are not shown separately.
* Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
Delhi.indd 42 3/19/09 12:51:02 PM
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43
Table 16 Fertility preferences by number of living children
Percent distribution of currently married women and men age 15-49 by desire for children, according to number of living children,
Delhi, 2005-06
Number of living children
1
Desire for children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total
WOMEN
Want another soon
2
81.5 17.1 2.1 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.0 9.5
Want another later
3
12.1 40.4 4.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1
Want another, undecided when 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3
Undecided 0.0 4.0 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.2 0.0 1.3
Want no more 3.5 33.0 72.3 55.8 46.9 50.7 79.4 53.3
Sterilized
4
0.0 2.7 19.3 38.9 48.4 45.9 19.8 23.8
Declared infecund 2.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.7 0.8 1.7
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of women 154 434 812 519 265 104 63 2,351
MEN
Want another soon
2
69.8 18.0 2.6 0.9 0.8 (0.0) (2.3) 11.3
Want another later
3
21.2 52.0 5.9 1.2 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 14.4
Want another, undecided when 4.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.8
Undecided 0.8 4.0 2.9 0.8 4.1 (0.0) (0.0) 2.4
Want no more 1.9 25.0 78.9 79.2 78.1 (89.1) (86.7) 61.7
Sterilized
5
1.9 0.0 9.8 17.1 17.0 (10.9) (11.1) 9.4
Declared infecund 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0
Missing 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0) 0.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of men 69 141 255 151 63 26 23 730
1
Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife.
2
Wants next birth within 2 years.
3
Wants to delay next birth for 2 or more years.
4
Includes both female and male sterilization.
5
Includes male sterilization and men who mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has been
sterilized.
Delhi.indd 43 3/19/09 12:51:03 PM
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44
Table 17 Desire to limit childbearing
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who want no more children by number of living children, according to background
characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and by number of living children, NFHS-2 and NFHS-1
Women Men
1
1
Background characteristic 1 2 3 4+ Total
2
1 2 3 4+ Total
2

Age
15-24 8.9 65.4 (76.7) * 26.8 * * * nc 25.8
25-34 35.5 93.7 93.7 96.7 77.2 11.0 76.4 (86.8) (93.8) 50.0
35-49 84.5 96.1 96.9 96.6 94.7 (58.4) 99.6 100.0 97.5 93.9

Residence
Urban 37.1 91.8 94.5 95.9 76.9 25.0 88.3 96.9 96.4 70.9
Slum 17.4 82.6 93.0 96.7 74.4 (23.9) 74.6 98.2 97.3 66.8
Non-slum 40.3 93.1 94.9 95.5 77.4 25.3 90.9 96.5 (95.7) 72.1
Rural * (89.1) (95.9) 98.1 79.1 * * * * (73.9)

Education
No education 25.6 78.4 89.8 96.1 79.2 * (75.3) (95.2) (89.0) 78.1
<5 years complete * * * * (63.9) nc * * * *
5-9 years complete 26.7 85.8 95.4 97.2 77.6 (18.6) 75.6 94.0 100.0 66.4
10 or more years complete 41.3 96.5 99.5 (93.8) 76.1 27.9 94.6 98.1 (100.0) 71.7

Religion
Hindu 35.7 92.0 94.6 96.2 77.0 24.0 90.7 97.6 98.6 71.3
Muslim (17.6) (85.0) 91.4 96.1 77.2 * * * * 70.6
Sikh * (90.0) * * (74.6) * * * nc *
Other * * * nc (84.2) * * * nc *

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 23.2 82.0 94.7 95.1 74.5 (22.3) (73.6) (96.1) 100.0 71.1
Scheduled tribe * * * * (80.2) * * * * *
Other backward class (18.6) 86.6 89.8 95.9 75.1 * (87.4) (94.5) * 66.8
Other 40.4 93.9 95.7 96.8 78.0 26.9 91.2 96.7 94.0 71.6

Wealth index
Lowest * nc nc * * * nc nc * *
Second * * * * 66.3 * * * * (69.7)
Middle (8.7) 67.4 89.1 97.7 72.6 * (68.7) * (95.1) 66.3
Fourth 19.6 82.8 88.1 96.4 74.1 * (83.1) (91.5) 100.0 72.6
Highest 40.4 94.8 97.2 96.6 78.6 28.7 92.0 97.2 (96.5) 71.4

Number of living sons
3

0 36.0 70.7 * * 33.2 22.7 (76.9) * * 28.5
1 43.3 94.6 94.8 96.1 83.4 32.4 91.1 (94.5) * 77.8
2 na 95.2 97.0 98.0 96.6 na 94.8 100.0 95.9 96.9
3 na na 95.8 95.3 95.5 na na * (100.0) 100.0
4+ na na na 95.6 95.6 na na na * *

Total 35.7 91.6 94.7 96.2 77.0 25.0 88.7 96.3 96.8 71.1
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.7 84.3 94.3 95.5 74.2 na na na na na
NFHS-1 (1992-93) 18.9 78.2 89.4 93.4 68.7 na na na na na
Note: Women who have been sterilized or whose husband has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Men who are sterilized or who
mention in response to the question about desire for children that their wife has been sterilized are considered to want no more children. Total includes
women/men with missing information on religion and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
nc = Not calculated because there are no cases
na = Not applicable
1
Includes current pregnancy of woman/wife.
2
Includes women and men with no children, who are not shown separately.
3
Excludes pregnant women and men with pregnant wives.
Delhi.indd 44 3/19/09 12:51:03 PM
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45
Table 18 Ideal number of children
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, and mean ideal number of children, by number of living children, Delhi, 2005-06,
and percent distribution of ever-married women and men age 15-49 by ideal number of children, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Ever-married respondents
1
Ideal number of children 0 1 2 3 4 5 6+ Total (2005-06) (1998-99) (1992-93)
WOMEN
0 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0
1 24.5 27.5 5.9 2.8 0.6 0.4 1.9 13.5 8.8 4.9 4.0
2 67.1 64.5 85.9 71.5 53.8 37.7 27.0 69.3 70.7 62.9 51.8
3 1.7 6.7 4.9 23.1 22.9 43.9 34.7 10.5 13.9 20.6 27.4
4 1.1 0.8 1.7 2.1 16.7 14.4 30.8 3.7 4.8 6.9 8.3
5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.4 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.8
6+ 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.8
Non-numeric responses 3.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 4.3 2.6 0.0 1.9 1.0 3.1 5.9

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Number 1,058 448 839 544 276 115 67 3,349 2,448 2,477 3,457

Mean ideal number of
children for
2
:
All women 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.0 na na na
Number 1,018 446 834 543 265 112 67 3,286 na na na

Ever-married women 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5
Number 156 446 834 543 265 112 67 2,423 2,423 2,400 3,253

Currently married women 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5
Number 153 432 807 518 253 101 63 2,327 2,327 2,301 3,128

MEN
0 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.0 4.7 (4.0) (5.5) 1.4 1.1 na na
1 15.5 17.7 5.1 1.9 1.6 (0.0) (0.0) 11.1 6.9 na na
2 72.9 77.0 84.3 64.8 65.1 (40.5) (45.6) 73.0 74.0 na na
3 6.4 3.1 6.8 31.5 21.5 (49.9) (26.6) 10.9 14.6 na na
4 1.7 0.4 1.9 1.7 6.3 (0.0) (7.2) 1.9 1.9 na na
5 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.8 (1.8) (0.0) 0.5 0.5 na na
6+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (10.5) 0.2 0.3 na na
Non-numeric responses 1.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 (3.7) (4.5) 1.0 0.6 na na

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 na na
Number 705 143 256 151 66 29 23 1,373 740 na na

Mean ideal number of
children for
2
:
All men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.5) * 2.0 na na na
Number 695 143 254 151 66 28 22 1,359 na na na

Ever-married men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.5) * 2.1 2.1 na na
Number 73 143 254 151 66 28 22 736 736 na na

Currently married men 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 (2.6) * 2.1 2.1 na na
Number 69 141 253 151 63 25 22 725 725 na na
na = Not applicable
1
Includes current pregnancy for women or wife's current pregnancy for men.
2
Means are calculated excluding respondents who gave non-numeric responses.
Delhi.indd 45 3/19/09 12:51:04 PM
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46
Table 19 Indicators of sex preference
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who want more sons than daughters, percentage who want more daughters than sons, percentage who want at least
one son, and percentage who want at least one daughter by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for ever-married women age 15-49, NFHS-3,
NFHS-2, and NFHS-1
Women Men
Percentage
who want
more sons
than
daughters
Percentage
who want
more
daughters
than sons
Percentage
who want
at least one
son
Percentage
who want
at least one
daughter
Number
of
women
Percentage
who want
more sons
than
daughters
Percentage
who want
more
daughters
than sons
Percentage
who want
at least one
son
Percentage
who want
at least one
daughter
Number
of
men

Age
15-19 4.6 3.2 50.7 51.2 556 11.3 1.0 56.0 52.5 277
20-29 11.2 2.2 61.0 57.6 1,132 9.8 1.7 46.5 45.1 519
30-39 14.4 1.5 66.6 63.6 952 14.9 2.1 59.1 58.8 322
40-49 14.7 1.7 64.2 61.9 646 12.0 0.5 54.5 54.3 241

Residence
Urban 11.0 2.1 60.4 58.0 3,033 11.4 1.4 52.1 50.6 1,256
Slum 13.6 2.1 67.7 65.0 562 15.7 1.8 60.1 59.5 267
Non-slum 10.4 2.1 58.7 56.4 2,471 10.2 1.3 49.9 48.2 989
Rural 20.2 2.1 75.3 72.0 253 15.7 2.2 61.8 61.8 103

Education
No education 23.8 1.3 76.3 73.6 696 26.6 0.0 66.2 65.3 129
<5 years complete 17.5 2.3 57.2 55.4 55 (22.1) (4.0) (65.6) (63.9) 32
5-9 years complete 11.9 2.0 65.5 63.5 776 14.7 1.3 58.2 56.6 429
10 or more years complete 6.7 2.4 54.0 51.5 1,758 7.1 1.7 47.1 45.7 768

Marital status
Never married 4.7 3.4 49.5 49.1 862 8.7 1.5 49.4 47.6 623
Currently married 14.1 1.5 65.7 62.5 2,327 14.3 1.4 55.8 54.8 725
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 16.9 3.1 68.2 65.3 97 * * * * 11

Religion
Hindu 11.7 2.1 61.7 59.2 2,807 10.6 1.7 52.5 51.3 1,156
Muslim 15.5 1.8 65.1 62.9 289 24.8 0.4 60.7 59.7 122
Sikh 7.1 3.1 54.1 52.0 124 (7.0) (0.0) (46.5) (41.9) 56
Other 6.1 0.0 50.0 47.9 63 * * * * 24

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 16.4 1.7 69.8 67.0 571 13.6 1.9 54.1 53.2 269
Scheduled tribe (17.4) (2.7) (64.2) (60.9) 47 * * * * 12
Other backward class 16.0 0.8 65.6 62.4 420 18.5 0.0 57.5 54.8 195
Other 9.6 2.4 58.6 56.4 2,247 9.5 1.7 51.3 50.1 876

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * 3 * * * * 3
Second 26.1 2.4 74.7 72.7 63 19.7 0.0 54.6 54.6 39
Middle 18.4 2.5 79.1 75.9 206 21.0 0.9 64.2 63.3 112
Fourth 17.8 1.4 70.4 67.7 555 20.7 2.4 57.6 57.0 276
Highest 9.4 2.2 57.7 55.4 2,459 7.4 1.3 49.8 48.2 929

Total 11.7 2.1 61.5 59.1 3,286 11.7 1.5 52.8 51.5 1,359

Ever-married women
NFHS-3 (2005-06) 14.2 1.6 65.8 62.6 2,423 na na na na na
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 23.1 2.6 85.5 82.0 2,397 na na na na na
NFHS-1 (1992-93) 30.2 2.6 79.9 75.8 3,247 na na na na na
Note: Table excludes women and men who gave non-numeric responses to the questions on ideal number of children or ideal number of sons or daughters. Total
includes women/men with missing information on religion, women with missing information on education, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who
na = Not applicable
Delhi.indd 46 3/19/09 12:51:05 PM
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47
Table 20 Knowledge of contraceptive methods
Percentage of all women and men, currently married women and men, and never married women and men who know any contraceptive method, by
specific method and residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Women Men
Method All women
Currently
married women
Never married
women All men
Currently
married men
Never married
men
URBAN
Any method 99.8 100.0 99.2 99.8 99.8 99.7

Any modern method 99.8 100.0 99.2 99.8 99.8 99.7
Female sterilization 99.5 99.9 98.3 97.0 98.9 94.9
Male sterilization 96.9 98.5 92.7 95.9 98.8 92.8
Pill 98.9 99.4 97.5 95.9 98.4 93.0
IUD 92.3 96.6 80.8 69.3 84.3 52.0
Injectables 74.9 81.6 57.3 57.4 68.1 45.5
Condom/Nirodh 97.1 98.0 94.8 99.4 99.4 99.5
Female condom 25.2 28.3 17.7 33.0 34.9 31.2
Emergency contraception 26.1 32.1 10.4 30.0 34.9 24.3
Other modern method 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0

Pill, IUD, and condom
1
91.0 95.3 79.6 69.0 83.8 52.0

Any traditional method 74.0 90.7 29.2 68.4 83.1 51.0
Rhythm 68.3 83.7 27.2 61.2 77.7 41.9
Withdrawal 59.1 77.4 9.9 57.6 71.0 41.5
Folk method 2.1 3.0 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8

Mean number of methods known by
respondents age 15-49 7.4 8.0 5.9 7.0 7.7 6.2

Number of respondents age 15-49 3,096 2,167 842 1,266 676 583
RURAL
Any method 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 (100.0) (97.7)

Any modern method 100.0 100.0 100.0 98.9 (100.0) (97.7)
Female sterilization 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.7 (100.0) (93.0)
Male sterilization 97.1 98.3 92.9 94.6 (97.8) (90.7)
Pill 99.6 100.0 98.2 89.1 (97.8) (79.1)
IUD 93.4 96.6 82.1 59.8 (73.9) (46.5)
Injectables 71.2 76.8 53.6 55.4 (76.1) (37.2)
Condom/Nirodh 97.5 98.3 94.6 98.9 (100.0) (97.7)
Female condom 24.3 24.9 21.4 29.3 (45.7) (11.6)
Emergency contraception 27.6 32.8 8.9 25.0 (32.6) (18.6)
Other modern method 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0.0) (0.0)

1
91.8 95.5 78.6 57.6 (71.7) (44.2)

Any traditional method 76.1 91.5 25.0 60.9 (82.6) (39.5)
Rhythm 68.7 83.1 23.2 54.3 (73.9) (34.9)
Withdrawal 58.4 73.4 7.1 50.0 (71.7) (27.9)
Folk method 4.9 6.2 0.0 1.1 (2.2) (0.0)

respondents age 15-49 7.4 7.9 5.8 6.5 (7.7) (5.4)

Number of respondents age 15-49 253 185 58 106 53 50
TOTAL
Any method 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.7 99.8 99.5

Any modern method 99.8 100.0 99.3 99.7 99.8 99.5
Female sterilization 99.5 99.9 98.4 97.0 99.0 94.8
Male sterilization 96.9 98.5 92.7 95.8 98.7 92.6
Pill 98.9 99.4 97.5 95.4 98.3 91.9
IUD 92.4 96.6 80.9 68.6 83.5 51.5
Injectables 74.6 81.2 57.1 57.2 68.7 44.8
Condom/Nirodh 97.2 98.0 94.8 99.4 99.4 99.4
Female condom 25.2 28.0 18.0 32.7 35.7 29.7
Emergency contraception 26.3 32.1 10.3 29.6 34.7 23.9
Other modern method 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0

1
91.1 95.3 79.6 68.1 82.9 51.4

Any traditional method 74.2 90.8 28.9 67.9 83.0 50.1
Rhythm 68.3 83.6 27.0 60.7 77.4 41.4
Withdrawal 59.0 77.1 9.7 57.0 71.0 40.5
Folk method 2.3 3.2 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.8

respondents age 15-49 7.4 8.0 5.9 6.9 7.7 6.1

Number of respondents age 15-49 3,349 2,351 901 1,373 730 632
1
All three methods.
Delhi.indd 47 3/19/09 12:51:06 PM
48

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Delhi.indd 50 3/19/09 12:51:08 PM
51

51
Table 23 Use of social marketing brand pills and condoms
Among women age 15-49 who are current pill or condom users and men age 15-49 who are current condom users and for whom
the brand being used is known, percentage who are using a social marketing brand by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Women Men
Background characteristics
Percentage of pill
users using a social
marketing brand
Number of
pill users
Percentage of
condom users
using a social
marketing brand
Number of
condom
users
Percentage of
condom users
using a social
marketing brand
Number of
condom
users

Age
15-19 nc 0 * 3 * 9
20-24 * 12 (40.9) 42 * 17
25-29 (78.3) 26 28.2 88 (45.2) 43
30-39 (68.1) 50 39.8 160 41.9 76
40-49 * 7 (40.4) 49 (35.4) 40

Residence
Urban 76.2 84 36.7 332 37.6 173
Slum (61.3) 16 41.0 31 57.4 32
Non-slum 79.6 69 36.3 301 33.0 141
Rural * 10 * 9 * 12

Education
No education (76.5) 25 (41.8) 31 * 8
< 5 years complete * 3 * 3 * 4
5-9 years complete * 22 (61.3) 49 (55.6) 43
10 or more years complete (67.5) 45 32.4 259 31.9 130

Religion
Hindu 71.7 82 37.9 294 39.0 153
Muslim * 12 (56.3) 26 * 15
Sikh nc 0 * 14 * 13
Other nc 0 * 6 * 3

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste * 15 (39.3) 36 (60.9) 33
Scheduled tribe * 1 * 7 * 2
Other backward class * 18 (46.5) 32 * 19
Other 73.2 61 35.2 267 35.7 130

Wealth index
Lowest nc 0 nc 0 nc 0
Second * 2 * 1 * 2
Middle * 4 * 5 * 4
Fourth * 24 (32.3) 32 (47.9) 30
Highest 68.9 65 37.9 304 36.4 149

Total 71.1 95 37.2 341 39.0 185
Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
Delhi.indd 51 3/19/09 12:51:08 PM
52

52
Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methods
Percent distribution of current users of modern contraceptive methods by most recent
source of the method, according to residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Most recent source of method
Female
sterilization Pill IUD
Condom/
Nirodh
All modern
methods
1
URBAN
Public medical sector 79.3 14.5 44.9 12.1 42.9
Government/municipal hospital 74.7 6.3 29.7 5.2 36.2
Government dispensary 2.3 3.7 13.1 5.1 4.5
CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Sub-centre/ANM/camp 1.1 4.5 2.1 1.3 1.5
Other public medical sector 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

Private medical sector 19.8 57.5 54.0 27.6 29.1
Private hospital 18.7 5.5 47.0 2.8 13.6
Private doctor/clinic 1.1 8.2 7.0 5.7 4.3
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 35.4 0.0 14.7 8.8
Other private medical sector 0.0 8.4 0.0 4.3 2.4

Other source 0.0 28.0 0.0 59.8 26.9
Shop 0.0 16.1 0.0 3.1 2.5
Spouse 0.0 11.9 0.0 56.4 24.3
Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
Other 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
Dont know 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Missing 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 505 96 109 518 1,253
RURAL
Public medical sector 83.6 * * * 65.0
Government/municipal hospital 78.7 * * * 56.0
Government dispensary 0.0 * * * 5.0
CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.0 * * * 0.0
Sub-centre/ANM/camp 4.9 * * * 4.0
Other public medical sector 0.0 * * * 0.0

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.0 * * * 0.0

Private medical sector 16.4 * * * 22.0
Private hospital 16.4 * * * 12.0
Private doctor/clinic 0.0 * * * 2.0
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 * * * 6.0
Other private medical sector 0.0 * * * 2.0

Other source 0.0 * * * 12.0
Shop 0.0 * * * 4.0
Spouse 0.0 * * * 7.0
Friend/relative 0.0 * * * 0.0
Other 0.0 * * * 1.0
Dont know 0.0 * * * 0.0

Missing 0.0 * * * 1.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 64 10 8 20 104
Continued
Delhi.indd 52 3/19/09 12:51:09 PM
53

53
Table 24 Source of modern contraceptive methodsContinued
Most recent source of method
Female
sterilization Pill IUD
Condom/
Nirodh
All modern
methods
1
TOTAL
Public medical sector 79.7 15.0 45.2 12.8 44.6
Government/municipal hospital 75.2 6.7 30.2 5.4 37.7
Government dispensary 2.0 3.3 13.0 5.6 4.5
CHC/rural hospital/PHC 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Sub-centre/ANM/camp 1.5 5.0 2.0 1.3 1.7
Other public medical sector 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5

NGO or trust hospital/clinic 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3

Private medical sector 19.5 55.8 53.7 27.3 28.6
Private hospital 18.5 5.0 45.4 2.7 13.5
Private doctor/clinic 1.0 7.4 8.3 5.5 4.1
Pharmacy/drugstore 0.0 35.8 0.0 14.6 8.6
Other private medical sector 0.0 7.6 0.0 4.5 2.4

