THE BIRTH OF CLONING IN THE NATURAL WORLD _______________________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Business Administration Department Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English 2, (Writing In the Discipline)

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By:

Benny M. Navarro BSBA-MM 3

THE BIRTH OF CLONING IN THE NATURAL WORLD

1.Introduction 2.Body 2.1 What is cloning 2.2How cloning is done. 2.3 Meet the clones 2.4 Interesting Facts about Clones

3.CONCLUSION 4.RECOMMENDATION Bibliography

THE BIRTH OF CLONING IN THE NATURAL WORLD The existence of cloning is against the natural law. introduction

The twentieth Century saw the most amazing developments in the field of science and technology, with the likes of and Louis Pasteur and Albert Einstein bestowing the mankind with their extraordinary inventions and discoveries. But the concept of cloning, even though very contemporary, has left the world more surprised than it ever was. Cloning is a recent breakthrough in medical science, which has completely changed the whole concept of biotechnology. The story starts when a group of British scientists cloned Dolly (the most famous sheep in the history of the world), in 1997. Cloning like other fields of knowledge has its pros and cons. Basically it is mans perpetual ambition to gain power to rule the world and its creatures; be they men or animals. With the human cloning technology there is a fear of beginning of this mad race. Therefore, knowledge gained for useful purpose is a blessing but it must be used responsibly. Cloning is interference with the natures system .For example we see the aftermath of all our progresses in different fields. We are facing pollution hazards, which lead to drastic climatic changes, rising sea levels, the green house effect, the damage to the Ozone layer, melting ice caps, droughts and many chronic diseases. The advancement in technology has brought comfort and has provided us facility and luxury but at the same time it has.

Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms. The term also refers to the production of multiple copies of a product such as digital media or software.

What is cloning? In Nature: In nature, cloning is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals. The organisms that are involved in cloning are usually the ones involved in asexual reproduction, such as bacteria, plants, and insects. In Biotechnology: In biotechnology, cloning is the process used to create artificial copies of DNA fragments, cells, or organisms. Usually this is done by taking out the chromosomes in an egg cell by removing the nucleus and replacing them with ones extracted from an adult organism. The egg is then implanted in the womb of an animal usually one closest in species to the original organism, and left to develop into first an embryo, and then into a living organism. Cloning in Pop Culture: There are many movies out there having to do with the idea of having clones of someone or something. In movies, it usually is always with the case of humans. Here are some examples of some movies and shows that have cloning involved in them. The one that is the least likely to happen is the one in Dexters Lab. In Dexters lab, the characters speak of a cloning machine like its a copying machine. Cloning just doesnt work that way.

Reproductive Cloning Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. Dolly was created by reproductive cloning technology. In a process called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT), scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus, and thus its genetic material, has been removed. The reconstructed egg containing the DNA from a donor cell must be treated with chemicals or electric current in order to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it continues to develop until birth. Dolly or any other animal created using nuclear transfer technology is not truly an identical clone of the donor animal. Only the clone's chromosomal or nuclear DNA is the same as the donor. Some of the clone's genetic materials come from the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the enucleated egg. Mitochondria, which are organelles that serve as power sources to the cell, contain their own short segments of DNA. Acquired mutations in mitochondrial DNA are believed to play an important role in the aging process. Dolly's success is truly remarkable because it proved that the genetic material from a specialized adult cell, such as an udder cell programmed to express only those genes needed by udder cells, could be reprogrammed to generate an entire new organism.

Before this demonstration, scientists believed that once a cell became specialized as a liver, heart, udder, bone, or any other type of cell, the change was permanent and other unneeded genes in the cell would become inactive. Some scientists believe that errors or incompleteness in the reprogramming process cause the high rates of death, deformity, and disability observed among animal clones. Therapeutic Cloning Celebrity Sheep Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is Died at Age 6 the production of human embryos for use in research. The goal of this process is not to create cloned Dolly, the first human beings, but rather to harvest stem cells that mammal to be can be used to study human development and to treat cloned from adult DNA, was put disease. Stem cells are important to biomedical down by lethal injection Feb. 14, researchers because they can be used to generate 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly virtually any type of specialized cell in the human had been suffering from lung body. Stem cells are extracted from the egg after it cancer and crippling arthritis. has divided for 5 days. The egg at this stage of Although most Finn Dorset development is called a blastocyst. The extraction sheep live to be 11 to 12 years process destroys the embryo, which raises a variety of age, postmortem examination of ethical concerns. Many researchers hope that one of Dolly seemed to indicate that, day stem cells can be used to serve as replacement other than her cancer and cells to treat heart disease, Alzheimer's, cancer, and arthritis, she appeared to be other diseases. See more on the potential use of quite normal. The unnamed cloning in organ transplants. sheep from which Dolly was In November 2001, scientists from Advanced Cell cloned had died several years Technologies (ACT), a biotechnology company in prior to her creation. Dolly was a Massachusetts, announced that they had cloned the mother to six lambs, bred the first human embryos for the purpose of advancing old-fashioned way. therapeutic research. To do this, they collected eggs Image credit: Roslin Institute from women's ovaries and then removed the genetic Image Library material from these eggs with a needle less than 2/10,000th of an inch wide. A skin cell was inserted inside the enucleated egg to serve as a new nucleus. The egg began to divide after it was stimulated with a chemical called ionomycin. The results were limited in success. Although this process was carried out with eight eggs, only three began dividing, and only one was able to divide into six cells before stopping. Human Cloning: In present day, human cloning isNO T possible in most areas of the world. The reason for this is currently, any biological experimentation on humans is illegal in most of the world (including drug tests) UNLESS humans volunteer for them. The debate arose only after the famous Dolly the Sheep, the first animal clone, was produced in 1996 when the idea that if people could clone a sheep, they could clone humans started to develop. Several reasons for why this is illegal are because of the religious and ethical controversies surrounding this issue. Not only that but seeing as 1 or 2 out of 100 attempts at cloning were successful and

because we also have a lack of understanding regarding human reproductive cloning, it would be unethical to try. Even if the cloning were to be successful, scientists arent sure of the impact it would have on the human clones mind. As mood and intellect arent as important to mice and cows, for a healthy human, these are very important.

