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Introduction, Definitions and Specifics Multiphase Models in FLUENT 6.1 Ten Important Items for Multiphase Modeling with FLUENT Best Practices for using Multiphase Models in FLUENT 6.1 in Automotive Applications (I) Transient VOF Model Steady-State VOF Model User Presentation Best Practices for using Multiphase Models in FLUENT 6.1 in Automotive Applications (I) Mixture Multiphase Model Eulerian Multiphase Model Cavitation Model FLUENT 6.2 - New Features for Modeling Multiphase Flows Conclusions
Phase Volume Fraction () = scalar field to capture phases distribution in Eulerian framework Large number of CFD Multiphase models are solving transport equations for
Vi i lim V 0 V
Vi (cell) (cell) V (cell)
V1 V2 V
=1
Alternatively, Lagrangian approach using Discrete Phase Model (DPM) Practical only if < 10%
Slug flow
Annular flow
Free-surface flow
Eulerian Multiphase Model Bubbly / droplet / particle-laden flows; granular physics option for solid phases Interpenetrating phases; phase boundaries are not captured Mesh is resolving phase average flow and energy fields for all primary and secondary phases Secondary phases form structures (bubbles / droplets / particles granules) not resolved by the mesh; size of the structures are input for drag / virtual mass / lift / collisional forces on the particles Momentum and energy equations for each phase
1.
Analyze physical problem for Multiphase flow regime(s) and driving forces Free Surface Flow Filling Problems Gravity and Inlet flow
Fuel Tank Transmission Fluid
Jet & Film Flow Gravity, Inlet Flow and Inertia Cooling and Lubrification
Piston Head Fuel injector
Annular Flow / Slug Flow Inlet Flow and Gravity Two-Phase Heat Exchangers - Evaporator
Geo-Reconstruct
Donor - Acceptor
t 10K 20
VOF sub-time step Varies during the simulation Represents minimum time to move secondary phase(s) out of an interface cell at that instant Depends on Mesh resolution in the interface cells Fluxes in the interface cells Courant number user input (default 0.25)
T N
Now user can continue the simulation with a physical time step t2 within the limit of 10-20 VOF sub-time steps
ax g
V/p
vf05
Create a surface for all fluid zones Surface>Zone, create surfaces for each fluid zone Surface>Manage, group these surfaces in fluid-all Define the areas of the boundary zones wetted by the phase of interest through an Iso-Clip surface of volume fraction between 0.5 and 1 (named for example clipf, clipped out of all fluid zones Surface>Iso-Clip>Phases>Volume Fraction, select fluid-all Display>Grid only Faces on the vf05 and clipf, color them differently in Display>Scene
clipf
Use these surfaces for transient interface shape, by simply re-displaying them with the new data
Velocity Vectors colored by the phase of interest, between a specified range of 0.01 and 1
Best Practices for using Implicit VOF for Steady State Solutions
1. Analyze physical problem for Multiphase flow regime(s) Jet Flow Fuel Injector Flow driven by high pressure at the fuel inlet Identify the appropriate Multiphase model(s) available in FLUENT Two phases liquid fuel and gaseous air clearly separated Interface shape is of importance determine cone angle VOF Model for the portion of the domain up to the liquid sheet breakup Separate inflows for the two phases liquid fuel and air Steady state implicit VOF can be used if no transient boundary conditions and initial jet development stage is not of interest Transient Geo-Reconstruct is expensive and not needed Establish any need for customization and additional models through UDFs
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Best Practices for using Implicit VOF for Steady State Solutions
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Formulate specific meshing requirements for Multiphase problems Can use either hexa / hybrid / tetra mesh (hexa preferred) Good mesh resolution in the area of the jet / liquid sheet Choose Model options and specific settings Implicit Body Force formulation ON Identify the right numerical procedures and solver settings Pressure Discretization Only these two schemes should be used Body Force Weighted PRESTO! Momentum, Turbulence, Volume Fraction Discretization QUICK on Hexahedral Meshes Second Order on Hybrid / Tetra meshes Under-Relaxation Factors Pressure 0.2 - 0.3 Momentum 0.5 0.7 Volume Fraction 0.2 0.5 Set the time step for efficient and stable runs in transient Multiphase problems
Best Practices for using Implicit VOF for Steady State Solutions
8. Input appropriate Boundary Conditions for the Multiphase problem Use a domain large enough to minimize reversed flow areas Specify backflow volume fraction 0 for liquid 9. Input Initial Conditions for the Multiphase simulation Solve first without Volume Fraction equation, then solve all equations 10. Identify variables, images, and other appropriate information to be monitored and saved during the run for testing convergence and postprocessing Identify the interface shape cone angle Volume Fraction contour plots on sections Velocity Vectors colored by Volume Fraction of liquid within 0.01-1 range
Best Practices for using Implicit VOF for Steady State Solutions
Velocity Vectors colored by the phase of interest, between a specified range of 0.01 and 1
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Conclusions
Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer Problems require several different Multiphase Models in order to deal with different situations Multiphase Flow Regimes Transient or Steady State Flow Dilute or Dense Flows Need for accurate capture of free surface shape FLUENT6.1 has Multiphase Models able to tackle all the Multiphase Flow Regimes and problems encountered in Automotive Industry applications Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) Geo-Reconstruct for accurate shape, transient problems Implicit for steady-state problems and transient with larger time-steps Mixture Model Bubbly / Droplet flow with small relaxation time (small droplets) Eulerian Model Bubbly / Droplet flow Granular options Cavitation Model Mixture Model approach to phase change in areas with pressure lower than the vaporization pressure of a liquid All Multiphase Models in FLUENT6.1 allow for Heat Transfer computations Phase Change modeling requires in general UDF implementation (except Cavitation)
Conclusions
Running a Multiphase Flow & Heat Transfer Problem in FLUENT6.1 requires the user Be proactive in mesh quality and resolution issues Skewness and aspect ratio limits Time step and grid resolution are linked for Geo-Reconstruct explicit VOF formulation Change some settings for numerical discretization and other specific inputs Use only Body Force Weighted or PRESTO Pressure discretization PISO pressure-velocity coupling for transient Under-relaxation factors schedules Patch initial conditions or start from a solution of a modified problem Select equations in steps FLUENT 6.2 brings in new features and improvements to all Multiphase Models Species and Chemical Reactions with all Multiphase Models Transient efficiency improvements for VOF Non-Iterative Time Advancement algorithms (NITA) Variable Time Stepping for Transient VOF New method of capturing the interface with implicit VOF High Resolution Interface Capture (HRIC) scheme More physics in Mixture Model (granular option) More physics in Cavitation Model Vaporization pressure varies with temperature Liquid and vapor phase compressibility