Other source 0.0 29.1 0.0 59.2 25.8
Shop 0.0 16.5 0.0 3.4 2.6
Spouse 0.0 11.7 0.0 55.5 22.9
Friend/relative 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
Other 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Dont know 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2

Missing 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.5

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of users 568 107 117 538 1,358
Note: All information in this table is based on women's reports. Table includes all users of
modern contraceptive methods regardless of their marital status.
CHC = Community health centre; PHC = Primary health centre; ANM = Auxiliary nurse
midwife; NGO = Nongovernmental organization
1
Includes users of male sterilization and injectables, who are not shown separately.
Delhi.indd 53 3/19/09 12:51:09 PM
54

54
Table 25 Informed choice
Among women who are current users of selected modern contraceptive methods who started the last
episode of use within the five years preceding the survey, the percentage who were informed about
possible side effects or problems of that method, the percentage who were informed about what to do
if they experienced side effects, and the percentage who were informed about other methods they
could use, by method and initial source of method, Delhi, 2005-06
Method/source
Percentage who
were informed
about side effects
or problems of
method used
Percentage
who were
informed about
what to do if
experienced
side effects
Percentage who
were informed by a
health or family
planning worker
about other
methods that could
be used
Number
of women
Method
Female sterilization
1
62.4 51.1 46.5 126
Pill 53.1 42.5 51.3 58
IUD 69.7 62.2 65.6 95

Initial source of method
2

Public medical sector 64.6 54.7 51.7 139
Private medical sector 61.9 53.0 56.8 126

Total 63.0 53.1 54.0 279
Note: Table includes only the contraceptive methods separately shown and excludes users who
obtained their method from friends/relatives. Total includes women who reported the initial source of
the method as other sources, who are not shown separately.
1
Among women who were sterilized in the five years preceding the survey.
2
Source at start of current episode of use.
Table 26 First-year contraceptive discontinuation rates
Percentage of contraceptive users who discontinued use of a method within 12 months after beginning its use, by reason for
discontinuation and percentage who switched to another method, by type of method, Delhi, 2005-06
Method
Method
failure
Desire to
become
pregnant
Side
effects/
health
concerns
Infrequent
sex/husband
away
Other
reason Total
Switched to
another
method
1
Female sterilization 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Pill 0.8 7.5 12.2 0.0 9.1 29.6 10.3
IUD 0.4 0.0 4.9 0.0 1.4 6.7 3.1
Condom/Nirodh 2.9 13.2 0.6 0.2 6.0 22.8 4.4

All modern spacing methods
2
2.0 9.7 3.4 0.1 5.9 21.2 5.5

All spacing methods
3
1.6 9.8 3.1 0.1 5.4 20.1 5.2

All methods 1.4 8.5 2.7 0.1 4.7 17.5 4.5
Note: Table is based on episodes of contraceptive use that began 3-59 months prior to the survey.
1
Used a different method in the month following discontinuation or said they wanted a more effective method and started
another method within two months of discontinuation.
2
Includes other modern spacing methods that are not shown separately.
3
Includes other spacing methods that are not shown separately.
Delhi.indd 54 3/19/09 12:51:10 PM
55

55
Table 27 Men's contraception-related perceptions and knowledge
Percentage of men age 15-49 who agree with two specific statements about women and contraception and say that a woman who is breastfeeding cannot
become pregnant, and percent distribution of men according to their belief about the efficacy of condoms in preventing pregnancy, by background
Percentage of men who agree
Percentage of men who say that if a male condom is used
correctly, it protects against pregnancy:
Contraception is
women's business
and a man should
not have to worry
about it
Women who use
contraception
may become
promiscuous
A woman
who is breast-
feeding cannot
become
pregnant
Most of
the time
Some-
times
Not at
all
Don't
know/unsure
1
Total
Number
of men

Age
15-19 8.3 8.4 25.4 57.8 19.2 0.0 22.9 100.0 285
20-24 7.8 7.5 42.5 74.9 17.1 0.0 7.9 100.0 276
25-29 10.0 5.0 50.0 75.2 20.2 0.5 4.2 100.0 247
30-39 4.9 2.6 48.7 83.7 13.1 0.0 3.2 100.0 322
40-49 4.3 4.2 56.1 81.0 15.3 0.0 3.7 100.0 242

Residence
Urban 7.3 5.6 45.3 74.3 17.0 0.1 8.6 100.0 1,266
Slum 7.0 6.6 54.7 75.0 14.1 0.0 10.9 100.0 271
Non-slum 7.4 5.3 42.7 74.2 17.8 0.1 7.9 100.0 996
Rural 3.3 4.3 30.4 77.2 15.2 0.0 7.6 100.0 106

Education
No education 10.0 3.7 40.4 55.9 26.1 0.0 18.0 100.0 132
<5 years complete (9.6) (8.9) (50.2) (74.3) (5.6) (0.0) (20.1) 100.0 32
5-9 years complete 7.9 9.1 42.0 68.6 18.8 0.0 12.6 100.0 435
10 or more years complete 5.9 3.7 45.7 81.1 14.6 0.2 4.1 100.0 773

Religion
Hindu 7.8 5.4 43.8 75.6 17.2 0.1 7.2 100.0 1,164
Muslim 3.1 6.7 47.4 64.9 20.1 0.0 15.0 100.0 127
Sikh (2.3) (4.7) (48.8) (81.4) (7.0) (0.0) (11.6) 100.0 56
Other * * * * * * * 100.0 25

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 10.4 6.5 39.8 73.9 16.2 0.0 9.9 100.0 272
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 100.0 12
Other backward class 7.2 8.6 43.1 65.1 20.4 0.7 13.9 100.0 198
Other 5.8 4.5 45.5 77.0 16.4 0.0 6.6 100.0 885

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * 100.0 3
Second 11.9 5.9 42.0 61.7 24.9 0.0 13.4 100.0 40
Middle 9.6 6.0 38.6 67.2 16.5 0.0 16.2 100.0 115
Fourth 7.6 6.3 49.8 71.0 16.2 0.0 12.7 100.0 278
Highest 6.3 5.2 43.2 77.1 16.8 0.1 6.0 100.0 938

Total age 15-49 7.0 5.5 44.1 74.6 16.9 0.1 8.5 100.0 1,373
Age 50-54 10.5 4.9 43.8 81.1 17.2 0.0 1.7 100.0 63
Total age 15-54 7.2 5.5 44.1 74.8 16.9 0.1 8.2 100.0 1,436
Note: Total includes men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Includes missing values and those who had never heard of condoms.
Delhi.indd 55 3/19/09 12:51:11 PM
56

56
Table 28 Need for family planning among currently married women
Percentage of currently married women age 15-49 with unmet need for family planning, percentage with met need for family planning, and total
demand for family planning, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Unmet need for
family planning
1
Met need for family
planning (currently using)
2
Total demand for
family planning
3
For
spacing
For
limiting Total
For
spacing
For
limiting Total
For
spacing
For
limiting Total
Percentage
of demand
satisfied
Number
of
women

Age
15-19 17.5 4.2 21.7 24.7 0.0 24.7 42.2 4.2 46.4 53.3 50
20-24 16.0 3.2 19.2 20.3 16.7 37.1 36.3 19.9 56.2 65.9 318
25-29 2.8 8.6 11.4 14.4 47.4 61.8 17.2 56.0 73.2 84.5 482
30-34 1.2 6.3 7.5 5.9 74.2 80.1 7.0 80.5 87.6 91.4 464
35-39 0.0 4.1 4.1 2.0 82.0 84.0 2.0 86.1 88.0 95.4 447
40-44 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.0 73.8 73.8 0.2 74.4 74.5 99.0 338
45-49 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.0 58.5 58.5 0.0 59.4 59.4 98.5 253

Residence
Urban 3.1 4.1 7.2 8.0 59.0 67.1 11.2 63.1 74.3 90.3 2,167
Slum 5.0 8.3 13.3 4.5 52.2 56.6 9.4 60.5 69.9 81.0 401
Non-slum 2.7 3.1 5.8 8.8 60.6 69.4 11.6 63.7 75.3 92.3 1,766
Rural 5.6 9.6 15.3 4.5 59.9 64.4 10.2 69.5 79.7 80.9 185

Education
No education 3.9 6.9 10.8 3.7 56.2 59.9 7.6 63.1 70.7 84.7 640
<5 years complete (9.2) (16.1) (25.3) (9.7) (43.7) (53.5) (18.9) (59.8) (78.7) (67.9) 44
5-9 years complete 5.0 5.8 10.8 7.4 56.5 63.9 12.4 62.4 74.7 85.5 507
10 or more years complete 2.1 2.1 4.2 10.1 62.4 72.5 12.2 64.5 76.7 94.5 1,160

Religion
Hindu 3.3 4.1 7.3 8.0 59.9 67.9 11.3 64.0 75.2 90.3 2,025
Muslim 5.4 10.7 16.1 4.2 47.3 51.5 9.7 58.0 67.6 76.1 198
Sikh 1.5 1.5 3.0 10.4 62.7 73.1 11.9 64.2 76.1 96.1 85
Other (0.0) (2.5) (2.5) (3.2) (70.9) (74.1) (3.2) (73.5) (76.6) (96.7) 40

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 4.9 7.1 12.0 7.5 53.3 60.8 12.4 60.4 72.8 83.5 409
Scheduled tribe (9.0) (10.8) (19.8) (4.5) (64.9) (69.4) (13.5) (75.7) (89.2) (77.8) 28
Other backward class 3.9 4.0 7.9 6.1 56.0 62.1 10.0 60.0 70.0 88.7 308
Other 2.8 3.8 6.5 8.2 61.1 69.3 10.9 64.9 75.8 91.4 1,606

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * * * * 3
Second 8.4 17.0 25.4 2.7 37.8 40.5 11.1 54.7 65.9 61.5 58
Middle 6.6 12.7 19.3 5.0 43.2 48.2 11.6 56.0 67.5 71.4 175
Fourth 5.9 6.3 12.1 6.7 56.5 63.2 12.6 62.8 75.3 83.9 410
Highest 2.2 2.8 5.0 8.5 62.2 70.6 10.7 65.0 75.7 93.4 1,707

Total 3.3 4.5 7.8 7.8 59.1 66.9 11.1 63.6 74.7 89.5 2,351
Note: Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately.
1
Unmet need for spacing includes pregnant women whose pregnancy was mistimed; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family planning
and whose last birth was mistimed, or whose last birth was unwanted but now say they want more children; and fecund women who are
neither pregnant nor amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and say they want to wait 2 or more years for their
next birth. Also included in unmet need for spacing are fecund women who are not using any method of family planning and say they are
unsure whether they want another child or who want another child but are unsure when to have the birth.
Unmet need for limiting refers to pregnant women whose pregnancy was unwanted; amenorrhoeic women who are not using family
planning, whose last child was unwanted, and who do not want any more children; and fecund women who are neither pregnant nor
amenorrhoeic, who are not using any method of family planning, and who want no more children. Excluded from the unmet need category
are pregnant and amenorrhoeic women who became pregnant while using a method (these women are in need of a better method of
contraception).
2
Using for spacing is defined as women who are using some method of family planning and say they want to have another child or are
undecided whether to have another. Using for limiting is defined as women who are using and who want no more children. Note that the
specific methods used are not taken into account here.
3
Nonusers who are pregnant or amenorrhoeic whose pregnancy was the result of a contraceptive failure are not included in the category of
unmet need, but are included in total demand for contraception (since they would have been using had their method not failed).
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57
Table 29 Age at first marriage
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who were first married by specific exact ages, percentage never married, and median age at first
marriage, first cohabitation with spouse, and first sex according to current age, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage first married by exact age:
Current age 15 18 20 21 25
Percentage
never married
Number of
respondents
Median age
at first
marriage
Median age
at first
cohabitation
Median age
at first sexual
intercourse
WOMEN
15-19 2.3 na na na na 91.4 579 a a a
20-24 7.6 22.7 35.1 na na 47.7 615 a a a
25-29 11.9 34.6 52.1 61.0 85.9 10.3 544 19.7 19.9 19.9
30-34 17.2 40.2 57.3 65.7 85.9 1.7 481 19.1 19.2 19.3
35-39 19.1 42.3 58.4 66.1 89.0 0.8 481 18.9 19.3 19.4
40-44 17.5 43.8 63.7 69.6 89.2 1.9 367 18.6 18.9 19.0
45-49 19.1 40.2 60.3 69.7 90.4 0.9 282 18.9 19.1 19.2

20-49 14.6 36.1 52.7 na na 13.4 2,770 19.7 19.8 19.9

25-49 16.6 39.9 57.7 65.8 87.7 3.6 2,155 19.1 19.3 19.4
MEN
15-19 0.2 na na na na 99.3 285 a a a
20-24 1.0 5.0 10.6 na na 80.1 276 a a a
25-29 3.5 9.0 14.6 19.4 41.5 42.3 247 a a 24.9
30-34 4.0 7.9 17.5 24.3 56.7 9.9 169 24.2 24.2 23.8
35-39 3.6 13.7 26.0 37.5 64.2 2.0 154 23.2 23.4 23.2
40-44 4.4 10.4 19.7 24.6 57.0 3.1 126 24.1 24.3 23.7
45-49 3.5 12.6 26.7 35.2 64.7 0.0 116 22.9 23.4 23.4

20-49 3.1 9.0 17.5 na na 32.1 1,088 a a a

25-49 3.8 10.4 19.9 26.9 54.7 15.8 812 24.4 24.5 24.0
na = Not applicable due to censoring
a = Omitted because less than 50 percent of the women or men were married, began living with their spouse, or had sex for the first time before
reaching the beginning of the age group
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58
Table 30 Early childhood mortality rates
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for five-year periods preceding
the survey and for 0-4 years before NFHS-2 and NFHS-1, Delhi, 2005-06
Years preceding
the survey
Neonatal
mortality
(NN)
Postneonatal
mortality
1
(PNN)
Infant
mortality
(
1
q
0
)
Child
mortality
(
4
q
1
)
Under-five
mortality
(
5
q
0
)
0-4 29.3 10.5 39.8 7.3 46.7
5-9 23.7 13.6 37.2 9.2 46.1
10-14 32.6 17.0 49.5 16.4 65.2

NFHS-2 (0-4) 29.5 17.4 46.8 9.0 55.4
NFHS-1 (0-4) 34.9 30.5 65.4 19.0 83.1
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates.
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59
Table 31 Early childhood mortality rates by background characteristics
Neonatal, postneonatal, infant, child, and under-five mortality rates for the 10-year period preceding the
survey, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Neonatal
mortality
(NN)
Postneonatal
mortality
1
(PNN)
Infant
mortality
(
1
q
0
)
Child
mortality
(
4
q
1
)
Under-five
mortality
(
5
q
0
)

Residence
Urban 27.2 13.4 40.6 8.2 48.5
Slum 36.2 17.8 54.1 19.8 72.8
Non-slum 24.3 11.9 36.1 4.5 40.4
Rural * * * * *

Education
No education 35.1 14.5 49.6 17.4 66.2
<10 years complete 36.0 13.1 49.2 3.7 52.7
10 or more years complete 12.7 9.4 22.1 2.6 24.6

Religion
Hindu 24.6 13.0 37.6 9.2 46.4
Muslim (37.2) (5.9) (43.1) (5.1) (48.0)
Sikh * * * * *
Other * * * * *

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 23.5 13.9 37.4 14.5 51.3
Scheduled tribe * * * * *
Other backward class (30.0) (8.5) (38.5) (9.3) (47.5)
Other 26.6 10.8 37.4 6.1 43.2

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * *
Second * * * * *
Middle (43.3) (8.1) (51.4) (13.8) (64.6)
Fourth 34.0 20.0 54.0 12.6 65.9
Highest 18.9 9.0 27.9 4.1 31.9

Child's sex
Male 27.6 12.2 39.8 7.6 47.2
Female 24.9 12.0 36.9 8.9 45.5

<20 (31.2) (14.9) (46.1) (17.3) (62.5)
20-29 25.8 10.9 36.6 6.6 43.0
30-39 (21.5) (15.9) (37.3) (7.4) (44.5)
40-49 * * * * *

Birth order
1 25.0 13.9 38.9 6.3 44.9
2-3 25.3 6.4 31.7 10.0 41.4
4+ 31.9 23.8 55.6 7.4 62.6

2

<2 years 40.6 19.2 59.8 10.0 69.2
2-3 years 31.2 (8.7) (39.9) (9.2) (48.7)
4 years or more (7.6) (11.4) (19.0) (2.0) (20.9)

Total 26.4 12.1 38.5 8.3 46.4
Note: Total includes births to women with missing information on education, who are not shown
separately.
1
Computed as the difference between the infant and neonatal mortality rates.
2
Excludes first-order births.
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60
Table 32 High-risk fertility behaviour
Percent distribution of children born in the five years preceding the survey by category of elevated risk of
mortality and the risk ratio, and percent distribution of currently married women by category of risk if
they were to conceive a child at the time of the survey, Delhi, 2005-06
Births in the 5 years
preceding the survey
Risk category
Percentage of
births
Risk
ratio
Percentage
of currently
married
women
1
Not in any high-risk category 35.4 1.0 43.2
a

Unavoidable risk category
First order births to mothers age 18-34 years 33.7 1.1 7.4

Single high-risk category
Mothers age <18 2.4 (1.5) 0.1
Mothers age >34 1.2 * 15.7
Birth interval <24 months 12.3 2.2 7.2
Birth order >3 9.3 0.5 7.8

Subtotal 25.2 1.4 30.9

Multiple high-risk category
Mothers age <18 and birth interval <24 months
2
0.2 * 0.0
Mothers age >34 and birth interval <24 months 0.2 * 0.2
Mothers age >34 and birth order >3 1.3 * 14.1
Mothers age >34 and birth interval <24 months and birth
order >3 0.3 * 0.3
Birth interval <24 months and birth order >3 3.7 3.2 3.9

Subtotal 5.7 3.5 18.5

In any avoidable high-risk category 30.9 1.8 49.4

Total 100.0 na 100.0

Number of births 1,186 na 2,351
Note: Risk ratio is the ratio of the proportion dead among births in a specific high-risk category to the
proportion dead among births not in any high-risk category.
na = Not applicable
* Ratio not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
1
Women are assigned to risk categories according to the status they would have at the birth of a child if
they were to conceive at the time of the survey: current age less than 17 years and 3 months or greater
than 34 years and 2 months, latest birth less than 15 months ago, or latest birth of order 3 or higher.
2
Includes the category age <18 and birth order >3.
a
Includes sterilized women.
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61
Table 33 Antenatal care
Percent distribution of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey by antenatal care (ANC) provider during
pregnancy for the most recent live birth, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Background characteristic Doctor
ANM/nurse/
midwife/
LHV
Other
health
personnel Dai/TBA
Anganwadi/
ICDS
worker Other No one Total
Number of
women

Age at birth
<20 75.5 6.2 0.7 4.8 0.7 0.0 12.0 100.0 70
20-34 79.7 8.2 0.2 2.5 0.3 0.1 9.1 100.0 770
35-49 (77.0) (5.5) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (17.4) 100.0 32

Birth order
1 85.9 8.9 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 3.6 100.0 279
2-3 81.1 6.2 0.1 3.5 0.3 0.0 8.8 100.0 455
4+ 59.6 11.6 1.1 2.4 0.4 0.0 24.8 100.0 138

Residence
Urban 79.7 7.6 0.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 9.8 100.0 803
Slum 63.6 12.7 1.2 4.2 1.5 0.3 16.6 100.0 170
Non-slum 84.0 6.2 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 8.0 100.0 634
Rural 74.2 12.1 0.0 6.1 0.0 0.0 7.6 100.0 69

Education
No education 59.2 10.3 0.6 5.8 0.8 0.2 23.0 100.0 243
<5 years complete * * * * * * * 100.0 19
5-9 years complete 76.1 9.6 0.3 3.6 0.0 0.0 10.4 100.0 204
10 or more years
complete 93.2 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 100.0 406

Religion
Hindu 80.2 7.6 0.2 3.0 0.2 0.1 8.8 100.0 736
Muslim 69.1 11.3 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.0 16.9 100.0 97
Sikh * * * * * * * 100.0 29
Other * * * * * * * 100.0 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 71.9 8.7 0.3 3.5 0.6 0.3 14.8 100.0 186
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 100.0 14
Other backward class 65.4 9.8 0.8 5.1 0.0 0.0 18.9 100.0 125
Other 85.5 7.2 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.0 5.8 100.0 547

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * 100.0 2
Second 38.8 10.2 1.4 7.9 1.4 0.0 40.2 100.0 36
Middle 53.9 11.7 0.5 8.1 1.0 0.5 24.2 100.0 98
Fourth 69.7 10.2 0.5 5.1 0.3 0.0 14.2 100.0 189
Highest 89.7 6.3 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 3.5 100.0 548

Total 79.2 7.9 0.2 2.6 0.3 0.1 9.6 100.0 872
Note: If more than one source of ANC was mentioned, only the provider with the highest qualification is considered in this
tabulation. Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately.
ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant; ICDS = Integrated Child
Development Services
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62
Table 34 Antenatal care services and information received
Percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey and received antenatal care (ANC) for the most recent
live birth by services and information received, according to residence and source of antenatal care, Delhi, 2005-06
Residence Source of ANC
Urban
Services/information Slum Non-slum Total Rural
Public
sector
only
Private/
NGO
sector only
Both public
and private/
NGO sector
ANC
received only
at home Total
Percentage receiving selected
services during antenatal care