How cloning is done,,,

the first step for cloning is extracting small parts of the somatic cells. These are then put into petri dishes, where more cells replicated. Then, one of these cells are extracted and inserted to a cell that had its own DNA taken out. Then that cell is activated with a short electrical current. It is then cultured until the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage and the uterus is then transferred to the surrogate female. Cloning of Animals Step 1: Tools of the trade Step 2: Isolation of eggs and skin cells Step: 3: Removal of nucleus from egg Step 4: Fushion of egg and skin cell Step 5: Ebryonic development Ethical issues of cloning Because of recent technological advancements, the cloning of animals (and potentially humans) has been an issue. The Catholic Church and many religious organizations oppose all forms of cloning,on the grounds that life begins at conception. Judaism does not equate life with conception a though some question the wisdom of cloning, Orthodox rabbis generally find no firm reason in Jewish law and ethics to object to cloning. From the standpoint of classical liberalism, concerns also exist regarding the protection of the identity of the individual and the right to protect one's genetic identity. The social implications of an artificial human production scheme were famously explored in Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World. On December 28, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals. Cloned-animal products were said to be virtually indistinguishable from the non-cloned animals. Furthermore, companies would not be required to provide labels informing the consumer that the meat comes from a cloned animal. Critics have raised objections to the FDA's approval of cloned-animal products for human consumption, arguing that the FDA's research was inadequate, inappropriately limited, and of questionable scientific validity. Several consumer-advocate groups are working to encourage a tracking program that would allow consumers to become more aware of cloned-animal products within their food. Joseph Mendelson, legal director of the Center for Food Safety, said that cloned food still should be labeled since safety and ethical issues about it remain questionable. Carol Tucker Foreman, director of food policy at the Consumer Federation of America, stated that FDA does not consider the fact that the results of some studies revealed that cloned animals have increased rates of mortality and deformity at birth

Meet the Clones: The Copy CAt

The Cloned CC, A pair of new-born cloned calves was born in a cowshed in Ishikawa Japan on July 5, 1998.

The original CC DOLLY The worlds first domestic sheep clone the first clone of an adult animal. Dolly was born on

July

5,

1996.

Interesting Facts about Clones: Interesting fact number one: the F.D.A. has declared that food provided by cloned animals and their progeny are safe to eat. So right now, hundreds of thousands of cloned livestock are moving into the grocery stores all around the U.S and many other countries such as Japan, who have approved the cloning of livestock for food sources. Interesting fact number two: one live clone is the equivalent of a hundred attempts of clones. This is true seeing as it takes a long time to find the right combination for the lock on a successful clone. This is also one of the reasons why scientists and animal rights advocates are questioning whether or not they should be cloning animals at all some say its cruel, some say its just science and that they werent really alive in the first place

Conclusion, the positive benefits and possibilities of cloning outweigh its negative aspects. Medical advances from stem cell research are already showing great potential. Transgenic cloning provides many useful products ranging from spider-silk goats milk to the human clotting factor IX. Cloning in agriculture is producing high quality animals andm improving herds. Research on the use of cloning to re-create extinct animals and preserve endangered animals is going on in many parts of the world. Although cloning is not a new idea and scientists have been attempting to clone animals for over a century, we are now entering an age in which the science of cloning will show great progress. Recommendation We believe that all human beings have the right to life and that no discrimination can be made between which human lives deserve legal protection from killing by others and which do not, except when it is necessary to save the life of one human being that is endangered by another.

1. All research on cloning and cloned human beings, parthenogenotes, embryonic stem cells and all other methods of obtaining human embryos, stem cells, and research material that requires the destruction of human life or the manipulation of the human genome be stopped immediately and banned by our laws, professional organizations and associations, institutes of higher learning, and private businesses.

2. Research should focus on methods which do not require the killing of or genomic changes to members of the human species. Research on umbilical cord and adult stem cells and treatment of disease that does not risk changes to the human gene pool should be encouraged, instead.

Purpose This paper is an in-depth research paper on the history and development of cloning. The author discusses such topics as procedures and methods, specific experiments, and risks and repercussions of genetic engineering. The paper also includes discussion of birth defects in cloned animals, stem cell research, and the political and ethicaldebatesconcerningcloning.

Bibliography

wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning.com

earn.genetics.utah.edu/content/.../cloning/whatiscloning http://www.ypatent.com/biocloning.htm http://answers.ask.com/Society/Philosophy/how_is_cloning_done http://www.scribd.com/doc/15331784/Cloning www.globalchange.com/Cloning www.skewsme.com/cloning.html www.religioustolerance.org/cloning library.thinkquest.org/20830/.../Cloning/longdoc.htm science.jrank.org/pages/1521/Clone-Cloning.html atheism.about.com/library/.../blchron_sci_cloning.html www.ornl.gov/hgmis/elsi/cloning.shtml www.buzzle.com/articles/cloning-history-of-human-cloning.html