Weighed 76.2 91.5 88.5 82.0 87.0 94.2 (92.5) 54.2 88.0
Blood pressure measured 72.2 90.0 86.5 82.0 85.0 92.3 (90.4) 54.2 86.1
Urine sample taken 72.9 90.6 87.2 70.5 83.9 92.9 (90.4) 54.1 85.8
Blood sample taken 68.2 89.3 85.2 72.1 83.0 91.3 (85.0) 47.3 84.1
Abdomen examined 74.0 88.2 85.5 77.0 83.1 93.4 (88.1) 41.5 84.8

Percentage receiving information
on specific pregnancy
complications

Vaginal bleeding 32.5 51.4 47.7 45.9 45.1 56.6 (31.3) 16.6 47.6
Convulsions 30.0 50.5 46.5 31.1 42.7 55.0 (25.9) 12.7 45.3
Prolonged labour 34.3 53.6 49.8 45.9 44.4 58.5 (41.9) 34.1 49.5
Where to go if experienced
pregnancy complications 61.7 80.4 76.7 72.1 73.8 84.3 (53.7) 56.1 76.4

Number of women 142 583 724 64 385 327 24 53 788
NGO = Nongovernmental organization
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63
Table 35 Antenatal care indicators
Among women with a live birth in the five years preceding the survey, percentage who received different types of antenatal care (ANC) during the pregnancy for
their most recent live birth, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage
who had
three or
more ANC
visits
Percentage
with an ANC
visit in the
first trimester
of pregnancy
Percentage
who received
two or more
TT injections
during the
pregnancy
Percentage who
received one TT
injection during the
pregnancy and at
least one more in the
three years prior to
the pregnancy
Percentage
who were
given or
bought IFA
Percentage
who took IFA
for at least 90
days
Percentage who
took an
intestinal
parasite drug
Number of
women

<20 63.9 48.1 80.3 0.0 64.2 18.6 7.6 70
20-34 76.1 64.7 91.3 0.5 79.0 41.4 5.6 770
35-49 (76.2) (76.1) (87.3) (0.0) (72.9) (40.3) (7.9) 32

Birth order
1 83.8 70.0 94.6 0.0 84.3 47.5 7.7 279
2-3 76.4 65.8 90.3 0.8 77.9 40.4 5.9 455
4+ 53.6 44.5 81.6 0.4 62.9 20.5 2.0 138

Residence
Urban 75.1 64.3 90.7 0.4 78.0 41.0 6.0 803
Slum 58.4 50.0 84.9 0.3 65.4 22.6 2.1 170
Non-slum 79.6 68.1 92.2 0.4 81.4 45.9 7.0 634
Rural 75.8 57.6 86.4 1.5 72.7 22.7 4.5 69

Education
No education 52.2 45.0 79.7 0.7 58.6 16.5 2.2 243
<5 years complete * * * * * * * 19
5-9 years complete 70.1 54.2 91.5 0.6 72.8 25.7 1.5 204
10 or more years complete 92.3 80.9 96.9 0.3 92.1 61.4 10.2 406

Religion
Hindu 75.6 63.9 90.7 0.6 78.4 39.3 6.4 736
Muslim 64.1 54.9 88.4 0.0 66.2 34.0 0.0 97
Sikh * * * * * * * 29
Other * * * * * * * 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 63.1 50.8 86.8 0.0 71.0 25.4 1.5 186
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * 14
Other backward class 58.3 49.3 83.7 0.0 66.6 25.4 5.5 125
Other 83.4 71.0 93.2 0.5 82.4 48.4 7.4 547

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * 2
Second 37.5 38.8 74.9 3.6 53.2 11.5 0.0 36
Middle 44.6 42.2 73.5 0.5 53.7 10.4 1.8 98
Fourth 64.1 49.7 87.5 0.6 68.0 24.6 4.7 189
Highest 86.9 74.0 95.3 0.2 86.7 51.8 7.4 548

Total 75.1 63.8 90.3 0.5 77.6 39.5 5.9 872
Note: Total includes women with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately.
TT = Tetanus toxoid; IFA = Iron and folic acid tablets or syrup
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64
Table 36 Pregnancies for which an ultrasound was done
Percentage of all pregnancies in the five years preceding the survey for which an ultrasound test was done and percent distribution of pregnancies
with an ultrasound test by pregnancy outcome, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Pregnancy outcome
2
Percentage of
pregnancies
with an
ultrasound
Number of
pregnancies Son Daughter Termination
Still
pregnant
Total
percent
Number of
pregnancies
with an
ultrasound

Mother's age at pregnancy
<20 37.9 192 41.7 47.1 6.6 4.6 100.0 73
20-34 53.3 1,273 44.1 39.3 10.3 6.3 100.0 679
35-49 (47.2) 45 * * * * 100.0 21

Residence
Urban 51.2 1,388 43.8 39.4 10.7 6.0 100.0 711
Slum 32.0 313 47.4 38.8 7.7 6.1 100.0 100
Non-slum 56.9 1,074 43.2 39.5 11.2 6.0 100.0 611
Rural 50.8 123 46.7 38.3 8.3 6.7 100.0 63

Antenatal care visits
1

None 8.2 84 * * na na 100.0 7
1-3 39.0 214 45.3 54.7 na na 100.0 83
4+ 76.3 560 55.6 44.4 na na 100.0 428

Education
No education 25.6 449 43.7 39.7 10.6 6.0 100.0 115
<5 years complete (25.0) 37 * * * * 100.0 9
5-9 years complete 44.3 355 43.8 38.1 11.8 6.3 100.0 157
10 or more years complete 73.5 669 44.2 39.6 10.3 6.0 100.0 492

Religion
Hindu 51.4 1,276 42.4 40.4 11.0 6.1 100.0 656
Muslim 42.0 177 50.0 35.3 7.2 7.5 100.0 74
Sikh (79.4) 43 (51.9) (33.3) (11.1) (3.7) 100.0 34
Other * 12 * * * * 100.0 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 36.0 325 42.5 44.7 8.3 4.6 100.0 117
Scheduled tribe * 23 * * * * 100.0 5
Other backward class 40.9 226 42.5 42.5 5.0 9.9 100.0 92
Other 59.7 937 44.4 38.0 11.8 5.8 100.0 559

Wealth index
Lowest * 2 * * * * 100.0 1
Second 11.5 69 * * * * 100.0 8
Middle 20.4 180 48.2 43.4 2.8 5.6 100.0 37
Fourth 31.4 353 41.5 37.3 15.4 5.8 100.0 111
Highest 68.0 907 44.2 39.3 10.3 6.2 100.0 617

Mother's number of living
children at time of pregnancy
No children 64.0 557 43.4 39.2 10.7 6.7 100.0 356
1 child 57.2 478 43.1 44.4 6.7 5.9 100.0 273
0 sons 62.0 222 48.4 37.5 7.7 6.3 100.0 138
1 son 53.0 256 37.6 51.3 5.6 5.5 100.0 135
2 children 36.6 275 49.9 29.1 17.0 4.1 100.0 101
0 sons 54.0 68 (77.0) (23.0) (0.0) (0.0) 100.0 37
1 or more sons 30.9 207 34.3 32.7 26.7 6.4 100.0 64
3 children 24.4 112 (40.3) (36.3) (12.2) (11.1) 100.0 27
0 sons * 18 * * * * 100.0 6
1 or more sons 23.0 95 * * * * 100.0 22
4+ children 17.8 89 * * * * 100.0 16
0 sons * 10 * * * * 100.0 4
1 or more sons 15.6 79 * * * * 100.0 12

Total 51.2 1,511 44.1 39.3 10.5 6.1 100.0 773
Note: Total includes pregnancies to women with missing information on antenatal care visits and religion, who are not shown separately.
na = Not applicable
1
Includes only the most recent pregnancy ending in a live birth in the five years preceding the survey.
2
For multiple births, sex of pregnancy outcome is the sex of the first listed birth.
Delhi.indd 64 3/19/09 12:51:16 PM
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65
Table 37 Delivery and postnatal care
Percent distribution of live births in the five years preceding the survey by place of delivery and assistance during delivery and percentage
delivered by a skilled provider and by caesarean section, percentage of live births whose delivery was done at home by whether the
delivery protocol was followed, and percent distribution of women giving birth in the five years preceding the survey by timing and type
of provider of the first postnatal check-up of the mother following the most recent live birth, by residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Residence
Urban
Delivery and postnatal care descriptors Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total

Place of delivery
Health facility 33.4 68.4 60.1 47.0 58.9
Public sector 19.6 33.3 30.1 31.0 30.2
NGO/trust 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2
Private sector 13.8 34.9 29.9 15.0 28.6
At home 66.6 31.6 39.9 53.0 41.1
Own home 66.2 31.5 39.7 53.0 40.9
Parents home 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other home 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Assistance during delivery
1

Doctor 32.6 62.2 55.2 48.0 54.6
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 9.4 8.8 8.9 15.0 9.4
Other health personnel 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dai (TBA) 49.8 25.3 31.1 35.0 31.5
Friends/relatives 5.2 2.8 3.3 2.0 3.2
No one 2.8 0.8 1.2 0.0 1.1
Don't know/missing 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage delivered by a skilled provider 42.2 71.0 64.2 63.0 64.1

Percentage delivered by caesarean section 7.0 16.9 14.6 5.0 13.7

Number of births 256 826 1,082 104 1,186

For home deliveries
Disposable delivery kit used 34.5 41.3 38.8 (47.1) 39.7
Clean blade used to cut the cord 94.2 96.5 95.6 (97.1) 95.8
Either of the above 96.6 98.6 97.9 (97.1) 97.8
Baby was immediately wiped dry and then wrapped without being bathed 54.9 59.4 57.8 (70.6) 59.2

Number of births delivered at home 105 182 287 35 322

Timing after delivery of mother's first postnatal check-up
2

Had postnatal check-up 46.7 65.3 61.4 54.5 60.9
Less than 4 hours 29.2 43.5 40.5 34.8 40.0
4-23 hours 6.3 11.6 10.5 7.6 10.3
1-2 days 8.7 7.8 8.0 9.1 8.1
3-41 days 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.0 2.5
Don't know/missing/other response 0.3 3.0 2.4 1.5 2.4
No postnatal check-up 53.0 31.7 36.2 43.9 36.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Type of provider of mother's first postnatal check-up
2

Doctor 28.3 54.5 49.0 37.9 48.1
ANM/nurse/midwife/LHV 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.7
Dai (TBA) 14.2 7.2 8.7 13.6 9.1
Missing 0.3 3.0 2.4 1.5 2.4
No postnatal check-up 53.0 31.7 36.2 43.9 36.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Number of births 170 634 803 69 872
NGO = Nongovernmental organization; ANM = Auxiliary nurse midwife; LHV = Lady health visitor; TBA = Traditional birth attendant
1
If the respondent mentioned more than one person attending during delivery, only the most qualified person is considered in this
tabulation.
2
Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey. Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 days
of the birth.
Delhi.indd 65 3/19/09 12:51:17 PM
66

66
Table 38 Delivery and postnatal care by background characteristics
Percentage of live births in the five years preceding the survey delivered in a health facility and percentage delivered with assistance
from health personnel and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey who received a
postnatal check-up and who received a postnatal check-up within two days of the most recent birth, by background characteristics,
Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage of
births
delivered in a
health facility
Percentage of
deliveries
assisted by
health
personnel
1
Number of
births
Percentage of
women with a
postnatal
check-up
2, 3
Percentage of
women with a
postnatal check-up
within two
days of birth
2
Number of
women

Mothers age at birth
<20 39.2 45.0 120 50.3 48.5 70
20-34 61.1 66.1 1,032 61.5 58.9 770
35-49 (62.2) (68.7) 35 (69.1) (67.5) 32

Birth order
1 72.7 75.5 428 69.3 65.4 279
2-3 58.0 64.1 585 61.8 60.4 455
4+ 28.5 35.8 174 40.5 37.5 138

Antenatal care visits
2

None 16.6 25.8 84 23.0 21.5 84
1-3 40.6 47.5 214 43.2 39.4 214
4+ 78.8 83.2 560 73.8 71.7 560

Residence
Urban 60.1 64.2 1,082 61.4 59.0 803
Slum 33.4 42.2 256 46.7 44.3 170
Non-slum 68.4 71.0 826 65.3 62.9 634
Rural 47.0 63.0 104 54.5 51.5 69

Education
No education 24.6 30.8 372 41.8 38.8 243
<5 years complete (16.0) (34.7) 29 * * 19
5-9 years complete 51.7 58.2 280 48.3 46.2 204
10 or more years complete 90.7 93.4 506 80.0 77.7 406

Religion
Hindu 60.3 65.7 1,000 61.5 59.4 736
Muslim 41.3 45.8 143 49.0 44.6 97
Sikh (92.3) (92.3) 33 * * 29
Other * * 10 * * 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 40.6 48.0 267 51.1 48.9 186
Scheduled tribe * * 21 * * 14
Other backward class 45.2 54.0 184 44.4 42.5 125
Other 69.9 73.4 713 67.6 64.9 547

Wealth index
Lowest * * 2 * * 2
Second 15.8 22.2 57 21.6 20.1 36
Middle 18.9 27.2 154 43.3 41.2 98
Fourth 37.8 43.6 283 43.5 42.1 189
Highest 80.0 84.1 691 72.5 69.6 548

Place of delivery
Public health facility na 99.9 358 77.5 75.7 272
NGO or trust/hospital/clinic na * 2 * * 2
Private health facility na 99.3 339 83.5 81.3 275
Home na 13.1 487 27.2 23.9 322

Total 58.9 64.1 1,186 60.9 58.4 872
Note: Total includes births with missing information on antenatal care visits and religion, which are not shown separately.
NGO = Nongovernmental organization
na = Not applicable
1
Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.
2
Based on the last live birth in the five years preceding the survey.
3
Postnatal check-ups are checks on the woman's health within 42 days of the birth.
Delhi.indd 66 3/19/09 12:51:17 PM
67

67
Table 39 Trends in maternal care indicators
Maternal care indicators for births during the three years preceding the survey, by residence, NFHS-3, NFHS-2, and NFHS-1,
Delhi
Indicator NFHS-3 NFHS-2 NFHS-1
URBAN
Percentage who received antenatal care
1
91.6 86.2 85.0
Percentage who had at least three antenatal care visits
1
74.3 69.8 73.2
Percentage who received antenatal care within the first trimester of pregnancy
1
62.4 50.8 39.0
Percentage of births delivered in a health facility
2
61.5 61.9 46.7
Percentage of deliveries assisted by health personnel
2, 3
65.3 68.2 55.7
RURAL
1
(93.9) 69.6 80.0
1
(75.5) 60.5 61.9
1
(57.1) 40.9 32.4
2
52.6 34.1 30.1
2, 3
63.2 45.5 35.8
TOTAL
1
91.8 84.6 84.6
1
74.4 68.9 72.2
1
61.9 49.9 38.4
2
60.7 59.1 45.3
2, 3
65.1 65.9 54.0
1
Based on the last birth to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey.
2
Based on the last two births to ever-married women in the three years preceding the survey.
3
Doctor, auxiliary nurse midwife, nurse, midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.
Delhi.indd 67 3/19/09 12:51:18 PM
68

68
Table 40 Male involvement in maternal care: Men's report
Among men age 15-49 whose youngest living child was age 0-35 months, percentage for whom the youngest child's mother
received antenatal care, percentage who were present during at least one antenatal care visit, percentage who were told by a
health provider or worker at any time during the pregnancy about specific signs of pregnancy complications, percentage to
whom a health provider or worker spoke about specific aspects of maternal care at any time during the pregnancy, and
percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility, and among men with a child age 0-35 months whose
youngest living child was not delivered in a health facility, percentage who were given specific home delivery related
information, by residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Residence
Urban
Antenatal/delivery care and information Slum Non-slum Total Rural Total
Percentage of men for whom the youngest child's mother received
antenatal care 70.2 83.2 79.9 * 80.4
Percentage of men who were present at any antenatal care visit 47.9 69.0 63.7 * 63.9

Percentage who were told by a health provider or health worker
about the following signs of pregnancy complications:
Vaginal bleeding 18.1 30.1 27.0 * 25.9
Convulsion 18.1 31.0 27.7 * 26.5
Prolonged labour 18.1 35.4 31.0 * 29.6

Percentage ever told what to do if mother had any
pregnancy complication 22.3 46.0 40.0 * 40.0

Percentage whose youngest child was delivered in a health facility 41.5 65.5 59.4 * 60.5

Percentage to whom a health provider or worker spoke about
the following aspects of maternal care:
The importance of delivering in a health facility 37.2 52.2 48.4 * 47.7
The importance of proper nutrition for the mother
during pregnancy 41.5 55.8 52.1 * 51.1
Family planning or delaying his next child 36.2 53.1 48.8 * 48.1

Number of men with a child age 0-35 months 50 146 196 17 213

Among men whose last child age 0-35 months was not
delivered in a health facility, percentage who were told the
importance of:
Breastfeeding the baby immediately after birth 43.6 (35.9) 38.7 * 36.6
Keeping the baby warm immediately after birth 41.8 (35.9) 38.1 * 36.0
Cleanliness at the time of delivery 47.3 (33.3) 38.4 * 36.3
Using a new or unused blade to cut the cord 45.5 (35.9) 39.4 * 37.2

Number of men whose last child age 0-35 months was not
delivered in a health facility
29 50 80 5 84
Delhi.indd 68 3/19/09 12:51:18 PM
69

69
Table 41 Vaccinations by background characteristics
Percentage of children age 12-23 months who received specific vaccines at any time before the survey (according to a vaccination card or the mothers
report), and percentage with a vaccination card seen by the interviewer, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for NFHS-2 and NFHS-1
DPT Polio
1
Background
characteristic BCG 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Measles
All basic
vaccina-
tions
2
No
vaccinations
Percentage
with a
vaccination
card seen
Number
of
children

Sex
Male 88.3 83.9 82.1 73.4 69.6 90.8 89.1 78.4 81.6 63.2 7.9 34.6 103
Female 85.6 82.8 78.8 70.0 71.2 86.1 83.9 79.8 74.7 63.2 10.3 26.2 101

Birth order
1 92.2 90.0 90.0 79.6 80.4 92.1 91.4 83.9 86.4 69.0 4.6 38.5 72
2-3 88.1 84.6 81.1 73.5 69.9 89.9 88.1 80.1 80.1 65.4 8.8 26.3 101
4-5 (75.9) (71.0) (68.5) (54.5) (55.7) (88.7) (88.7) (81.0) (63.3) (46.8) (11.3) (16.5) 20
6+ * * * * * * * * * * * * 11

Residence
Urban 86.7 83.3 80.1 72.0 70.6 88.4 86.2 79.1 78.1 63.2 9.6 28.6 184
Slum 79.8 79.8 75.3 65.2 53.9 86.5 83.1 74.2 67.4 51.7 13.5 23.6 46
Non-slum 89.0 84.4 81.7 74.3 76.1 89.0 87.2 80.7 81.7 67.0 8.3 30.3 138
Rural * * * * * * * * * * * * 20

Mothers education
No education 68.1 65.8 58.9 49.6 41.1 75.4 70.0 66.2 55.4 44.2 24.6 20.4 66
<5 years complete * * * * * * * * * * * * 5
5-9 years complete (90.2) (87.6) (84.6) (74.0) (68.6) (91.4) (90.2) (85.8) (82.1) (67.2) (5.5) (27.2) 41
10 or more years
complete 100.0 94.7 94.7 86.5 94.1 96.1 96.1 86.0 93.3 76.2 0.0 37.9 91

Religion
Hindu 89.9 85.9 83.6 73.5 73.6 91.7 89.6 81.2 81.2 64.0 5.5 32.7 172
Muslim (68.1) (66.3) (60.1) (58.4) (48.6) (68.1) (66.3) (64.6) (58.4) (54.8) (31.9) (10.6) 29
Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * * 3

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 88.5 86.7 84.3 74.7 54.2 90.9 90.9 86.1 79.5 68.6 6.6 33.8 42
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * * * * * * 1
Other backward class (82.3) (80.6) (78.8) (69.0) (64.7) (92.1) (90.3) (82.3) (69.1) (59.3) (7.9) (25.7) 29
Other 87.4 82.7 79.4 71.1 77.6 86.8 84.1 75.9 79.6 61.9 10.3 29.7 131

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * * * * * * 1
Second * * * * * * * * * * * * 13
Middle (64.5) (58.6) (45.2) (39.4) (50.1) (66.4) (59.7) (55.8) (35.6) (27.9) (24.9) (24.1) 27
Fourth 78.9 76.0 72.5 62.4 48.8 87.0 83.5 77.9 70.9 54.8 13.0 22.5 51
Highest 98.4 95.0 94.6 85.5 88.4 96.6 96.2 86.7 93.5 76.2 1.1 37.9 113

Total 87.0 83.4 80.5 71.7 70.4 88.5 86.5 79.1 78.2 63.2 9.1 30.4 204

NFHS-2 (1998-99) 92.0 90.8 88.3 79.9 36.9 93.8 91.7 81.0 77.5 69.8 5.1 43.7 275
NFHS-1 (1992-93) 90.1 89.0 81.9 71.6 12.3 88.8 85.1 75.0 69.6 57.8 6.7 45.5 464
1
Polio 0 is the polio vaccine given at birth.
2
BCG, measles, and three doses each of DPT and polio vaccine (excluding polio vaccine given at birth).
Delhi.indd 69 3/19/09 12:51:19 PM
70

70
Table 42 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI and fever
Among children under age five, percentage who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) and fever in the two weeks preceding the survey and
percentage with symptoms of ARI and fever who received specific treatments, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Children under age five with
symptoms of ARI Children under age five with fever
Children under age five
Percentage
with
symptoms of
ARI
1
Percentage
with fever
Number of
children
Percentage
for whom
treatment
was sought
from a
health
facility or
provider
2
Percentage
who
received
antibiotics
Number of
children
Percentage
for whom
treatment
was sought
from a
health
facility or
provider
2
Percentage
who took
antimalarial
drugs
Number of
children

Age in months
<6 5.6 9.7 124 * * 7 * * 12
6-11 4.1 8.0 98 * * 4 * * 8
12-23 8.9 17.4 204 * * 18 (91.3) (34.6) 36
24-35 6.8 13.6 241 * * 16 (96.1) (16.5) 33
36-47 6.1 12.0 256 * * 16 (95.0) (41.3) 31
48-59 5.2 8.8 212 * * 11 * * 19

Sex
Male 5.9 11.6 617 (93.0) (17.5) 37 97.1 25.5 71
Female 6.9 12.8 518 (85.6) (29.5) 35 88.5 33.8 66

Residence
Urban 5.6 11.5 1,035 90.2 22.1 57 93.6 27.1 119
Slum 4.9 8.3 240 * * 12 (87.2) (28.2) 20
Non-slum 5.8 12.5 795 (94.4) (22.2) 46 94.9 26.9 99
Rural 14.6 18.7 100 * * 15 * * 19

Mother's education
No education 3.8 9.3 348 * * 13 (89.8) (35.5) 32
<5 years complete (16.2) (14.2) 25 * * 4 * * 4
5-9 years complete 8.4 10.7 270 * * 23 (89.4) (17.8) 29
10 or more years complete 6.5 14.8 491 (93.5) (11.9) 32 95.4 32.9 73

Religion
Hindu 6.9 11.4 962 88.5 24.5 67 91.6 27.4 109
Muslim 0.8 10.6 131 * * 1 * * 14
Sikh * * 30 * * 4 * * 10
Other * * 10 * * 1 * * 4

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 4.7 6.5 254 * * 12 * * 16
Scheduled tribe * * 20 * * 1 * * 2
Other backward class 6.9 12.4 176 * * 12 * * 22
Other 6.9 14.3 686 (84.9) (17.2) 48 91.9 28.2 98

Wealth index
Lowest * * 2 nc nc 0 * * 1
Second 8.7 15.7 52 * * 5 * * 8
Middle 6.0 8.4 146 * * 9 * * 12
Fourth 6.5 11.8 266 * * 17 (94.3) (32.6) 31
Highest 6.2 12.7 669 (88.9) (15.3) 42 93.1 24.2 85

Total 6.4 12.1 1,135 89.3 23.4 72 92.9 29.5 138
Note: Total includes children with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately.
1
Symptoms of ARI (cough accompanied by short, rapid breathing which was chest-related) is considered a proxy for pneumonia.
2
Excludes pharmacy, shop, and traditional practitioner.
Delhi.indd 70 3/19/09 12:51:20 PM
71

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Delhi.indd 71 3/19/09 12:51:20 PM
72

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Delhi.indd 72 3/19/09 12:51:21 PM
73

73
Table 45 Knowledge of ORS packets
Percentage of all women and percentage of women who had a live birth in the five years
preceding the survey who know about ORS packets for treatment of diarrhoea, by background
All women
Women who gave birth in
the past five years
Percentage
who know
about ORS
packets
Number of
women
Percentage
who know
about ORS
packets
Number of
women

Age
15-19 96.5 579 (97.7) 22
20-24 93.4 615 88.3 229
25-34 94.8 1,025 94.9 537
35-49 96.0 1,130 95.8 84

Residence
Urban 95.2 3,096 93.4 803
Slum 93.6 572 91.9 170
Non-slum 95.6 2,524 93.8 634
Rural 95.5 253 92.4 69

Education
No education 87.4 717 83.1 243
<5 years complete 95.3 59 * 19
5-9 years complete 96.0 791 96.1 204
10 or more years complete 98.1 1,782 97.8 406

Religion
Hindu 95.1 2,845 93.2 736
Muslim 95.6 310 92.4 97
Sikh 98.0 126 * 29
Other 93.7 65 * 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 92.6 580 91.2 186
Scheduled tribe 90.7 49 * 14
Other backward class 91.1 430 87.2 125
Other 96.8 2,290 95.5 547

Wealth index
Lowest * 3 * 2
Second 80.0 64 80.6 36
Middle 83.9 212 85.5 98
Fourth 91.5 565 86.2 189
Highest 97.4 2,505 98.1 548

Total 95.2 3,349 93.3 872
Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, who are not
shown separately.
ORS = Oral rehydration salts
Delhi.indd 73 3/19/09 12:51:22 PM
74

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6

1
4
.
6

1
4
.
2

4
.
7

3
.
3

1
1
6

7
.
9

1
1
6

3
.
3

1
1
6

*
4

4
8
-
5
9

3
9
.
8

2
1
2

1
2
.
1

1
0
.
0

4
.
6

4
.
3

8
4

4
.
9

8
4

3
.
0

8
4

*
3

6
0
-
7
1

4
1
.
2

2
5
7

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1
.
4

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0
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4

7
.
0

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.
2

1
0
6

9
.
7

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0
6

n
a

n
a

n
a

n
a

0
-
3
5

4
9
.
0

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6
7

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2
.
0

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1
.
4

4
.
3

3
.
6

3
2
7

n
a

n
a

4
.
0

3
2
7

*

1
3

3
6
-
7
1

4
2
.
2

7
2
5

1
2
.
8

1
1
.
7

5
.
5

3
.
2

3
0
6

7
.
7

3
0
6

n
a

n
a

n
a

n
a

S
e
x

M
a
l
e

4
6
.
8

7
5
0

1
3
.
7

1
2
.
5

5
.
0

4
.
2

3
5
1

7
.
6

1
6
9

5
.
0

2
9
4

*

1
5

F
e
m
a
l
e

4
3
.
9

6
4
2

1
0
.
7

1
0
.
4

4
.
7

2
.
4

2
8
2

7
.
8

1
3
7

2
.
1

2
3
3

*

5

R
e
s
i
d
e
n
c
e

U
r
b
a
n

4
2
.
5

1
,
2
7
1

9
.
7

9
.
1

3
.
8

1
.
9

5
4
0

5
.
8

2
6
1

2
.
9

4
5
0

*

1
3

S
l
u
m

2
5
.
7

2
9
8

1
2
.
0

9
.
3

1
0
.
0

3
.
3

7
7

6
.
3

4
0

5
.
0

6
1

*

3

N
o
n
-
s
l
u
m

4
7
.
7

9
7
2

9
.
3

9
.
0

2
.
7

1
.
6

4
6
3

5
.
7

2
2
1

2
.
6

3
8
8

*

1
0

R
u
r
a
l

7
6
.
7

1
2
1

2
8
.
1

2
5
.
8

1
1
.
2

1
2
.
4

9
3

(
1
8
.
6
)

4
5

8
.
1

7
7

*

6

M
o
t
h
e
r
'
s

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

N
o

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n

4
6
.
7

4
4
0

8
.
0

7
.
8

5
.
4

4
.
4

2
0
5

5
.
7

1
0
8

3
.
3

1
6
6

*

5

<
5

y
e
a
r
s

c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e

(
5
2
.
1
)

2
9

*

*

*

*

1
5

*

6

*

1
4

n
c

0

5
-
9

y
e
a
r
s

c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e

5
8
.
9

3
2
2

2
4
.
8

2
2
.
2

8
.
1

5
.
0

1
9
0

1
5
.
9

9
2

6
.
3

1
5
7

*

1
0

1
0

o
r

m
o
r
e

y
e
a
r
s

c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e

3
7
.
1

6
0
0

6
.
7

6
.
7

2
.
0

1
.
4

2
2
2

2
.
8

1
0
0

2
.
2

1
9
0

*

4

R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n

H
i
n
d
u

4
9
.
0

1
,
1
6
9

1
2
.
5

1
1
.
7

5
.
1

3
.
5

5
7
3

7
.
6

2
7
6

3
.
5

4
7
8

*

1
7

M
u
s
l
i
m

3
0
.
8

1
6
4

1
3
.
1

1
2
.
1

3
.
0

3
.
5

5
0

*

2
3

(
5
.
9
)

4
3

*

3

S
i
k
h
(
8
.
3
)

4
6

*

*

*

*

4

*

3

*

3

n
c

0

O
t
h
e
r
*

1
2

*

*

*

*

6

*

5

*

4

n
c

0

C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
Delhi.indd 74 3/19/09 12:51:22 PM

75

7
5

T
a
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e

4
6

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P
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t
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8

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7

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c

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O
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b
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8
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2

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7
.
0

2
.
9

5
.
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(
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1

3
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3

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r

4
3
.
4

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4
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3
.
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6
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e
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h

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o
w
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t

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c

n
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0

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e
c
o
n
d

3
9
.
5

6
4

(
1
6
.
4
)

(
1
6
.
4
)

(
4
.
1
)

(
1
2
.
3
)

2
5

*

1
2

(
9
.
3
)

2
2

*

2

M
i
d
d
l
e

4
1
.
7

1
7
6

6
.
3

5
.
6

5
.
6

1
.
4

7
4

(
5
.
7
)

3
7

3
.
4

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0

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2

F
o
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r
t
h

5
3
.
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3
2
9

2
0
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3

1
8
.
1

8
.
6

5
.
4

1
7
7

1
2
.
3

8
6

1
.
9

1
4
6

*

3

H
i
g
h
e
s
t

4
3
.
5

8
2
0

9
.
4

9
.
1

2
.
9

2
.
2

3
5
7

5
.
8

1
7
2

4
.
2

2
9
9

*

1
3

Y
e
a
r
s

s
i
n
c
e

A
W
C

w
a
s

e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d

<
6

y
e
a
r
s

a
g
o

n
a

n
a

(
3
1
.
0
)

(
3
1
.
0
)

(
6
.
0
)

(
0
.
0
)

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5

*

1
7

*

2
7

*

4

6

o
r

m
o
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e

y
e
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s

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o

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a

n
a

1
1
.
3

1
0
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4

4
.
8

3
.
6

5
9
8

5
.
7

2
8
9

3
.
2

5
0
0

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1
6

T
o
t
a
l

4
5
.
5

1
,
3
9
2

1
2
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4

1
1
.
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4
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9

3
.
4

6
3
3

7
.
7

3
0
6

3
.
7

5
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*

1
9

N
o
t
e
:

T
o
t
a
l

i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s

c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n

w
i
t
h

m
i
s
s
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n
g

i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

o
n

r
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
,

w
h
o

a
r
e

n
o
t

s
h
o
w
n

s
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
l
y
.

I
C
D
S

=

I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d

C
h
i
l
d

D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

n
a

=

N
o
t

a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e

n
c

=

N
o
t

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d

b
e
c
a
u
s
e

t
h
e
r
e

a
r
e

n
o

c
a
s
e
s
.

(

)

B
a
s
e
d

o
n

2
5
-
4
9

u
n
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d

c
a
s
e
s
.

*

P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e

n
o
t

s
h
o
w
n
;

b
a
s
e
d

o
n

f
e
w
e
r

t
h
a
n

2
5

u
n
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d

c
a
s
e
s
.
1

A
W
C

s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

f
o
r

c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n

i
n
c
l
u
d
e

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y

f
o
o
d
,

g
r
o
w
t
h

m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
,

i
m
m
u
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
,

h
e
a
l
t
h

c
h
e
c
k
-
u
p
s
,

a
n
d

p
r
e
s
c
h
o
o
l

e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
.

2

S
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y

f
o
o
d

i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s

b
o
t
h

f
o
o
d

c
o
o
k
e
d

a
n
d

s
e
r
v
e
d

a
t

t
h
e

A
W
C

o
n

a

d
a
i
l
y

b
a
s
i
s

a
n
d

f
o
o
d

g
i
v
e
n

i
n

t
h
e

f
o
r
m

o
f

t
a
k
e

h
o
m
e

r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.

Delhi.indd 75 3/19/09 12:51:23 PM
76

76
Table 47 Utilization of ICDS services during pregnancy and while breastfeeding
Among children under age six years in areas covered by an anganwadi centre (AWC), percentage whose mothers received specific services from an AWC during
pregnancy and while breastfeeding, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Mother received from an AWC during pregnancy Mother received from an AWC while breastfeeding
2
No
services
Supplementary
food
1
Health
check-
ups
Health and
nutrition
education
Number
of
children
No
services
Supplementary
food
1
Health
check-
ups
Health and
nutrition
education
Number
of children
breastfed

Residence
Urban 96.8 2.6 1.6 1.5 540 96.9 2.5 1.7 2.0 539
Slum 96.0 3.3 2.7 2.0 77 94.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 77
Non-slum 97.0 2.5 1.4 1.4 463 97.3 2.2 1.4 1.6 462
Rural 76.4 21.3 14.6 10.1 93 79.8 19.1 9.0 6.7 93

Mother's education
No education 93.4 5.9 4.4 3.1 205 94.6 4.7 3.8 2.5 204
<5 years complete * * * * 15 * * * * 15
5-9 years complete 93.6 5.8 4.5 4.0 190 94.0 6.0 2.9 4.5 190
10 or more years complete 94.6 4.8 1.4 0.9 222 94.6 4.8 1.5 1.5 222

Religion
Hindu 93.5 5.7 3.7 2.8 573 94.0 5.3 2.9 2.8 571
Muslim 96.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 50 98.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 50
Sikh * * * * 4 * * * * 4
Other * * * * 6 * * * * 6

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 90.2 8.9 4.3 3.4 141 93.0 6.1 4.4 4.4 140
Scheduled tribe * * * * 18 * * * * 18
Other 96.9 2.6 1.5 1.1 367 96.8 2.7 1.2 0.8 367

Wealth index
Lowest nc nc nc nc 0 nc nc nc nc 0
Second (83.6) (12.3) (12.3) (4.1) 25 (83.6) (12.1) (8.2) (0.0) 25
Middle 94.1 5.9 1.4 1.4 74 94.7 5.3 2.8 2.8 72
Fourth 89.8 9.6 7.0 6.4 177 92.6 7.2 4.8 4.8 177
Highest 96.5 2.6 1.5 1.1 357 96.0 3.3 1.4 1.8 357

Years since AWC was established
<6 years ago (87.3) (12.7) (3.0) (3.0) 35 (83.6) (16.4) (3.0) (10.3) 35
6 or more years ago 94.2 4.9 3.5 2.7 598 95.0 4.3 2.8 2.2 597

Total 93.8 5.3 3.5 2.7 633 94.4 5.0 2.8 2.7 632
Note: Total includes children with missing information on religion, who are not shown separately.
ICDS = Integrated Child Development Services
1
Supplementary food includes both food cooked and served at the AWC on a daily basis and food given in the form of take home rations.
2
Services are usually provided to breastfeeding mothers during the first six months of breastfeeding.
Delhi.indd 76 3/19/09 12:51:24 PM
77

77
Table 48 Nutritional status of children
Percentage of children under age five years classified as malnourished according to three anthropometric indices of nutritional status: height-for-age, weight-for-
height, and weight-for-age, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and totals for children of ever-married women age 15-49, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Percentage
above
+2 SD
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Percentage
above
+2 SD
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Number
of
children

Age in months
<6 4.8 10.5 -0.2 27.1 35.0 5.8 -1.3 9.7 22.5 2.1 -0.9 60
6-11 7.8 22.1 -0.8 10.0 18.8 3.6 -0.8 7.0 18.9 2.0 -1.1 65
12-23 33.7 57.5 -2.3 5.5 13.0 7.5 -0.2 11.0 24.5 0.0 -1.3 133
24-35 24.4 50.1 -1.9 4.4 11.6 4.0 -0.4 5.8 26.1 2.3 -1.3 170
36-47 21.0 48.5 -1.8 5.5 17.5 0.9 -0.7 11.7 32.7 0.0 -1.6 180
48-59 14.7 32.7 -1.5 3.3 9.1 4.1 -0.4 6.6 23.7 1.0 -1.2 134

Sex
Male 21.4 43.3 -1.7 6.6 17.3 3.3 -0.6 8.6 27.0 0.0 -1.4 381
Female 19.5 41.1 -1.5 7.4 13.3 4.7 -0.4 8.9 25.1 2.1 -1.2 361

Birth interval in months
2

First birth
3
16.2 35.2 -1.4 7.3 17.6 4.4 -0.6 8.2 22.8 2.1 -1.2 246
<24 39.8 63.2 -2.5 3.0 12.4 3.2 -0.5 15.9 41.7 0.0 -1.8 114
24-47 21.4 48.2 -1.7 9.0 15.0 3.3 -0.6 9.4 27.7 0.6 -1.4 218
48+ 12.2 29.7 -1.2 8.1 18.2 5.1 -0.6 4.2 20.5 1.0 -1.1 130

Birth order
2

1 16.3 35.4 -1.4 7.4 17.7 4.5 -0.6 8.2 22.9 2.1 -1.2 245
2-3 23.4 46.5 -1.7 7.1 15.0 3.1 -0.6 10.0 28.3 0.7 -1.4 350
4-5 20.2 39.1 -1.6 7.4 13.4 3.4 -0.5 5.8 27.4 0.0 -1.4 85
6+ (32.0) (70.3) (-2.4) (8.1) (24.0) (12.8) (-0.4) (14.5) (43.8) (0.0) (-1.6) 29

Residence
Urban 20.0 40.9 -1.6 7.5 15.3 3.6 -0.6 8.6 26.5 1.2 -1.3 663
Slum 30.8 50.9 -2.1 5.5 14.5 3.1 -0.5 13.8 35.3 0.0 -1.5 152
Non-slum 16.8 37.9 -1.4 8.0 15.6 3.8 -0.6 7.0 23.9 1.5 -1.2 511
Rural 23.9 53.5 -1.9 2.8 15.5 7.0 -0.4 9.9 22.5 0.0 -1.4 79

Size at birth
2

Very small (33.7) (51.8) (-1.9) (5.9) (21.7) (3.3) (-0.7) (12.7) (29.7) (0.0) (-1.6) 39
Small (22.6) (66.0) (-2.3) (10.4) (25.1) (1.8) (-0.5) (19.1) (33.8) (0.0) (-1.7) 30
Average or larger 19.8 41.0 -1.6 7.2 15.3 4.2 -0.6 8.4 26.2 1.2 -1.3 634

Mother's education
4

No education 32.8 52.9 -2.1 7.3 17.4 4.1 -0.5 14.7 34.7 0.0 -1.6 215
<5 years complete * * * * * * * * * * * 18
5-9 years complete 19.1 47.2 -1.8 3.7 11.6 4.6 -0.5 5.5 26.2 0.0 -1.4 181
10 or more years
complete 11.5 30.5 -1.1 9.2 17.0 3.1 -0.6 7.0 19.8 2.4 -1.0 318

Religion
Hindu 21.4 43.0 -1.7 7.4 14.8 3.7 -0.5 8.2 26.2 0.8 -1.3 625
Muslim 17.5 43.1 -1.7 4.7 19.3 7.0 -0.6 14.6 31.1 0.0 -1.4 89
Sikh * * * * * * * * * * * 19
Other * * * * * * * * * * * 7

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 30.2 50.5 -1.9 6.1 14.9 3.3 -0.5 10.0 30.0 0.0 -1.5 167
Scheduled tribe * * * * * * * * * * * 9
Other backward class 20.6 39.1 -1.8 4.0 13.5 3.8 -0.5 7.3 27.7 1.1 -1.4 122
Other 16.5 40.1 -1.4 8.0 15.9 4.4 -0.6 8.8 23.7 1.4 -1.2 443

Mother's interview status
Interviewed 20.9 42.7 -1.6 7.3 16.1 4.0 -0.6 9.1 27.0 1.1 -1.3 709
Not interviewed but in
household * * * * * * * * * * * 23
Not interviewed and not
in household
5
* * * * * * * * * * * 10

Continued
Delhi.indd 77 3/19/09 12:51:25 PM
78

78
Table 48 Nutritional status of childrenContinued
Height-for-age Weight-for-height Weight-for-age
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Percentage
above
+2 SD
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Percentage
below
-3 SD
Percentage
below
-2 SD
1
Percentage
above
+2 SD
Mean
Z-score
(SD)
Number
of
children

Mother's nutritional status
Underweight (BMI<18.5) 26.0 49.0 -2.0 5.0 12.7 3.7 -0.7 11.8 35.7 0.0 -1.6 134
Normal (BMI 18.5-24.9) 22.8 43.4 -1.6 9.3 19.5 3.6 -0.6 10.0 28.4 0.6 -1.4 411
Overweight (BMI25.0) 10.3 33.5 -1.2 4.0 8.6 4.6 -0.4 3.1 14.5 3.2 -0.9 159
Mother not measured * * * * * * * * * * * 28

Child's living arrangements
Living with both parents 20.5 43.3 -1.7 6.8 15.5 4.1 -0.6 8.8 26.9 1.1 -1.3 682
Living with one or neither
parent 20.2 30.5 -1.2 9.4 13.7 2.1 -0.5 7.8 16.5 0.0 -1.1 60

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * * * * * * 1
Second (53.0) (68.4) (-2.9) (3.7) (15.8) (10.9) (-0.3) (15.0) (49.1) (0.0) (-1.8) 28
Middle 32.0 57.4 -2.3 6.9 15.9 3.1 -0.7 17.5 44.4 0.0 -1.8 87
Fourth 29.8 52.6 -2.0 4.4 12.1 5.4 -0.4 9.8 27.8 0.0 -1.4 180
Highest 12.4 33.4 -1.3 8.1 16.5 3.2 -0.6 6.2 20.4 1.7 -1.1 445

Total 20.4 42.2 -1.6 7.0 15.4 4.0 -0.5 8.7 26.1 1.0 -1.3 742

Children age 0-35 months
born to interviewed ever-
married women
NFHS-3 (2005-06) 22.5 43.2 -1.6 9.2 17.2 5.2 -0.6 8.6 24.9 1.6 -1.3 408
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.7 43.2 -1.6 7.0 15.7 4.1 -0.6 10.0 29.9 0.5 -1.3 587
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Each of the indices is expressed in standard deviation units (SD) from the
median of the 2006 WHO International Reference Population. Table is based on children with valid dates of birth (month and year) and valid measurements of both height
and weight. Total includes children with missing information on size at birth, education, religion, and mothers nutritional status, who are not shown separately.
BMI = Body mass index (kg/m
2
)
1
Includes children who are below -3 standard deviations (SD) from the International Reference Population median.
2
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed.
3
First born twins (triplets, etc.) are counted as first births because they do not have a previous birth interval.
4
For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose mothers are not listed in the household schedule.
5
Includes children whose mothers are deceased.
Delhi.indd 78 3/19/09 12:51:25 PM
79

79
Table 49 Initial breastfeeding
Percentage of children born in the five years preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, and for last-born children born in the five years
preceding the survey who were ever breastfed, percentage who started breastfeeding within half an hour, one hour, and one day of birth
and percentage who received a prelacteal feed, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage who started breastfeeding:
Percentage
ever breastfed
Number of
children
Within half an
hour of birth
Within one
hour of birth
1
Within one
day of birth
2
Percentage
who received
a prelacteal
feed
3
Number of
last-born ever
breastfed
children

Residence
Urban 95.6 1,082 21.7 21.7 68.1 45.7 781
Slum 94.6 256 18.1 18.1 58.0 53.4 167
Non-slum 95.9 826 22.7 22.7 70.9 43.6 614
Rural 96.0 104 12.7 12.7 65.1 42.9 66

Sex
Male 96.7 643 21.9 21.9 68.7 43.8 473
Female 94.2 543 19.9 19.9 66.8 47.5 374

Mother's education
No education 94.7 372 16.9 16.9 57.2 52.6 241
<5 years complete (94.6) 29 * * * * 19
5-9 years complete 96.4 280 14.5 14.5 65.7 47.8 195
10 or more years complete 95.9 506 27.7 27.7 76.4 38.2 391

Religion
Hindu 95.2 1,000 20.2 20.2 67.4 44.0 714
Muslim 97.0 143 29.9 29.9 67.0 55.6 93
Sikh (100.0) 33 * * * * 29
Other * 10 * * * * 9

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 96.3 267 13.3 13.3 56.4 53.4 182
Scheduled tribe * 21 * * * * 14
Other backward class 95.4 184 18.5 18.5 59.7 54.2 123
Other 95.6 713 23.8 23.8 73.2 41.2 528

Assistance at delivery
Health personnel
4
95.9 760 25.6 25.6 76.8 36.7 576
Dai (TBA) 94.9 373 12.0 12.0 53.0 61.3 240
Other/no one 95.6 52 (5.7) (5.7) (17.2) (86.1) 31

Place of delivery
Health facility 95.5 697 27.5 27.5 80.0 33.7 526
At home 95.6 487 10.6 10.6 48.0 64.6 318
Other * 2 * * * * 2

Wealth index
Lowest * 2 * * * * 2
Second 100.0 57 12.9 12.9 55.5 59.7 36
Middle 92.4 154 11.6 11.6 48.7 57.3 97
Fourth 95.9 283 17.0 17.0 61.7 48.0 185
Highest 95.8 691 24.8 24.8 74.5 41.4 528

Total 95.6 1,186 21.0 21.0 67.9 45.5 847
Note: Table is based on children born in the last five years whether the children are living or dead at the time of interview. Total includes
children with missing information on religion and assistance at delivery, who are not shown separately.
TBA = Traditional birth attendant
1
Includes children who started breastfeeding within half an hour of birth.
2
Includes children who started breastfeeding within one hour of birth.
3
Children given something other than breast milk during the first three days of life.
4
Doctor, nurse, midwife, auxiliary nurse midwife, lady health visitor, or other health personnel.
Delhi.indd 79 3/19/09 12:51:26 PM
80

80
Table 50 Breastfeeding status by age
Percent distribution of youngest children under three years living with the mother by breastfeeding status and percentage of all children under three
years using a bottle with a nipple, according to age in months, Delhi, 2005-06
Breastfeeding and consuming:
Age in months
Not breast-
feeding
Exclusively
breastfed
Plain water
only
Non-milk
liquids/
juice
Other
milk
Comple-
mentary
foods Total
Number of
youngest
children
under
three years
Percentage
using a bottle
with a nipple
1
Number of
children
<2 * * * * * * 100.0 22 * 23
2-3 2.3 27.6 13.8 6.0 33.7 16.6 100.0 55 39.6 55
4-5 (5.0) (29.5) (16.1) (5.5) (10.5) (33.3) 100.0 46 (16.7) 46
6-8 11.3 6.6 15.0 4.2 4.2 58.7 100.0 54 39.5 56
9-11 (13.7) (1.2) (8.3) (0.0) (8.9) (67.9) 100.0 43 (36.8) 43
12-17 27.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 70.6 100.0 96 39.3 104
18-23 35.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.4 62.3 100.0 91 32.8 99
24-35 59.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.6 100.0 183 30.7 241

<4 1.6 37.5 11.5 4.3 28.9 16.1 100.0 77 29.4 78

<6 2.9 34.5 13.2 4.8 22.1 22.5 100.0 123 24.7 124
6-9 12.7 5.4 12.2 3.4 5.4 61.0 100.0 67 37.6 68

12-23 31.3 0.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 66.6 100.0 187 36.1 204
Note: Breastfeeding status refers to a 24-hour period (yesterday and last night). Children who are classified as breastfeeding and consuming plain
water only consumed no liquid or solid supplements. The categories of not breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed, breastfeeding and consuming plain
water only, non-milk liquids/juice, other milk, and complementary foods (solids and semi-solids) are hierarchical and mutually exclusive, and their
percentages add to 100 percent. Thus any children who get complementary food are classified in that category as long as they are breastfeeding as
well. Children who receive breast milk and non-milk liquids and who do not receive complementary foods are classified in the non-milk liquid
category even though they may also get plain water.
1
Based on all children under three years.
Delhi.indd 80 3/19/09 12:51:27 PM
81

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Delhi.indd 81 3/19/09 12:51:27 PM

82

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Delhi.indd 82 3/19/09 12:51:28 PM
83

83
Table 52 Prevalence of anaemia in children
Percentage of children age 6-59 months classified as having anaemia, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and
percentage of children age 6-35 months classified as having anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Anaemia status by haemoglobin level
Mild
(10.0-10.9 g/dl)
Moderate
(7.0-9.9 g/dl)
Severe
(<7.0 g/dl)
Any anaemia
(<11.0 g/dl)
Number of
children

Age in months
6-11 (23.9) (42.7) (2.7) (69.4) 47
12-23 24.2 46.9 0.0 71.2 129
24-35 20.9 32.7 1.4 55.0 164
36-47 29.2 24.2 0.3 53.7 173
48-59 32.7 11.0 0.0 43.7 116

Sex
Male 25.7 29.2 1.1 56.0 336
Female 26.9 30.9 0.2 58.0 293

Birth order
1

1 28.1 23.7 0.0 51.8 207
2-3 25.2 30.5 0.8 56.5 299
4-5 19.3 47.9 1.9 69.1 68
6+ (27.6) (45.9) (2.0) (75.4) 27

Residence
Urban 26.3 29.1 0.7 56.2 561
Slum 24.6 45.6 1.2 71.4 130
Non-slum 26.9 24.2 0.6 51.6 430
Rural 25.8 37.1 0.0 62.9 69

Mother's education
2

No education 21.4 41.0 1.5 63.9 187
<5 years complete * * * * 12
5-9 years complete 24.9 36.6 0.0 61.5 154
10 or more years complete 29.3 19.6 0.5 49.3 266

Religion
Hindu 27.1 29.3 0.8 57.2 528
Muslim 23.4 31.8 0.0 55.2 80
Sikh * * * * 14
Other * * * * 6

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 26.6 35.2 0.9 62.7 142
Scheduled tribe * * * * 7
Other backward class 21.0 31.0 0.5 52.6 104
Other 27.5 27.1 0.6 55.2 376

Mother's interview status
Interviewed 25.6 30.8 0.7 57.2 601
Not interviewed but in household * * * * 18
Not interviewed and not in household
3
* * * * 11

Child's living arrangements
Living with both parents 26.2 30.4 0.7 57.3 584
Living with one or neither parent (27.8) (24.9) (0.0) (52.7) 45

Mother's anaemia status
Not anaemic 26.4 23.1 0.7 50.3 318
Mildly anaemic 28.1 35.5 0.0 63.6 194
Moderately/severely anaemic 20.4 47.5 0.6 68.5 83

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * 1
Second (24.9) (40.4) (2.1) (67.3) 26
Middle 16.5 46.4 1.4 64.3 74
Fourth 24.0 44.0 0.0 67.9 155
Highest 29.3 20.1 0.7 50.2 374

Total 26.3 30.0 0.7 57.0 629

Children age 6-35 months born to
interviewed ever-married women
NFHS-3 (2005-06) 21.6 40.5 1.1 63.2 324
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 22.2 42.9 3.9 69.0 559
Note: Table is based on children who stayed in the household the night before the interview. Prevalence of anaemia,
based on haemoglobin levels, is adjusted for altitude using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1998.
Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47
(RR-3): 1-29). Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). Total includes children with missing information on
mothers education, religion, and mothers anaemia status, who are not shown separately.
1
Excludes children whose mothers were not interviewed.
2
For women who are not interviewed, information is taken from the Household Questionnaire. Excludes children whose
mothers are not listed in the household schedule.
3
Includes children whose mothers are deceased.
Delhi.indd 83 3/19/09 12:51:29 PM
84

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Delhi.indd 84 3/19/09 12:51:30 PM

85

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.

Delhi.indd 85 3/19/09 12:51:30 PM
86

86
Table 54 Presence of iodized salt in household
Percent distribution of households with salt tested for iodine content, by level of iodine in salt (parts per
million), according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and total for NFHS-2
Iodine content of salt
None
(0 ppm)
Inadequate
(<15 ppm)
Adequate
(15+ ppm) Total
Number of
households

Residence
Urban 7.6 6.0 86.4 100.0 2,976
Slum 19.2 13.4 67.4 100.0 602
Non-slum 4.7 4.1 91.2 100.0 2,374
Rural 14.5 4.8 80.7 100.0 230

Hindu 7.3 5.6 87.1 100.0 2,757
Muslim 21.5 10.8 67.7 100.0 268
Sikh 1.2 1.7 97.1 100.0 107
Other 0.0 6.1 93.9 100.0 72

Scheduled caste 11.9 9.1 79.1 100.0 556
Scheduled tribe (14.7) (7.4) (77.9) 100.0 39
Other backward class 12.9 8.8 78.3 100.0 458
Other 6.0 4.4 89.6 100.0 2,152

Wealth index
Lowest * * * 100.0 5
Second 24.3 14.0 61.7 100.0 96
Middle 26.2 19.5 54.3 100.0 303
Fourth 15.3 9.1 75.5 100.0 622
Highest 2.8 2.6 94.5 100.0 2,180

Total 8.1 5.9 86.0 100.0 3,206
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 6.2 4.5 89.3 100.0 2,761
Note: Less than 3 percent of households did not have any salt in the household. Total includes households with
missing information on religion and caste/tribe of the household head, which are not shown separately.
ppm = parts per million
Delhi.indd 86 3/19/09 12:51:31 PM
87

87
Table 55 Women's and men's food consumption
Percent distribution of women and men age 15-49 by frequency of consumption of specific foods, Delhi, 2005-06
Frequency of consumption
Type of food Daily Weekly Occasionally Never Missing Total
Number of
respondents
WOMEN
Milk or curd 51.5 14.1 24.1 10.3 0.0 100.0 3,349
Pulses or beans 61.0 35.5 3.3 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,349
Dark green leafy vegetables 62.3 32.0 5.5 0.1 0.0 100.0 3,349
Fruits 40.8 32.6 25.3 1.2 0.0 100.0 3,349
Eggs 4.5 17.5 33.2 44.7 0.0 100.0 3,349
Fish 0.7 8.6 31.5 59.3 0.0 100.0 3,349
Chicken/meat 1.0 10.5 35.8 52.8 0.0 100.0 3,349
Fish or chicken/meat 1.4 12.7 34.5 51.5 0.0 100.0 3,349
MEN
Milk or curd 54.8 23.1 20.7 1.5 0.0 100.0 1,373
Pulses or beans 43.1 53.2 3.2 0.4 0.0 100.0 1,373
Dark green leafy vegetables 46.8 47.3 5.7 0.3 0.0 100.0 1,373
Fruits 28.7 35.8 35.3 0.2 0.0 100.0 1,373
Eggs 5.9 28.4 44.6 20.9 0.2 100.0 1,373
Fish 0.4 12.0 41.4 46.2 0.1 100.0 1,373
Chicken/meat 3.1 18.8 43.6 34.5 0.0 100.0 1,373
Fish or chicken/meat 3.4 20.6 42.6 33.5 0.0 100.0 1,373
Delhi.indd 87 3/19/09 12:51:31 PM
88

88
Table 56 Nutritional status of adults
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific body mass index (BMI) levels, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Body mass index (BMI) in kg/m
2
Women
1
Men
<18.5
(total thin)
<17.0
(moderately/
severely thin)
25.0
(overweight
or obese)
30.0
(obese)
Number
of women
<18.5
(total thin)
<17.0
(moderately/
severely thin)
25.0
(overweight
or obese)
30.0
(obese)
Number
of men

Age
15-19 32.2 14.6 5.1 0.1 423 34.2 10.6 3.2 1.3 193
20-29 19.1 6.4 15.7 3.1 778 13.9 3.3 13.0 1.7 371
30-39 7.2 2.7 35.2 9.7 726 5.1 1.8 24.8 2.7 193
40-49 4.6 1.8 48.5 19.1 498 10.2 0.7 33.1 5.9 154

Marital status
Never married 26.5 11.3 8.6 0.5 648 21.7 5.9 8.8 2.1 429
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 9.5 2.8 35.0 11.8 73 * * * * 6

Residence
Urban 14.4 5.3 27.3 8.2 2,224 15.1 3.6 17.9 2.8 833
Slum 21.2 7.9 20.3 6.4 420 22.4 6.5 10.5 1.4 186
Non-slum 12.8 4.7 28.9 8.6 1,804 13.0 2.8 20.0 3.2 646
Rural 19.8 10.9 16.7 4.2 200 22.1 8.8 5.9 0.0 79

Education
No education 16.3 5.9 23.8 5.6 512 21.1 4.9 14.2 1.5 85
<5 years complete (21.6) (8.2) (4.5) (0.0) 34 * * * * 16
5-9 years complete 20.9 9.1 21.0 6.6 591 23.7 7.0 9.8 1.4 305

Religion
Hindu 14.8 5.9 26.2 7.5 2,056 15.1 3.9 15.9 2.2 764
Muslim 18.3 4.6 19.9 7.4 220 20.4 6.4 9.4 0.0 91
Sikh 8.9 3.8 43.0 15.2 100 (13.8) (3.4) (44.8) (13.8) 37
Other (8.0) (5.7) (33.5) (9.6) 45 * * * * 18

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 23.2 9.8 18.3 3.1 406 18.5 5.2 12.2 2.5 180
Scheduled tribe (34.6) (12.1) (7.8) (0.0) 30 * * * * 7
Other 11.3 4.1 30.0 9.7 1,677 13.5 2.9 20.2 2.8 588

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * 1 * * * * 1
Second 38.9 22.0 12.1 1.2 42 (34.1) (10.8) (15.1) (4.4) 29
Middle 28.1 9.4 9.1 1.8 142 26.7 7.3 3.0 0.0 78
Fourth 20.3 8.3 13.7 3.6 417 21.3 6.0 8.1 0.0 179
Highest 12.0 4.6 31.0 9.4 1,823 11.9 2.8 21.2 3.5 624

Total 14.8 5.8 26.4 7.8 2,425 15.7 4.1 16.8 2.6 911
Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Excludes pregnant women and women with a birth in the preceding 2 months.
Delhi.indd 88 3/19/09 12:51:32 PM
89

89
Table 57 Prevalence of anaemia in adults
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with anaemia, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06, and percentage of ever-married women age 15-49
with anaemia, NFHS-3 and NFHS-2
Women Men
Mild (10.0-
11.9 g/dl)
1
Moderate
(7.0-9.9 g/dl)
Severe
(<7.0 g/dl)
Any anaemia
(<12.0 g/dl)
2
Number
of
women
Mild (12.0-
12.9 g/dl)
Moderate
(9.0-11.9 g/dl)
Severe
(<9.0 g/dl)
Any anaemia
(<13.0 g/dl)
Number
of
men

Age
15-19 39.8 9.9 0.1 49.7 414 9.8 7.9 0.3 18.0 188
20-29 34.2 9.7 0.5 44.4 840 10.5 7.0 0.4 17.9 358
30-39 36.1 7.0 0.0 43.1 715 9.9 5.0 0.3 15.2 190
40-49 31.8 9.1 0.2 41.1 471 12.6 7.3 0.8 20.7 153

Marital status
Never married 37.9 9.2 0.0 47.1 623 9.2 7.2 0.1 16.6 413
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 34.4 9.9 0.0 44.3 70 * * * * 6

Maternity status
Pregnant 15.3 13.4 1.2 29.9 105 na na na na na
Breastfeeding 39.6 12.0 0.0 51.7 309 na na na na na
Neither 35.6 8.1 0.2 43.9 2,026 na na na na na

Residence
Urban 35.6 8.5 0.2 44.3 2,235 10.6 6.8 0.4 17.8 810
Slum 35.6 11.8 0.5 47.8 430 12.0 9.5 0.6 22.1 185
Non-slum 35.7 7.7 0.1 43.5 1,805 10.1 6.0 0.4 16.5 626
Rural 31.0 12.7 0.5 44.2 205 10.4 7.5 0.0 17.9 78

Education
No education 39.0 10.2 0.5 49.7 525 18.4 12.3 0.0 30.6 84
<5 years complete (30.7) (9.0) (4.5) (44.1) 40 * * * * 15
5-9 years complete 34.5 10.3 0.2 44.9 593 13.5 8.5 0.0 22.0 296

Religion
Hindu 35.0 9.1 0.3 44.5 2,060 10.3 6.6 0.5 17.3 748
Muslim 38.9 7.7 0.0 46.6 233 16.0 10.0 0.0 26.0 89
Sikh 33.8 3.8 0.0 37.5 102 (7.4) (7.4) (0.0) (14.8) 35
Other (27.7) (11.6) (0.0) (39.3) 44 * * * * 16

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 35.8 13.1 0.2 49.2 410 13.3 7.7 0.0 20.9 175
Scheduled tribe (50.0) (9.5) (0.0) (59.5) 30 * * * * 7
Other 34.6 7.9 0.2 42.7 1,681 9.4 6.5 0.6 16.4 573

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * 1 * * * * 1
Second 32.1 13.1 0.0 45.1 47 (19.0) (25.4) (0.0) (44.4) 29
Middle 37.2 11.8 0.3 49.3 152 13.7 11.4 0.0 25.0 78
Fourth 40.7 12.4 0.8 54.0 423 11.1 12.0 0.8 23.9 172
Highest 33.9 7.6 0.1 41.6 1,818 9.6 3.9 0.4 13.9 608

Total 35.2 8.8 0.2 44.3 2,441 10.5 6.8 0.4 17.8 888

Total for ever-married
women
NFHS-3 (2005-06) 34.3 8.7 0.3 43.3 1,818 na na na na na
NFHS-2 (1998-99) 29.6 9.6 1.3 40.5 2,197 na na na na na
Note: Prevalence of anaemia, based on haemoglobin levels is adjusted for altitude and for smoking status, if known, using the CDC formula (Centers for Disease
Control (CDC). 1998. Recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency in the United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 (RR-3): 1-29).
Haemoglobin levels shown in grams per decilitre (g/dl). Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missing
information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
na = Not applicable
1
For pregnant women the value is 10.0-10.9 g/dl.
2
For pregnant women the value is <11.0 g/dl.
Delhi.indd 89 3/19/09 12:51:33 PM
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Delhi.indd 93 3/19/09 12:51:36 PM
94

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Delhi.indd 94 3/19/09 12:51:37 PM
95

9
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Delhi.indd 95 3/19/09 12:51:38 PM
96

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Delhi.indd 96 3/19/09 12:51:38 PM
97

97
Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosis
Number of persons per 100,000 usual household residents suffering from any tuberculosis
and medically treated tuberculosis, by age, sex, and main type of cooking fuel, according to
residence, Delhi, 2005-06
Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:
Characteristic Tuberculosis
1
Medically treated
tuberculosis
Number of
usual residents
URBAN SLUM

Age
<15 55 55 962
15-59 528 528 1,789
60+ 885 885 119

Sex
Women 376 376 1,258
Men 391 391 1,612

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel
2
598 598 614
Other fuel 306 306 2,230

Total 384 384 2,869
URBAN NON-SLUM

Age
<15 87 87 2,949
15-59 229 211 7,297
60+ 472 472 817

Sex
Women 206 206 4,986
Men 211 190 6,077

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel
2
249 249 516
Other fuel 208 196 10,496

Total 209 197 11,063
URBAN TOTAL

Age
<15 79 79 3,911
15-59 288 274 9,086
60+ 524 524 936

Sex
Women 240 240 6,244
Men 249 232 7,689

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel
2
439 439 1,131
Other fuel 225 215 12,725

Total 245 236 13,933
Continued
Delhi.indd 97 3/19/09 12:51:39 PM
98

98
Table 63 Prevalence of tuberculosisContinued
Number of persons per 100,000 suffering from:
Characteristic Tuberculosis
1
Medically treated
tuberculosis
Number of
usual residents
RURAL

Age
<15 0 0 426
15-59 152 152 729
60+ 1,587 1,587 70

Sex
Women 0 0 530
Men 319 319 694

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel
2
0 0 439
Other fuel 288 288 770

Total 181 181 1,225
TOTAL

Age
<15 71 71 4,337
15-59 278 265 9,815
60+ 598 598 1,006

Sex
Women 221 221 6,774
Men 255 240 8,383

Cooking fuel
Solid fuel
2
316 316 1,570
Other fuel 229 219 13,495

Total 240 231 15,157
Note: Total includes usual residents with missing information on type of cooking fuel, who
1
Includes medically treated tuberculosis.
2
Includes coal, lignite, charcoal, wood, straw/shrubs/grass, agricultural crop waste, and dung
cakes.
Delhi.indd 98 3/19/09 12:51:40 PM
99

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Delhi.indd 99 3/19/09 12:51:40 PM
100

100
Table 65 Health problems
Number of women and men age 15-49 per 100,000 who reported that they have diabetes, asthma, or goitre or any other thyroid disorders, by
background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Number of women per 100,000 who have: Number of men per 100,000 who have:
Background characteristic Diabetes Asthma
Goitre or other
thyroid
disorder
Total
number of
women Diabetes Asthma
Goitre or other
thyroid
disorder
Total
number of
men

Age
15-19 0 88 177 579 0 0 0 285
20-34 543 387 683 1,640 824 450 263 692
35-49 4,227 1,013 3,307 1,130 2,821 1,767 0 396

Residence
Urban 1,831 591 1,535 3,096 1,332 798 144 1,266
Slum 1,252 537 537 572 977 391 195 271
Non-slum 1,962 604 1,761 2,524 1,429 909 130 996
Rural 0 0 823 253 0 0 0 106

Education
No education 1,562 888 819 717 400 0 0 132
<5 years complete 0 2,146 0 59 (0) (1,631) (0) 32
5-9 years complete 1,479 225 968 791 364 1,309 0 435
10 or more years complete 1,896 499 2,024 1,782 1,909 502 236 773

Wealth index
Lowest * * * 3 * * * 3
Second 799 0 0 64 0 0 0 40
Middle 839 1,204 482 212 0 458 0 115
Fourth 1,036 225 590 565 190 931 0 278
Highest 1,917 578 1,806 2,505 1,743 746 194 938

Total 1,692 547 1,481 3,349 1,229 736 133 1,373
Note: Total includes women with missing information on education and religion, and men with missing information on religion and caste/tribe, who are
not shown separately.
Delhi.indd 100 3/19/09 12:51:41 PM
101

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Delhi.indd 101 3/19/09 12:51:42 PM
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Delhi.indd 102 3/19/09 12:51:43 PM
103

103
Table 68 Employment and cash earnings of currently married women and men
Percentage of currently married women and men age 15-49 who were employed at any time in the 12 months preceding the survey and
percent distribution of currently married women and men employed in the 12 months preceding the survey by type of earnings and sector,
according to age, Delhi, 2005-06
Percent distribution of employed
respondents by type of earnings
Percent distribution of
employed respondents
by sector
Age
Percentage
employed
Number of
respondents Cash only
Cash and
in-kind
In-kind
only Not paid Missing Total Agriculture
Non-
agriculture Total
Number
of
employed
respon-
dents
WOMEN
15-19 6.2 50 * * * * * 100.0 * * 100.0 3
20-24 8.0 318 (80.8) (4.0) (0.0) (11.1) (4.1) 100.0 (4.1) (95.9) 100.0 26
25-29 16.8 482 94.0 1.3 0.0 4.7 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 81
30-34 24.1 464 89.9 5.9 0.9 3.2 0.0 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 112
35-39 27.0 447 91.8 4.2 0.0 3.0 1.1 100.0 1.5 98.5 100.0 121
40-44 27.7 338 92.9 2.7 0.0 4.4 0.0 100.0 2.5 97.5 100.0 94
45-49 21.0 253 (88.4) (3.9) (0.0) (7.7) (0.0) 100.0 (4.4) (95.6) 100.0 53

Total 20.8 2,351 90.9 3.8 0.2 4.6 0.5 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 489
MEN
15-19 * 2 * * * * * 100.0 * * 100.0 2
20-24 98.0 54 97.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 100.0 2.2 97.8 100.0 53
25-29 99.1 142 96.5 2.7 0.0 0.4 0.4 100.0 0.4 99.6 100.0 141
30-34 100.0 150 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.9 99.1 100.0 150
35-39 99.6 148 96.6 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 100.0 2.0 98.0 100.0 148
40-44 100.0 121 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 2.1 97.9 100.0 121
45-49 99.1 112 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 1.6 98.4 100.0 111

Total 99.5 730 98.4 1.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 100.0 1.4 98.6 100.0 726
Delhi.indd 103 3/19/09 12:51:43 PM
104

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Delhi.indd 104 3/19/09 12:51:44 PM
105

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Delhi.indd 105 3/19/09 12:51:45 PM
106

106
Table 71 Decision making by background characteristics
Percentage of currently married women who usually make four specific kinds of decisions, either by themselves or jointly with their husband, and percentage of men
who say that wives should have an equal or greater say than their husband in five specific kinds of decisions, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage of women who usually make specific
decisions alone or jointly with their husband
Percentage of men who say
that wives should have an
equal or greater say than
their husband in:
Own
health
care
Making
major
household
purchases
Making
purchases for
daily
household
needs
Visits to
her family
or relatives
Percentage
who
participate in
all four
decisions
Percentage
who
participate in
none of the
four decisions
Number
of women
All of five
specified
decisions
1
None of
five
specified
decisions
1
Number of
men

Age
15-19 57.8 48.1 49.6 52.1 33.7 31.9 50 * * 2
20-24 57.9 52.3 55.0 57.9 35.9 24.0 318 74.5 4.6 54
25-29 71.7 61.2 68.6 70.5 45.8 14.2 482 67.9 2.2 142
30-39 78.0 71.5 81.9 79.9 56.3 6.5 911 73.2 0.5 298
40-49 80.4 75.5 85.2 81.7 60.6 4.3 591 80.0 0.7 234

Residence
Urban 74.2 68.1 75.9 74.9 52.3 10.4 2,167 73.6 1.1 676
Slum 73.3 69.5 77.7 75.3 52.7 10.6 401 72.7 2.4 153
Non-slum 74.3 67.7 75.5 74.8 52.2 10.4 1,766 73.8 0.7 524
Rural 74.6 58.2 72.9 74.6 48.6 10.7 185 (84.8) (2.2) 53

Education
No education 71.0 65.8 77.0 74.1 50.4 11.0 640 68.9 8.2 90
<5 years complete (70.2) (59.2) (69.5) (70.8) (36.2) (12.0) 44 * * 18
5-9 years complete 72.6 65.5 77.5 73.4 50.1 10.8 507 70.5 0.6 213
10 or more years complete 76.8 69.1 74.4 76.1 54.3 9.9 1,160 78.4 0.0 408

Employment (past 12
months)
Employed 81.8 75.0 83.1 81.6 60.7 5.2 487 74.5 1.2 723
Employed, for cash 81.8 74.7 84.0 81.9 60.5 4.8 463 74.4 1.2 722
Employed, not for cash * * * * * * 24 * * 1
Not employed 72.2 65.2 73.7 73.1 49.7 11.8 1,863 * * 4

0 58.0 53.0 52.8 61.2 33.9 24.2 205 69.0 1.3 88
1-2 75.3 67.0 73.3 73.8 52.9 11.4 1,218 77.7 1.0 383
3-4 76.6 70.5 84.0 79.3 54.7 5.9 766 73.2 0.9 209
5+ 74.9 72.1 83.0 79.5 55.1 7.2 163 63.0 4.3 50

Household structure
2

Nuclear 77.5 72.8 83.7 79.8 57.3 6.3 1,343 75.1 1.5 385
Non-nuclear 69.8 59.9 65.0 68.4 44.9 16.0 1,009 73.6 0.9 345
.
Religion
Hindu 73.9 66.9 76.2 74.4 52.0 10.4 2,025 76.0 1.0 626
Muslim 76.6 67.4 71.6 75.7 53.6 13.2 198 53.3 4.6 60
Sikh 73.1 71.6 73.1 79.1 47.8 6.0 85 * * 30
Other (80.3) (77.2) (73.5) (87.9) (55.1) (6.3) 40 * * 13

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 70.9 64.4 73.7 71.4 48.5 10.8 409 78.9 1.2 136
Scheduled tribe (78.4) (74.8) (89.2) (76.6) (53.2) (4.5) 28 * * 7
Other backward class 74.7 65.9 77.2 79.4 53.3 10.6 308 57.6 3.0 103
Other 74.9 68.2 75.6 74.9 52.6 10.4 1,606 77.0 0.7 480

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * * 3 * * 2
Second 72.4 67.5 72.1 75.1 47.1 10.6 58 (70.2) (8.8) 27
Middle 71.3 65.0 77.3 74.2 51.2 13.3 175 69.1 3.7 73
Fourth 74.2 67.3 78.7 74.9 53.3 9.9 410 67.0 1.1 160
Highest 74.6 67.5 74.9 75.0 51.9 10.2 1,707 78.0 0.3 467

Total 74.2 67.3 75.7 74.9 52.0 10.4 2,351 74.4 1.2 730
Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on employment (past 12 months) and religion, and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are
not shown separately.
1
Decisions about major household purchases, purchases for daily household needs, visits to the wife's family or relatives, what to do with the money the wife earns,
and how many children to have.
2
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or fostered)
with or without unrelated individuals.
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107
Table 72 Women's access to money and credit
Percentage of women who have access to money, who know of a microcredit programme, who have taken a loan from a microcredit programme,
and who are allowed to go to three specified places alone, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Womens access to money
Womens knowledge and use of
microcredit programmes
Percentage who
have money that
they can decide
how to use
Percentage who
have a bank or
savings account
that they
themselves use
Percentage who
know of a
microcredit
programme
Percentage who
have taken a
loan from a
microcredit
programme
Percentage of
women
allowed to go
to three
specified
places alone
1
Number of
women

Age
15-19 30.7 17.6 22.9 0.2 20.7 579
20-24 38.1 23.6 27.0 0.4 25.0 615
25-29 40.5 30.5 28.0 0.2 35.2 544
30-39 47.1 33.1 32.1 1.9 43.3 962
40-49 55.5 43.9 32.5 1.7 52.8 649

Residence
Urban 43.7 31.2 29.2 1.0 37.5 3,096
Slum 27.7 11.8 20.8 0.4 28.7 572
Non-slum 47.3 35.6 31.0 1.2 39.4 2,524
Rural 36.6 19.8 26.7 0.8 25.5 253

Education
No education 29.3 12.7 15.8 0.5 29.2 717
<5 years complete 38.1 9.1 15.1 1.7 15.5 59
5-9 years complete 32.3 20.4 23.1 1.0 28.9 791
10 or more years complete 53.7 42.6 37.3 1.2 43.5 1,782

Employed 73.6 46.6 37.0 2.1 52.2 763
Employed, for cash 74.2 46.8 36.9 2.2 52.2 735
Employed, not for cash (57.7) (39.4) (38.6) (0.0) (52.3) 28
Not employed 34.2 25.5 26.6 0.7 32.0 2,583

Marital status
Never married 42.2 27.0 27.7 0.3 28.8 901
Currently married 42.3 30.8 29.5 1.3 38.4 2,351
Widowed/divorced/separated/deserted 74.4 51.3 27.1 1.3 64.2 97

0 41.8 27.9 27.6 0.5 27.3 1,108
1-2 45.8 37.1 32.7 1.4 41.6 1,260
3-4 42.9 26.3 26.3 1.1 40.3 803
5+ 34.6 16.2 23.0 1.2 41.7 178

Household structure
2

Nuclear 42.9 29.9 28.1 1.2 38.2 1,942
Non-nuclear 43.6 31.0 30.2 0.8 34.3 1,407

Religion
Hindu 43.8 31.2 28.9 1.0 36.3 2,845
Muslim 24.4 11.4 27.6 0.2 31.7 310
Sikh 62.6 45.5 31.3 1.0 44.4 126
Other 67.9 52.5 31.8 3.9 53.0 65

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 37.3 17.7 21.3 0.4 27.2 580
Scheduled tribe 38.8 19.1 14.0 2.6 31.6 49
Other 46.0 35.7 31.4 1.2 39.6 2,290

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * 3
Second 30.4 0.8 4.8 0.0 28.8 64
Middle 23.1 8.1 18.6 0.2 22.4 212
Fourth 28.6 12.4 21.1 0.6 26.1 565
Highest 48.5 37.1 32.3 1.2 40.3 2,505

Total 43.2 30.3 29.0 1.0 36.6 3,349
Note: Total includes women with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months), and religion, who are not shown separately.
1
To the market, to the health facility, and to places outside the village/community.
2
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological,
adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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108
Table 73 Gender-role attitudes
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 with specific attitudes toward wife beating and refusal by a wife to have sex with her husband by reason and
percentage of men age 15-49 who agree that a man can behave in specific ways if his wife refuses him sex, according to marital status, Delhi, 2005-06
Ever married Never married Total
Reason/behaviour Women Men Women Men Women Men

Percentage who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or
beating his wife if:
She goes out without telling him 15.0 7.2 7.0 12.0 12.9 9.4
She neglects the house or children 15.1 3.8 9.0 5.7 13.5 4.7
She argues with him 16.1 8.8 10.0 14.0 14.4 11.2
She refuses to have sexual intercourse with him 5.0 1.4 2.1 2.5 4.2 1.9
She doesn't cook food properly 9.1 2.1 4.4 2.2 7.8 2.2
He suspects she is unfaithful 12.4 9.8 7.3 16.2 11.0 12.8
She shows disrespect for in-laws 27.1 18.8 18.6 31.8 24.8 24.8

Percentage who agree with at least one specified reason 35.2 21.4 24.6 35.1 32.3 27.7

Percentage who agree that a wife is justified in refusing to
have sex with her husband when she:
Knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease 83.9 95.9 78.5 95.8 82.5 95.9
Knows husband has sex with other women 83.4 91.9 77.6 90.9 81.9 91.5
Is tired or not in the mood 84.1 93.8 75.9 92.8 81.9 93.4

Percentage who agree with all three reasons 79.0 90.2 70.9 88.7 76.8 89.5
Percentage who agree with none of the three reasons 11.5 3.1 15.3 3.5 12.5 3.3

Percentage who agree that when a woman refuses to have sex
with her husband, he has the right to:
Get angry and reprimand her na 3.3 na 4.8 na 4.0
Refuse to give her financial support na 1.4 na 2.2 na 1.8
Use force to have sex na 2.2 na 2.6 na 2.4
Have sex with another woman na 2.9 na 9.6 na 6.0

Percentage who agree with all four behaviours na 0.1 na 0.3 na 0.2
Percentage who agree with none of the four behaviours na 93.1 na 85.6 na 89.6

Number of respondents 2,448 740 901 632 3,349 1,373
na = Not applicable
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109
Table 74 Gender-role attitudes by background characteristics
Percentage of women and men age 15-49 who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one specified reason and who agree
that a wife is justified in refusing to have sex with her husband for all specified reasons, and percentage of men who agree that when a wife refuses to have
sex with her husband, the husband does not have the right to any of the four specified behaviours, by background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage who agree that a
husband is justified in hitting
or beating his wife for at
least one specified reason
1
Percentage who agree that a
wife is justified in refusing to
have sex with her husband
for all specified reasons
2
Percentage who agree
that when a wife refuses
to have sex with her
husband, he does not
have the right to any of
the four specified
behaviours
3
Number
Background characteristic Women Men Women Men Men Women Men

Age
15-19 29.0 42.5 69.1 85.6 84.2 579 285
20-24 32.3 30.4 73.4 91.1 87.8 615 276
25-29 34.2 27.1 77.5 88.0 90.4 544 247
30-39 33.3 19.4 82.1 91.0 90.8 962 322
40-49 32.2 19.0 78.6 91.7 95.8 649 242

Residence
Urban 30.9 27.3 77.8 89.5 89.9 3,096 1,266
Slum 41.3 31.2 72.3 82.4 86.5 572 271
Non-slum 28.5 26.2 79.1 91.4 90.8 2,524 996
Rural 49.8 32.6 65.0 89.1 87.0 253 106

Education
No education 53.2 50.5 70.5 79.5 84.4 717 132
<5 years complete 51.3 (20.1) 63.8 (79.0) (95.1) 59 32
5-9 years complete 40.7 38.0 69.7 86.6 85.9 791 435
10 or more years complete 19.6 18.3 83.1 93.2 92.4 1,782 773

Employed 28.1 27.0 78.1 89.4 90.3 763 1,106
Employed, for cash 27.9 26.9 78.3 89.4 90.3 735 1,104
Employed, not for cash (33.0) * (74.1) * * 28 2
Not employed 33.6 30.8 76.5 89.9 86.8 2,583 264

Marital status
Never married 24.6 35.1 70.9 88.7 85.6 901 632
Currently married 35.1 21.2 78.9 90.2 93.0 2,351 730
Widowed/divorced/
separated/deserted 37.2 * 82.9 * * 97 11

0 26.0 33.6 72.9 88.2 86.8 1,108 724
1-2 28.9 17.0 80.7 91.7 94.0 1,260 385
3-4 42.6 26.6 77.0 89.6 92.3 803 211
5+ 49.5 30.1 73.5 89.9 86.4 178 52

Household structure
4

Nuclear 33.6 28.7 76.1 90.2 89.2 1,942 716
Non-nuclear 30.6 26.6 77.9 88.7 90.1 1,407 657

Religion
Hindu 32.4 28.3 75.5 89.5 89.3 2,845 1,164
Muslim 40.2 29.9 86.2 87.6 89.0 310 127
Sikh 20.2 (11.6) 77.8 (90.7) (93.0) 126 56
Other 14.1 * 90.6 * * 65 25

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 48.4 40.2 67.6 85.8 88.0 580 272
Scheduled tribe 35.8 * 66.9 * * 49 12
Other backward class 39.5 36.7 74.1 86.5 80.2 430 198
Other 26.8 22.1 79.9 91.3 92.0 2,290 885

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * 3 3
Second 50.0 50.8 61.6 93.3 90.1 64 40
Middle 53.2 46.0 65.2 75.1 81.8 212 115
Fourth 49.2 38.0 67.1 85.4 85.5 565 278
Highest 26.3 21.5 80.5 92.4 91.9 2,505 938

Total 32.3 27.7 76.8 89.5 89.6 3,349 1,373
Note: Total includes women/men with missing information on employment (past 12 months) and religion, women with missing information on education,
and men with missing information on caste/tribe, who are not shown separately.
1
Specified reasons are: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with
him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows disrespect for in-laws.
2
Specified reasons are: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, knows husband has sex with other women, and is tired or not in the mood.
3
Specified behaviours are: get angry and reprimand her, refuse to give her financial support, use force to have sex, and have sex with another woman.
4
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children (biological, adopted, or
fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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110
Table 75 Experience of physical or sexual violence
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence, and
among those who have experienced physical or sexual violence, the person committing the
violence, by marital status, Delhi, 2005-06
Type of violence/perpetrator
Ever
married
Never
married Total

Type of violence experienced
Physical violence ever 18.6 9.8 16.3
Sexual violence ever 2.1 0.1 1.6
Physical and sexual violence ever 2.0 0.0 1.4
Physical or sexual violence ever 18.8 10.0 16.5

Number of women 1,693 604 2,297

Person committing physical violence
Current husband 81.4 (0.0) 68.5
Former husband 5.7 (0.0) 4.8
Current boyfriend 0.3 (0.0) 0.3
Father/step-father 4.9 (10.6) 5.8
Mother/step-mother 16.0 (56.1) 22.3
Sister/brother 3.9 (40.9) 9.8
Daughter/son 0.3 (0.0) 0.2
Other relative 0.7 (0.0) 0.6
Mother-in-law 1.7 (0.0) 1.5
Father-in-law 1.4 (0.0) 1.2
Other in-law 0.1 (0.0) 0.1
Teacher 7.9 (25.9) 10.8
Employer/someone at work 0.1 (0.0) 0.1

Number who experienced physical violence 315 59 374

Person committing sexual violence
Current husband (85.0) * (83.0)
Former husband (12.6) * (12.3)
Father (0.0) * (2.4)
Own friend/acquaintance (2.4) * (2.4)

Number who experienced sexual violence 36 1 37
Note: All women were asked about their experience of physical violence since age 15. Ever-
married women were also asked about their experience of spousal physical violence at any age.
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111
Table 76 Forms of spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced various forms of violence committed by their husband
ever or in the 12 months preceding the survey, Delhi, 2005-06
In the past 12 months
1
Type of violence Ever Often Sometimes
Often or
sometimes

Physical violence
Any form of physical violence 16.1 3.1 8.6 11.7
Pushed her, shook her, or threw something at her 5.5 0.7 3.0 3.7
Slapped her 16.0 2.9 8.6 11.5
Twisted her arm or pulled her hair 4.9 0.7 2.7 3.4
Punched her with his fist or with something that could hurt her 4.4 0.5 2.3 2.8
Kicked her, dragged her, or beat her up 3.3 0.5 1.7 2.2
Tried to choke her or burn her on purpose 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.7
Threatened her or attacked her with a knife, gun,
or any other weapon 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2

Sexual violence
Any form of sexual violence 2.1 0.4 1.1 1.5
Physically forced her to have sexual intercourse
with him even when she did not want to 2.0 0.3 1.0 1.4
Forced her to perform any sexual acts she did
not want to 1.3 0.2 0.8 1.0

Emotional violence
Any form of emotional violence 4.9 1.6 2.0 3.6
Said or did something to humiliate her in front of others 4.4 1.3 1.9 3.2
Threatened to hurt or harm her or someone close to her 2.2 0.5 1.2 1.8
Insulted her or made her feel bad about herself 2.8 0.8 1.2 2.0

Any form of physical and/or sexual violence 16.3 3.3 8.5 11.8
Any form of physical and sexual violence 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.5
Any form of physical and/or sexual and/or emotional violence 17.2 3.9 8.7 12.6
Any form of physical and sexual and emotional violence 1.4 0.9 0.2 1.1

Any violence by women against their husband
2
0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5

Number of ever-married women 1,693 1,641 1,641 1,641
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed,
divorced, separated, or deserted women.
1
Excludes widows.
2
Any violence by women against their husband when he was not already beating or physically hurting them.
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112
Table 77 Spousal violence by background characteristics
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 by whether they have ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed
by their husband, according to background characteristics, Delhi, 2005-06
Emotional
violence
Physical
violence
Sexual
violence
Physical or
sexual
violence
Emotional,
physical, or
sexual
violence
Number of
women

Age
15-19 (7.3) (15.1) (0.0) (15.1) (17.0) 37
20-24 5.7 12.9 3.2 12.9 14.0 227
25-29 5.4 18.2 1.8 18.2 19.5 336
30-39 4.4 16.5 2.2 16.9 17.9 661
40-49 4.5 15.6 1.8 15.6 16.0 432

Residence
Urban 4.6 15.3 2.1 15.4 16.5 1,566
Slum 5.5 27.9 2.9 28.0 28.8 299
Non-slum 4.3 12.3 1.9 12.4 13.5 1,267
Rural 8.7 26.6 2.3 26.6 26.6 126

Education
No education 8.2 28.9 2.7 28.9 29.6 469
<5 years complete (12.5) (28.9) (7.1) (28.9) (34.3) 32
5-9 years complete 5.6 20.6 3.6 20.7 21.5 365

Employed 8.5 20.2 2.0 20.5 22.7 374
Employed, for cash 8.5 20.6 2.1 20.8 22.7 357
Employed, not for cash * * * * * 18
Not employed 3.8 15.0 2.1 15.1 15.7 1,318

Marital status
Currently married 4.3 15.7 1.9 15.9 16.7 1,631
Widowed 9.5 18.3 1.4 18.3 21.1 52
Divorced/separated/deserted * * * * * 10

Marital status and duration
1

Married only once 4.3 15.4 1.9 15.5 16.4 1,616
0-4 years 4.5 6.9 1.8 6.9 8.3 259
5-9 years 4.6 15.2 2.4 15.2 16.4 345
10+ years 4.1 17.7 1.7 17.9 18.5 1,012
Married more than once * * * * * 15

0 2.5 6.0 0.9 6.6 7.7 142
1-2 5.1 11.9 2.2 12.0 13.2 869
3-4 4.0 21.0 2.7 21.1 21.9 558
5+ 9.8 35.2 0.3 35.2 35.5 124

Household structure
2

Nuclear 4.4 18.7 2.2 18.8 19.4 959
Non-nuclear 5.5 12.8 1.9 12.9 14.4 734

Religion
Hindu 5.1 16.8 2.3 17.0 18.0 1,459
Muslim 4.1 14.1 0.3 14.1 14.1 140
Sikh 2.7 4.1 1.4 4.1 5.5 64
Other (3.0) (16.9) (3.0) (16.9) (16.9) 29

Caste/tribe
Scheduled caste 7.1 26.0 3.7 26.0 27.2 308
Scheduled tribe (23.4) (35.8) (3.6) (35.8) (35.8) 24
Other 3.8 12.0 1.3 12.1 13.1 1,134

Wealth index
Lowest * * * * * 2
Second 9.3 37.8 1.7 37.8 37.8 40
Middle 11.4 38.7 3.3 38.7 39.4 134
Fourth 8.3 28.1 5.1 28.1 29.8 288
Highest 3.2 10.1 1.2 10.3 11.1 1,229

Respondent's father beat her mother
Yes 13.8 48.4 8.8 49.1 49.7 131
No 3.8 11.2 1.5 11.3 12.2 1,403
Don't know 6.7 33.1 1.8 33.4 35.0 157

Total 4.9 16.1 2.1 16.3 17.2 1,693
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated,
or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on education, employment (past 12 months), religion, and whether the
respondent's father beat her mother, who are not shown separately.
1
Currently married women only.
2
Nuclear households are households comprised of a married couple or a man or a woman living alone or with unmarried children
(biological, adopted, or fostered) with or without unrelated individuals.
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113
Table 78 Spousal violence by husband's characteristics and empowerment indicators
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have ever suffered emotional, physical, or sexual violence committed by their husband,
according to his characteristics, marital characteristics, and selected empowerment indicators, Delhi, 2005-06
Husbands characteristic/empowerment indicator
Emotional
violence
Physical
violence
Sexual
violence
Physical or
sexual
violence
Emotional,
physical, or
sexual
violence
Number of
women

Husband's education
No education 7.9 28.2 2.8 28.2 28.4 186
<5 years complete (4.2) (26.4) (3.0) (26.4) (26.4) 29
5-7 years complete 6.3 28.1 3.2 28.1 29.2 193
8-9 years complete 7.8 23.2 3.4 23.2 24.7 224
10-11 years complete 5.7 17.2 2.9 17.2 18.0 336

Husband's alcohol consumption
Does not drink 2.5 9.8 0.5 9.9 11.0 1,035
Drinks/never gets drunk 2.7 13.6 0.4 13.6 14.3 246
Gets drunk sometimes 7.2 27.6 3.4 27.6 28.3 340
Gets drunk often 35.1 61.1 25.2 63.6 64.8 72

Spousal age difference
1

Wife older * * * * * 25
Wife is same age 4.8 20.8 2.6 21.9 23.0 80
Wife 1-4 years younger 3.5 14.6 1.3 14.6 15.5 823
Wife 5-9 years younger 4.6 15.7 2.0 15.9 16.9 601
Wife 10+ years younger 8.8 20.4 6.1 20.4 20.4 101

Spousal education difference
Husband better educated 4.8 17.2 2.5 17.4 18.2 858
Wife better educated 5.2 13.4 3.1 13.4 14.6 292
Both equally educated 3.5 9.9 0.4 10.1 11.4 398
Neither educated 8.4 31.5 2.4 31.5 31.7 140

Number of marital control behaviours
displayed by husband
2

0 1.5 10.4 0.2 10.4 11.0 1,020
1-2 5.5 18.3 1.8 18.5 19.6 530
3-4 21.8 44.5 13.4 45.2 48.6 117
5-6 (49.2) (70.5) (28.9) (70.5) (70.5) 25

Number of decisions in which women
participate
3

0 3.8 14.6 1.6 14.6 14.8 166
1-2 6.7 16.4 2.5 16.4 17.2 322
3-4 3.7 15.7 1.8 15.9 16.9 1,143

Number of reasons for which wife beating is
justified
4

0 4.0 11.9 1.8 12.0 13.1 1,091
1-2 3.1 16.5 2.0 16.9 16.9 328
3-4 10.2 31.1 3.6 31.1 32.0 169
5-6 11.4 21.4 3.1 21.4 26.9 57
7 9.5 50.3 3.3 50.3 50.3 48

Number of reasons given for refusing to have
sexual intercourse with husband
5

0 10.4 32.0 5.4 32.4 34.0 194
1-2 4.1 20.9 1.5 20.9 22.5 166
3 4.2 13.2 1.7 13.3 14.1 1,332

Total 4.9 16.1 2.1 16.3 17.2 1,693
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced, separated,
or deserted women. Total includes women with missing information on husband's education, spousal age difference, spousal education
difference, and number of decisions in which women participate, who are not shown separately.
* Percentage are not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases.
1
Currently married women only.
2
Behaviours include: he is jealous or angry if she talks to other men, frequently accuses her of being unfaithful, does not permit her to meet
her female friends, tries to limit her contact with her family, insists on knowing where she is at all times, and does not trust her with any
money.
3
Currently married women only. Decisions included are decisions about own health care, major household purchases, purchases for daily
household needs, and visits to her family or relatives.
4
Reasons given for which wife beating is justified include: she goes out without telling him, she neglects the house or children, she argues
with him, she refuses to have sexual intercourse with him, she doesn't cook food properly, he suspects she is unfaithful, and she shows
disrespect for in-laws.
5
Reasons given for refusing to have sexual intercourse with husband include: she knows husband has a sexually transmitted disease, she
knows husband has sex with other women, and she is tired or not in the mood.
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114
Table 79 Injuries to women due to spousal violence
Percentage of ever-married women age 15-49 who have experienced specific types of spousal violence by types of injuries
resulting from what their husband did to them, the type of violence, and whether they have experienced the violence ever and in
the 12 months preceding the survey, Delhi, 2005-06
Percentage of women who have had:
Type of spousal violence experienced
Cuts, bruises,
or aches Severe burns
Eye injuries,
sprains,
dislocations,
or burns
Deep wounds,
broken bones,
broken teeth,
or any other
serious injury
Any of these
injuries
Number of
ever-married
women

Experienced physical violence
Ever 25.4 4.1 8.5 5.1 27.0 273
1
26.8 3.1 9.2 6.5 27.2 191

Experienced sexual violence
Ever (62.2) (5.9) (23.1) (17.5) (63.2) 35
1
(59.4) (5.0) (24.6) (20.2) (60.8) 25

Experienced physical or sexual violence
Ever 25.2 4.1 8.5 5.1 26.8 275
1
26.5 3.1 9.1 6.5 26.9 193

Experienced physical and sexual violence
Ever (66.2) (6.3) (24.5) (18.7) (67.2) 33
1
(64.9) (5.4) (26.8) (22.0) (66.5) 23
Note: Husband refers to the current husband for currently married women and the most recent husband for widowed, divorced,
separated, or deserted women.
1
Excludes widows.
Table 80 Help seeking behaviour
Percentage of women age 15-49 who have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by whether they have ever sought help, and
among those who have sought help from any source, the source from which help was sought, according to the type of violence
experienced and marital status, Delhi, 2005-06
Type of violence experienced Marital status
Source Physical only
Sexual
only
Both physical
and sexual
Ever
married
Never
married Total

Help seeking behaviour
Never sought help and never told anyone 75.4 * (41.8) 72.8 (69.4) 72.3
Never sought help but told someone 6.9 * (9.0) 6.3 (12.5) 7.3
Sought help 14.6 * (49.2) 17.9 (16.7) 17.7
Dont know/missing 3.1 * (0.0) 3.0 (1.4) 2.8

Number of women who experienced violence 341 4 33 318 60 378

Sources of help among those who
sought any help
Own family 78.9 * * 75.5 * 76.6
Husband's family 26.1 * * 32.1 * 27.3
Husband/last husband 0.7 * * 0.6 * 0.5
Friend 6.4 * * 5.3 * 7.1
Neighbour 0.7 * * 1.9 1.6
Religious leader 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3
Police 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3
Lawyer 0.0 * * 1.5 * 1.3
Social service organization 4.4 * * 5.4 * 4.6
Other 0.0 * * 0.6 * 0.5

Number of women who sought help 50 1 16 57 10 67
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115
APPENDIX
ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) nonsampling errors
and (2) sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the result of mistakes made in implementing
data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct
household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the
respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the
implementation of the third National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) to minimize this type of
error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents
selected in NFHS-3 is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same
population, using the same design and expected sample size. Each of these samples would
yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling
errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of
variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic
(mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be
used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can
reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample
survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the
standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been
possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the NFHS-3
sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to
use more complex formulae. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for
NFHS-3 is programmed in SAS. This procedure uses the Taylor linearization method for
variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated
replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as total
fertility rates and child mortality rates.
The Taylor linearization method treats any proportion or mean as a ratio estimate,
r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total
number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed
using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the variance:

H
h h
h
m
i
hi
h
h
m
z
z
m
m
x
f
r var r SE
h
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
) ( ) (
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116

116
in which
hi hi hi
rx y z
, and
h h h
rx y z
where h represents the stratum, which varies from 1 to H,
mh is the total number of clusters selected in the h
th
stratum,
yhi is the sum of the weighted values of variable y in the i
th
cluster in the h
th
stratum,
xhi is the sum of the weighted number of cases in the i
th
cluster in the h
th
stratum,
and
f is the overall sampling fraction, which is so small that it is ignored.
The Jackknife repeated replication method derives estimates of complex rates from each of
several replications of the parent sample, and calculates standard errors for these estimates
using simple formulae. Each replication considers all but one cluster in the calculation of the
estimates. Pseudo-independent replications are thus created. In the NFHS-3 sample for Delhi,
there were 112 clusters. Hence, 112 replications were created. The variance of a rate r is
calculated as follows:
SE r var r
k k
r r
i
k
i
2
1
2
1
1
( ) ( )
( )
( )
in which
) (
) 1 (
i i
r k kr r
where r is the estimate computed from the full sample of 112 clusters,
r(i) is the estimate computed from the reduced sample of 111 clusters (i
th
cluster
excluded), and
k is the total number of clusters.
In addition to the standard error, the design effect (DEFT) for each estimate is also computed,
which is defined as the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the
standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used. A DEFT value of
1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a value
greater than 1.0 indicates the increase in the sampling error due to the use of a more complex
and less statistically efficient design. The relative standard error (SE/R) and confidence limits
(R2SE) for each estimate are also computed.
Sampling errors for NFHS-3 are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary
interest. The results are presented in this appendix for Delhi as a whole and for the urban and
rural areas of the state. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean, proportion, rate, or ratio)
and the base population are given in Table A.1. Table A.2 presents the value of the statistic (R),
its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design
effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (R2SE)
for each variable. The DEFT is considered undefined when the standard error for a simple
random sample is zero (when the estimate is close to 0 or 1). In the case of the total fertility
rate, the number of unweighted cases is not relevant, as there is no known unweighted value
for woman-years of exposure to childbearing.
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117
Table A.1 List of variables for sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06
Variable Estimate Base population
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) Ratio De facto household population, all ages
No education Proportion De facto household population of females/males age 6 and above
Tuberculosis prevalence Rate 100,000 usual household residents
Using adequately iodized salt Proportion Households
Urban residence Proportion Women/men age 15-49
No education Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Completed 10 or more years of education Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Never married, including married gauna not performed Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Currently married Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Married before age 18 Proportion Women age 20-49
Married before age 21 Proportion Men age 25-49
Currently using any method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using a modern method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using a traditional method Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using female sterilization Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using pill Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using IUD Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Currently using condom Proportion Currently married women age 15-49
Using public medical sector source of contraception Proportion Women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception
Want no more children Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years Proportion Currently married women/men age 15-49
Ideal number of children Mean Women/men age 15-49
Mother received ANC from health personnel Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Births delivered by a skilled provider Proportion Births in last 5 years
Institutional delivery Proportion Births in last 5 years
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth Proportion Women with at least one birth in last five years (last birth)
Treated with ORS packets Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider Proportion Children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks
Childs vaccination card seen by interviewer Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received BCG vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child received measles vaccination Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Child fully vaccinated Proportion Children age 12-23 months
Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months Proportion Children age 6-59 months
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence Proportion Women age 15-49
Weight-for-height, wasting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Height-for-age, stunting (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Weight-for-age, underweight (below -2SD) Proportion Children under age 5 years who were measured
Body mass index (BMI) <18.5 kg/m
2
Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured
Body mass index (BMI) 25.0 kg/m
2
Proportion Women/men age 15-49 who were measured
Have heard of AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Total and age-specific fertility rates (last 3 years) Rate Women years of exposure
Mortality rates Rate Births in last 5 years
Women/men with any anaemia Proportion Women/men age 15-49
Children with any anaemia Proportion Children age 6-59 months
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118
Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males, all ages)
Urban 819 16 7634 7538 1.362 0.019 788 850
Slum 771 32 2986 1568 1.644 0.042 707 835
Non-slum 831 18 4648 5970 1.258 0.022 795 867
Rural 767 23 619 687 0.639 0.029 722 813
Total 814 14 8253 8225 1.315 0.018 786 843
No education (household female population age 6+ years)
Urban 0.220 0.014 5441 5482 2.336 0.064 0.192 0.248
Slum 0.409 0.034 1985 1042 2.751 0.083 0.341 0.476
Non-slum 0.175 0.015 3456 4439 2.234 0.086 0.145 0.206
Rural 0.288 0.034 424 470 1.556 0.116 0.221 0.355
Total 0.225 0.013 5865 5952 2.275 0.058 0.199 0.251
No education (household male population age 6+ years)
Urban 0.106 0.009 6824 6758 1.960 0.087 0.088 0.125
Slum 0.224 0.018 2644 1388 1.876 0.082 0.187 0.261
Non-slum 0.076 0.010 4180 5369 1.987 0.137 0.055 0.096
Rural 0.126 0.026 541 600 1.592 0.205 0.074 0.177
Total 0.108 0.009 7365 7358 1.931 0.081 0.090 0.125
Tuberculosis prevalence (per 100,000 usual household residents)
Urban 245 48 14077 13933 1.096 0.198 148 342
Slum 384 103 5464 2869 1.130 0.267 179 589
Non-slum 209 55 8613 11063 1.062 0.262 99 319
Rural 181 116 1104 1225 0.907 0.639 0 413
Total 240 46 15181 15157 1.085 0.190 149 331
Using adequately iodized salt (households)
Urban 0.864 0.015 2995 2976 2.410 0.018 0.833 0.894
Slum 0.674 0.038 1147 602 2.747 0.057 0.598 0.750
Non-slum 0.912 0.015 1848 2374 2.246 0.016 0.882 0.941
Rural 0.807 0.052 207 230 1.877 0.064 0.703 0.911
Total 0.860 0.015 3202 3206 2.366 0.017 0.830 0.889
Urban residence (women age 15-49)
Total 0.924 0.007 3349 3349 1.453 0.007 0.911 0.938
Urban residence (men age 15-49)
Total 0.922 0.009 1374 1373 1.222 0.010 0.905 0.940
No education (women age 15-49)
Total 0.214 0.016 3349 3349 2.272 0.075 0.182 0.246
No education (men age 15-49)
Total 0.096 0.012 1374 1373 1.561 0.129 0.071 0.121
Completed 10 or more years of education (women age 15-49)
Total 0.532 0.027 3349 3349 3.092 0.050 0.479 0.585
Completed 10 or more years of education (men age 15-49)
Total 0.563 0.027 1374 1373 2.046 0.049 0.508 0.618
Never married, including married gauna not performed (women age 15-49)
Total 0.269 0.011 3349 3349 1.440 0.041 0.247 0.291
Never married, including married gauna not performed (men age 15-49)
Total 0.461 0.017 1374 1373 1.243 0.036 0.427 0.494
Currently married (women age 15-49)
Total 0.702 0.012 3349 3349 1.467 0.017 0.679 0.725
Currently married (men age 15-49)
Total 0.532 0.017 1374 1373 1.246 0.032 0.498 0.565
Married before age 18 (women age 20-49)
Total 0.361 0.021 2752 2770 2.255 0.057 0.319 0.402
Married before age 21 (men age 25-49)
Total 0.269 0.022 800 812 1.378 0.080 0.226 0.312
Continued
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119
119
Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi , 2005-06Continued
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Currently using any method (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.671 0.013 2175 2167 1.329 0.020 0.644 0.698
Slum 0.566 0.028 784 401 1.572 0.049 0.511 0.622
Non-slum 0.694 0.015 1391 1766 1.214 0.022 0.664 0.724
Rural 0.644 0.058 177 185 1.590 0.089 0.529 0.759
Total 0.669 0.013 2352 2351 1.352 0.020 0.642 0.695
Currently using a modern method (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.565 0.014 2175 2167 1.317 0.025 0.537 0.593
Slum 0.505 0.027 784 401 1.501 0.053 0.451 0.559
Non-slum 0.579 0.016 1391 1766 1.205 0.028 0.547 0.611
Rural 0.559 0.058 177 185 1.534 0.103 0.444 0.675
Total 0.565 0.014 2352 2351 1.337 0.024 0.537 0.592
Currently using a traditional method (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.106 0.009 2175 2167 1.425 0.089 0.087 0.124
Slum 0.061 0.011 784 401 1.269 0.178 0.039 0.083
Non-slum 0.116 0.011 1391 1766 1.313 0.097 0.093 0.138
Rural 0.085 0.023 177 185 1.097 0.272 0.039 0.131
Total 0.104 0.009 2352 2351 1.402 0.085 0.086 0.122
Currently using female sterilization (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.220 0.010 2175 2167 1.177 0.047 0.199 0.241
Slum 0.269 0.020 784 401 1.280 0.075 0.229 0.310
Non-slum 0.209 0.012 1391 1766 1.101 0.057 0.185 0.233
Rural 0.339 0.029 177 185 0.812 0.085 0.281 0.397
Total 0.230 0.010 2352 2351 1.139 0.043 0.210 0.249
Currently using pill (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.044 0.005 2175 2167 1.157 0.115 0.034 0.055
Slum 0.041 0.007 784 401 0.959 0.166 0.027 0.054
Non-slum 0.045 0.006 1391 1766 1.088 0.134 0.033 0.057
Rural 0.056 0.013 177 185 0.734 0.226 0.031 0.082
Total 0.045 0.005 2352 2351 1.120 0.106 0.036 0.055
Currently using IUD (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.050 0.006 2175 2167 1.188 0.111 0.039 0.061
Slum 0.031 0.007 784 401 1.083 0.218 0.017 0.044
Non-slum 0.055 0.007 1391 1766 1.089 0.122 0.041 0.068
Rural 0.045 0.023 177 185 1.487 0.517 0.000 0.092
Total 0.050 0.005 2352 2351 1.213 0.109 0.039 0.061
Currently using condom (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.239 0.012 2175 2167 1.352 0.052 0.214 0.264
Slum 0.147 0.018 784 401 1.443 0.124 0.110 0.183
Non-slum 0.260 0.015 1391 1766 1.243 0.056 0.231 0.290
Rural 0.107 0.031 177 185 1.319 0.287 0.046 0.169
Total 0.229 0.012 2352 2351 1.336 0.051 0.206 0.252
Using public medical sector source of contraception
(women age 15-49 currently using modern methods of contraception)
Urban 0.429 0.022 1232 1253 1.548 0.051 0.386 0.473
Slum 0.593 0.033 410 210 1.373 0.056 0.526 0.659
Non-slum 0.397 0.025 822 1044 1.486 0.064 0.346 0.447
Rural 0.660 0.073 100 104 1.530 0.111 0.513 0.807
Total 0.446 0.021 1332 1358 1.543 0.047 0.404 0.488
Want no more children (currently married women age 15-49)
Urban 0.769 0.011 2175 2167 1.237 0.015 0.746 0.791
Slum 0.744 0.021 784 401 1.356 0.028 0.701 0.786
Non-slum 0.774 0.013 1391 1766 1.149 0.017 0.749 0.800
Rural 0.791 0.034 177 185 1.115 0.043 0.723 0.859
Total 0.770 0.011 2352 2351 1.228 0.014 0.749 0.792
Continued
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120
120
Table A.2 Sampling errors, Delhi, 2005-06Continued
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard
error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Want no more children (currently married men age 15-49)
Urban 0.709 0.017 694 676 0.978 0.024 0.675 0.743
Slum 0.668 0.025 289 153 0.895 0.037 0.618 0.717
Non-slum 0.721 0.020 405 524 0.908 0.028 0.680 0.761
Rural 0.739 0.084 46 53 1.278 0.114 0.571 0.908
Total 0.711 0.017 740 730 1.004 0.024 0.678 0.745
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married women age 15-49)
Total 0.101 0.007 2352 2351 1.206 0.074 0.086 0.116
Want to delay next birth at least 2 years (currently married men age 15-49)
Total 0.144 0.012 740 730 0.961 0.086 0.119 0.169
Ideal number of children (women age 15-49)
Total 2.043 0.026 3288 3286 2.149 0.013 1.992 2.095
Ideal number of children (men age 15-49)
Total 2.032 0.030 1358 1359 1.693 0.015 1.972 2.093
Mother received ANC from health personnel (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth)
Urban 0.875 0.017 831 803 1.464 0.020 0.841 0.909
Slum 0.774 0.034 332 170 1.481 0.044 0.706 0.842
Non-slum 0.902 0.020 499 634 1.472 0.022 0.863 0.941
Rural 0.864 0.055 66 69 1.287 0.063 0.754 0.973
Total 0.874 0.016 897 872 1.449 0.019 0.841 0.907
Took iron and folic acid (IFA) for 90 days or more (women with at least one birth in last five years, last birth)
Urban 0.410 0.032 831 803 1.863 0.079 0.345 0.474
Slum 0.226 0.031 332 170 1.346 0.137 0.164 0.288
Non-slum 0.459 0.041 499 634 1.814 0.088 0.378 0.540
Rural 0.227 0.063 66 69 1.223 0.279 0.101 0.354
Total 0.395 0.030 897 872 1.812 0.076 0.335 0.455
Births delivered by a skilled provider (births in the last five years)
Urban 0.642 0.034 1151 1082 1.930 0.053 0.574 0.709
Slum 0.422 0.044 500 256 1.688 0.105 0.333 0.511
Non-slum 0.710 0.043 651 826 1.997 0.060 0.624 0.795
Rural 0.630 0.077 100 104 1.288 0.123 0.475 0.785
Total 0.641 0.032 1251 1186 1.877 0.049 0.577 0.704
Institutional delivery (births in the last five years)
Urban 0.601 0.035 1151 1082 1.949 0.058 0.531 0.671
Slum 0.334 0.049 500 256 1.946 0.146 0.237 0.431
Non-slum 0.684 0.043 651 826 1.988 0.063 0.597 0.770
Rural 0.470 0.029 100 104 0.487 0.061 0.412 0.528
Total 0.589 0.032 1251 1186 1.847 0.054 0.526 0.653
Postnatal check for mother within 2 days of birth (last birth in last five years)
Urban 0.590 0.030 831 803 1.714 0.050 0.530 0.649
Slum 0.443 0.042 332 170 1.529 0.094 0.359 0.526
Non-slum 0.629 0.036 499 634 1.670 0.057 0.557 0.702
Rural 0.515 0.080 66 69 1.291 0.155 0.355 0.675
Total 0.584 0.028 897 872 1.681 0.048 0.528 0.640
Children with diarrhoea treated with ORS packets (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks)
Urban 0.294 0.045 88 82 0.884 0.152 0.205 0.383
Slum 0.385 0.083 39 20 1.014 0.215 0.219 0.550
Non-slum 0.265 0.051 49 62 0.817 0.192 0.164 0.367
Total 0.299 0.048 100 95 0.998 0.161 0.203 0.396
Children with diarrhoea taken to a health provider (children under age 5 years with diarrhoea in last 2 weeks)
Urban 0.712 0.056 88 82 1.064 0.079 0.599 0.824
Slum 0.641 0.074 39 20 0.838 0.115 0.494 0.788
Non-slum 0.735 0.069 49 62 1.074 0.094 0.597 0.872
Total 0.750 0.050 100 95 1.065 0.067 0.649 0.851
Continued
Delhi.indd 120 3/19/09 12:51:57 PM
121
121
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard
error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Childs vaccination card seen by interviewer (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.286 0.037 198 184 1.092 0.128 0.213 0.359
Slum 0.236 0.056 89 46 1.198 0.237 0.124 0.348
Non-slum 0.303 0.045 109 138 1.026 0.149 0.212 0.393
Total 0.304 0.036 217 204 1.122 0.120 0.232 0.377
Child received BCG vaccination (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.867 0.034 198 184 1.353 0.039 0.799 0.935
Slum 0.798 0.049 89 46 1.143 0.061 0.700 0.895
Non-slum 0.890 0.042 109 138 1.409 0.048 0.805 0.974
Total 0.870 0.031 217 204 1.328 0.036 0.807 0.932
Child received DPT vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.720 0.042 198 184 1.279 0.059 0.636 0.805
Slum 0.652 0.067 89 46 1.314 0.103 0.518 0.785
Non-slum 0.743 0.052 109 138 1.241 0.070 0.639 0.847
Total 0.717 0.040 217 204 1.272 0.056 0.637 0.797
Child received polio vaccination (3 doses) (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.791 0.034 198 184 1.149 0.043 0.722 0.860
Slum 0.742 0.052 89 46 1.125 0.071 0.637 0.846
Non-slum 0.807 0.042 109 138 1.117 0.052 0.723 0.892
Total 0.791 0.033 217 204 1.154 0.042 0.725 0.857
Child received measles vaccination (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.781 0.039 198 184 1.281 0.050 0.703 0.859
Slum 0.674 0.062 89 46 1.249 0.093 0.549 0.799
Non-slum 0.817 0.048 109 138 1.296 0.059 0.720 0.913
Total 0.782 0.037 217 204 1.280 0.047 0.708 0.856
Child fully vaccinated (children age 12-23 months)
Urban 0.632 0.043 198 184 1.201 0.068 0.546 0.717
Slum 0.517 0.073 89 46 1.360 0.141 0.371 0.663
Non-slum 0.670 0.051 109 138 1.139 0.077 0.567 0.772
Total 0.632 0.041 217 204 1.211 0.065 0.550 0.714
Children given vitamin A supplement in last 6 months (children age 6-59 months)
Urban 0.133 0.016 976 916 1.317 0.121 0.101 0.165
Slum 0.117 0.021 426 218 1.108 0.180 0.075 0.160
Non-slum 0.138 0.020 550 698 1.296 0.145 0.098 0.178
Rural 0.187 0.049 91 95 1.082 0.264 0.088 0.285
Total 0.138 0.015 1067 1011 1.286 0.110 0.108 0.169
Ever experienced physical or sexual violence (women age 15-49)
Total 0.165 0.013 2297 2297 1.659 0.078 0.139 0.190
Weight-for-height, wasting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.153 0.020 687 663 1.417 0.132 0.113 0.194
Slum 0.145 0.024 289 152 1.155 0.162 0.098 0.193
Non-slum 0.156 0.025 398 511 1.342 0.163 0.105 0.206
Rural 0.155 0.065 71 79 1.482 0.420 0.025 0.285
Total 0.154 0.019 758 742 1.429 0.127 0.115 0.192
Height-for-age, stunting (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.409 0.022 687 663 1.096 0.053 0.366 0.452
Slum 0.509 0.036 289 152 1.175 0.071 0.436 0.581
Non-slum 0.379 0.026 398 511 1.043 0.069 0.327 0.431
Rural 0.535 0.044 71 79 0.789 0.083 0.446 0.624
Total 0.422 0.020 758 742 1.051 0.046 0.383 0.462
Weight-for-age, underweight (children under age 5 years who were measured and are below -2SD)
Urban 0.265 0.023 687 663 1.272 0.088 0.218 0.311
Slum 0.353 0.037 289 152 1.277 0.106 0.278 0.427
Non-slum 0.239 0.028 398 511 1.228 0.119 0.182 0.295
Rural 0.225 0.024 71 79 0.530 0.105 0.178 0.273
Total 0.261 0.021 758 742 1.234 0.080 0.219 0.303
Continued
Delhi.indd 121 3/19/09 12:51:58 PM
122
122
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
2
(women age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.144 0.012 2243 2224 1.670 0.086 0.119 0.169
Slum 0.212 0.023 822 420 1.589 0.107 0.166 0.257
Non-slum 0.128 0.014 1421 1804 1.623 0.112 0.099 0.157
Rural 0.198 0.024 192 200 0.820 0.119 0.151 0.245
Total 0.148 0.012 2435 2425 1.608 0.078 0.125 0.172
2
(men age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.151 0.014 852 833 1.107 0.090 0.124 0.178
Slum 0.224 0.027 352 186 1.211 0.120 0.170 0.278
Non-slum 0.130 0.015 500 646 1.027 0.119 0.099 0.161
Rural 0.221 0.074 68 79 1.448 0.334 0.073 0.368
Total 0.157 0.014 920 911 1.144 0.088 0.130 0.185
2
(women age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.273 0.017 2243 2224 1.808 0.062 0.239 0.307
Slum 0.203 0.026 822 420 1.818 0.126 0.152 0.254
Non-slum 0.289 0.020 1421 1804 1.699 0.071 0.248 0.330
Rural 0.167 0.031 192 200 1.157 0.187 0.104 0.229
Total 0.264 0.016 2435 2425 1.760 0.060 0.233 0.296
2
(men age 15-49 who were measured)
Urban 0.179 0.016 852 833 1.217 0.090 0.147 0.211
Slum 0.105 0.021 352 186 1.261 0.196 0.064 0.146
Non-slum 0.200 0.020 500 646 1.126 0.101 0.160 0.240
Rural 0.059 0.021 68 79 0.726 0.353 0.017 0.100
Total 0.168 0.015 920 911 1.194 0.088 0.139 0.198
Have heard of AIDS (women age 15-49)
Urban 0.900 0.010 3106 3096 1.901 0.011 0.880 0.921
Slum 0.809 0.027 1118 572 2.257 0.033 0.756 0.863
Non-slum 0.921 0.011 1988 2524 1.862 0.012 0.898 0.944
Rural 0.848 0.016 243 253 0.682 0.019 0.816 0.879
Total 0.896 0.009 3349 3349 1.803 0.011 0.877 0.915
Have heard of AIDS (men age 15-49)
Urban 0.978 0.004 1282 1266 1.029 0.004 0.970 0.986
Slum 0.959 0.010 512 271 1.182 0.011 0.938 0.980
Non-slum 0.983 0.005 770 996 0.982 0.005 0.974 0.992
Rural 0.935 0.038 92 106 1.450 0.040 0.859 1.010
Total 0.975 0.005 1374 1373 1.136 0.005 0.965 0.984
Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (women age 15-49)
Urban 0.485 0.025 3106 3096 2.834 0.052 0.434 0.536
Slum 0.337 0.031 1118 572 2.172 0.091 0.276 0.399
Non-slum 0.519 0.031 1988 2524 2.722 0.059 0.457 0.580
Rural 0.453 0.041 243 253 1.275 0.090 0.371 0.534
Total 0.483 0.024 3349 3349 2.743 0.049 0.435 0.530
Comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS (men age 15-49)
Urban 0.618 0.020 1282 1266 1.479 0.033 0.578 0.658
Slum 0.545 0.028 512 271 1.263 0.051 0.489 0.601
Non-slum 0.638 0.024 770 996 1.405 0.038 0.589 0.686
Rural 0.630 0.102 92 106 1.980 0.162 0.427 0.834
Total 0.619 0.020 1374 1373 1.537 0.033 0.579 0.659
Total fertility rate (last 3 years)
Urban 2.099 0.106 na 8852 1.472 0.05 1.887 2.31
Slum 2.498 0.214 na 1617 1.607 0.086 2.069 2.926
Non-slum 1.999 0.12 na 7235 1.393 0.06 1.758 2.239
Total 2.127 0.103 na 9554 1.466 0.048 1.922 2.332
Continued
Delhi.indd 122 3/19/09 12:51:59 PM
123
123
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Age-specific fertility rate for women age 15-19 years (last 3 years)
Urban 0.041 0.005 na 1710 1.095 0.134 0.030 0.052
Slum 0.074 0.015 na 371 1.460 0.204 0.044 0.105
Non-slum 0.031 0.006 na 1339 1.044 0.182 0.020 0.043
Total 0.040 0.005 na 1849 1.118 0.133 0.030 0.051
Urban 0.158 0.011 na 1677 1.260 0.070 0.136 0.180
Slum 0.176 0.021 na 323 1.393 0.117 0.135 0.217
Non-slum 0.154 0.013 na 1354 1.182 0.084 0.128 0.180
Total 0.165 0.011 na 1807 1.240 0.065 0.143 0.186
Urban 0.143 0.009 na 1454 0.988 0.061 0.126 0.161
Slum 0.165 0.016 na 279 0.981 0.094 0.134 0.196
Non-slum 0.138 0.010 na 1175 0.937 0.073 0.118 0.158
Total 0.141 0.009 na 1573 1.023 0.061 0.123 0.158
Urban 0.063 0.007 na 1366 1.069 0.115 0.049 0.078
Slum 0.063 0.014 na 228 1.239 0.219 0.035 0.091
Non-slum 0.064 0.008 na 1138 0.972 0.131 0.047 0.080
Total 0.065 0.007 na 1455 1.049 0.109 0.051 0.079
Urban 0.012 0.004 na 1212 1.200 0.354 0.004 0.021
Slum 0.018 0.006 na 195 0.900 0.334 0.006 0.031
Non-slum 0.011 0.005 na 1017 1.138 0.452 0.001 0.021
Total 0.014 0.004 na 1328 1.173 0.308 0.005 0.022
Urban 0.002 0.001 na 984 1.033 0.773 0.000 0.005
Slum 0.003 0.003 na 159 1.020 1.015 0.000 0.010
Non-slum 0.002 0.002 na 825 1.003 1.005 0.000 0.005
Total 0.002 0.001 na 1062 1.031 0.773 0.000 0.004
Urban 0.000 0.000 na 449 nc nc 0.000 0.000
Slum 0.000 0.000 na 481 nc nc 0.000 0.000
Non-slum 0.000 0.000 na 61 nc nc 0.000 0.000
Total 0.000 0.000 na 388 nc nc 0.000 0.000
Neonatal mortality (0-4 years)
Total 29.278 5.591 1269 1204 0.991 0.191 18.095 40.460
Postneonatal mortality (0-4 years)
Total 10.488 3.241 1282 1218 1.106 0.309 4.006 16.970
Infant mortality (0-4 years)
Total 39.766 6.790 1270 1205 1.059 0.171 26.187 53.345
Child mortality (0-4 years)
Total 7.255 2.188 1289 1211 0.905 0.302 2.878 11.631
Under-five mortality (0-4 years)
Total 46.732 7.460 1273 1208 1.108 0.160 31.812 61.651
Women with any anaemia (women age 15-49 years)
Urban 0.443 0.016 2263 2235 1.512 0.036 0.411 0.475
Slum 0.478 0.022 841 430 1.298 0.047 0.433 0.523
Non-slum 0.435 0.019 1422 1805 1.441 0.044 0.397 0.473
Rural 0.442 0.039 197 205 1.111 0.089 0.363 0.520
Total 0.443 0.015 2460 2441 1.482 0.034 0.413 0.473
0.443 0.016 2263 2235 1.512 0.036 0.411 0.475
Continued
Delhi.indd 123 3/19/09 12:51:59 PM
124
124
Number of cases
Confidence limits
Residence
Value
(R)
Standard
error
(SE)
Unweighted
(N)
Weighted
(WN)
Design
effect
(DEFT)
Relative
standard error
(SE/R) R-2SE R+2SE
Men with any anaemia (men age 15-49 years)
Urban 0.178 0.016 833 810 1.212 0.091 0.146 0.210
Slum 0.221 0.026 349 185 1.154 0.116 0.169 0.272
Non-slum 0.165 0.020 484 626 1.169 0.119 0.126 0.205
Rural 0.179 0.037 67 78 0.779 0.204 0.106 0.252
Total 0.178 0.015 900 888 1.177 0.085 0.148 0.208
Children with any anaemia (children age 6-59 months)
Urban 0.562 0.023 583 561 1.061 0.041 0.516 0.608
Slum 0.714 0.035 248 130 1.177 0.049 0.644 0.784
Non-slum 0.516 0.028 335 430 0.989 0.054 0.461 0.572
Rural 0.629 0.086 62 69 1.326 0.137 0.457 0.801
Total 0.570 0.023 645 629 1.103 0.040 0.524 0.615
na = Not applicable
nc = Not calculated because the denominator is zero
Delhi.indd 124 3/19/09 12:52:00 PM

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